The document summarizes Palaeozoic stratigraphy in India, specifically in the Salt Range and Spiti regions. It describes the major periods of the Palaeozoic Era from Cambrian to Permian. For the Salt Range, it details the stratigraphy, including key formations like the Saline Series composed of gypsum, marl and rock salt. It also notes important economic minerals found in the Salt Range. For Spiti, it outlines the stratigraphy of the Cambrian rocks known as the Haimanta System, divided into lower, middle and upper subdivisions. Fossils found in both regions are also briefly mentioned.

1. PALAEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY(SALT RANGE
& SPITI ) OF INDIAAND SALINE SERIES
Department of Geology
GUIDED BY PRESENTED BY
Dr. VISHNU GADGIL VIPUL GARWAL
M.Sc. Previous ( 2019 )
Govt. Holkar Science College Indore (M.P.)
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2. CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION.
• PALAEOZOIC ERA.
• COURSE OF EVOLUTION.
• CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEZOIC.
• STRATIGRAPHY OF SALT RANGE.
• STRATIGRAPHY OF SPITI.
• REFERENECE.
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3. PALAEOZOIC ERA
The Palaeozoic era followed by the pre
Cambrian period running from 542 million year
ago to 251 million year ago. There were major
development in the evolution of life. If the
environment change too much the species much
envolve or die off. Trilobites fossils from early
Palaeozoic era.
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4. 4
Trilobite :-

5. PALAEOZOIC ERA
Environment changes that have affected the
course of evolution on the earth include.
The formation and breakup of continent.
Mountain building.
Volcanic activity.
Change in climate.
Change in sea level.
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6. CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEOZOIC ERA
The Palaeozoic era divided up into six time interval
called periods.
Cambrian period ( Age 542-488 Million year)
Ordovician period (Age 488-444 Million year)
Silurian period (Age 444-416 Million year)
Devonian period (Age 416-359 Million year)
Carboniferous period (Age 359-299 Million year)
Permian period (Age 299-251 Million year)
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8. LOWER PALAEOZOIC ERA
1. Cambrian
2. Ordovician
3. Silurian
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9. CAMBRIAN PERIODS
In Precambrian era life in the early Palaeozoic was
found only in the seas. But the Cambrian period
thought dramatic changes to earth.
Cambrian divided three parts as
Early Cambrian
Middle Cambrian
Late Cambrian
Cambrian animals were the first to envolve hard
part such as shells such as mollus clams snails.
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10. ORDOVICIAN PERIODS
Major development in ordovician periods more
complex communities of organism developed in
the oceans. The first land dwelling plants
envolved. This period ended with a mass
extinction. Plate movements of pushed the huge
landmass of Gondwana South. Five part of
todays continenets are made up of Gondwana
America, Africa, Antactica, Australia and a part
of Asia.
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11. SILURIAN PERIODS
Several factor caused sea level to rise flooding
low lying parts of continents. The large barrier
reefs formed in these shallow seas. The first
Jawed fish envolved during this period The first
vascular plant envolved.
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12. SALT RANGE
Salt range is a hill system in the Punjab province of
Pakistan. The age of salt range is late Precambrian
to early Cambrian period. It is situated at the
southern part side of potwar plateau. Salt ranges
rises from hills and low mountain valley of Indus
and Jhelum river. The Sifto Salt mine in Goderich is the
world largest underground salt mine. It strench over 1.5
million wide 2 miles long and cover an area of 2.7
million square mine. The heighest point of salt
ranges 1522 meter and 4993 ft.
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13. TABLE NO. 1 FORMATION OF SALT RANGE
FORMATON THICKNESS
( in meters )
LITHOLOGY
Salt pseudomorphs 105 Shale with
pseudomorphs of salt
crystal
Magnesian sandstone 75 Dolomite and
sandstone
Neobolus Shale 45 Fossiliferous Gray Shale
Purple sandstone 75-140 Fine Grain purple
sandstone
Saline series 450 Gypsum dolomite marl
and rocks salt
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14. SALINE SERIES
Mainly composed of gypsum, marl and rock salt
with some decomposed lava flow of basic
composition. The saline series has been divided
into three parts -
1. Lower part.
2. Middle part.
3. Upper part.
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15. 1. Lower part :- Containing Gypsum and
Gypsum Dolomite.
2. Middle part:- Made up of Red salt, marl and
bed of rock salt.
3. Upper part :- Containing Gypsum and
Dolomite.
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16. Purple sandstone :- The bed of purple
sandstone overlie the saline series they show
current bedding and ripple marks and appear
similar to the upper Vindhyan sandstone.
Neobolus shale :- These are the fossiliferous
bed of shale with contain Brachiopoda,
trilobite and gastropods.
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17. Magnesian sandstone :- This are dolomite
sandstone which are upto 85 mtr thick. The man
fossil found in this sandstone is a gastropods
called Stenothera.
Salt psedumorphs shales (105 m.):- These shales
occur at the top of the Cambrian succession of
salt range they contain cubic pseudomorph of
clay. This pseudomorphs are formed by the
replacement of salt crystals by clay.
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18. ECONOMIC MINERAL OF SALT
RANGE
1. China clay
2. Coal
3. Dolomite
4. Fire clay
5. Gypsum
6. Limestone
7. Rock salt
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19. PALAEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY OF SPITI
In spiti, the Cambrian rocks form the basal beds of a
nearly complete sequence of fossiliferous
Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks. This system is also
known as by the name of Haimanta system of spiti.
The Cambrian rocks rest over the vaikraita series (of
Dharwar age ) of highly metamorphosed schist and
have been developed on the slopes of central
Himalayas starting from spiti and continuing to
lahul in the north west and Garhwal and kumaon in
North-East.
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20. Lithology -: Shale's, slates and quartzite's are
the chief types of Cambrian rocks in spiti. The
strata are clearly of sedimentary origin and
highly fossiliferous in some sections.
Classification :- The Haimanta system of spiti
has been studied and classified by HYDEN into
three divisions as follows-
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21. Table no. 2 cambrian (Haimanta ) of spiti
SUBDIVISION THICKNESS LITHOLOGY
Upper Haimanta 400 m.
Consist of mainly grey and
green quartzite's, slates and
shales fossiliferous
Middle Haimanta 300 m. Red and pink quartzite's
and shales
Lower Haimanta 600-900 m. Greenish phyllites, shales
and quartzite's
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22. Life -: In spiti, the Cambrian rocks have yielded
fossils mostly from the upper Haimanta series
on the basis of which a middle to upper
Cambrian age has been assigned to these rocks.
Among the fossils, remains belong to trilobites,
Brachiopods and Echinoderms. Some species
reported from upper Haimanta.
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23. THE FOSSIL IN THE TWO SYSTEM ARE
MENTION BELOW
1. Ordovician system
2. Silurian system
1. Ordovician system :- Trilobite, Brachiopoda,
Lamellibranchia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda,
Actinozoa etc.
2. Silurian system :- Trilobite, Brachiopoda,
Lamellibranchia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda,
Actinozoa etc.
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24. REFERENCES
VAIDYANADHAN R. & RAMAKRISHNANA M.
VOL 2 “Geology of India” Published by
Geological society of India BANGALORE
(Edition 2010) (page no- 557 to 615)
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25. THANK YOU.
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