Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional of the rock units with respect to their deformational histories, Structure is spatial and geometrical configuration of rock components.
Structures are classified into two types:
Primary structures.
Secondary structures
Primary structures
Structures that form during deposition or crystallization of the rock, are the result of two processes:
Settling of solid particles from fluid medium in which they have been suspended, in most of the sedimentary rocks.
Crystallization of mineral grains from a liquid in which they have been dissolved as in igneous rocks.
Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional of the rock units with respect to their deformational histories, Structure is spatial and geometrical configuration of rock components.
Structures are classified into two types:
Primary structures.
Secondary structures
Primary structures
Structures that form during deposition or crystallization of the rock, are the result of two processes:
Settling of solid particles from fluid medium in which they have been suspended, in most of the sedimentary rocks.
Crystallization of mineral grains from a liquid in which they have been dissolved as in igneous rocks.
This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
Attitude of axial surface
Size of interlimb angle
Profile
Ramsay Classification of folds
HOW THE JOINTS WERE FORMED ,WHAT ARE THE FORMATION OF JOINTS ,CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ,ORIGIN AND OCCURENCE OF JOINTS ,AND ENGINEERING IMPORTANTS OF JOINTS HAS BEEN GIVEN HERE .FOR ANY CLARIFICATION PLEASE CONTACT VIA EMAIL .
This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
Attitude of axial surface
Size of interlimb angle
Profile
Ramsay Classification of folds
HOW THE JOINTS WERE FORMED ,WHAT ARE THE FORMATION OF JOINTS ,CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ,ORIGIN AND OCCURENCE OF JOINTS ,AND ENGINEERING IMPORTANTS OF JOINTS HAS BEEN GIVEN HERE .FOR ANY CLARIFICATION PLEASE CONTACT VIA EMAIL .
Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units concerning their deformational histories.
The primary goal of structural geology is to use measurements of present-day rock geometries to uncover information about the history of deformation (strain) in the rocks, and ultimately, to understand the stress field that resulted in the observed strain and geometries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. What is Structural Geology?
• Structural geology is the
study of the three-dimensional
distribution of rock units with
respect to their deformational
histories.
3. • The primary goal of structural geology is to use
measurements of present-day rock geometries to
uncover information about the history of
deformation (strain) in the rocks, and ultimately,
to understand the stress field that resulted in the
observed strain and geometries.
• This understanding of the dynamics of the stress
field can be linked to important events in the
regional geologic past.
4. Economical Importance of Structural Geology
• The study of geologic structures has been of prime
importance in economic geology.
• Folded and faulted rock strata commonly form traps
for the accumulation and concentration of fluids such
as petroleum and natural gas.
• Veins of minerals containing various metals
commonly occupy faults and fractures in structurally
complex areas.
• Deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, and other
metals, are commonly located in structurally complex
areas.
• Structural geology is a critical part of engineering
geology, which is concerned with the physical and
mechanical properties of natural rocks.
5. Structural fabrics and defects
• Folds
• Joints
• Faults
• Foliations
• These are internal weaknesses of rocks which
may affect the stability of human engineered
structures.
6. Deformation of Rocks
• Within the Earth rocks are continually being
subjected to forces that tend to bend them, twist
them, or fracture them. When rocks bend, twist
or fracture we say that they deform (change
shape or size).
• Deformation common
at plate margins.
• Deformation concepts…
– Force
– Stress
– Strain
7. Stress
• The forces that cause deformation of rock are
referred to as stresses (Force/unit area).
• Differential Stress – Unequal in different
directions.
• A uniform stress is a stress wherein the forces act
equally from all directions.
• 3 major types of differential stress
– Compressional stress
– Tensional stress
– Shear stress
8. Compressional Stress
• Push Together stress.
• Shortens and thickens crust.
• which squeezes rock.
9. Tensional Stress
• “Pull-apart” stress.
• Thins and stretches crust.
• Associated with rifting
10. Shear Stress
• Slippage of one rock mass past another.
• In shallow crust, shear is often accommodated
by bedding planes.
11.
12. Strain
• Changes in the shape or size of a rock body
caused by stress.
• Strain occurs when stresses exceed rock
strength.
• Strained rocks deform by folding, flowing, or
fracturing
13. How Rocks Deforms
• Elastic deformation – The rock returns to original
size and shape when stress removed.
• When the (strength) of a rock is surpassed, it
either flows (ductile deformation) or fractures
(brittle deformation).
• Brittle behavior occurs in
the shallow crust; ductile in
the deeper crust.
14. We can divide materials into two
classes.
• Brittle materials have a small or large region of
elastic behaviour but only a small region of
ductile behaviour before they fracture.
• Ductile materials have a small region of elastic
behaviour and a large region of ductile
behaviour before they fracture.
15. How a material behaves will depend
on several factors
• Temperature - At high temperature molecules and their bonds can stretch and
move, thus materials will behave in more ductile manner. At low Temperature,
materials are brittle.
• Confining Pressure - At high confining pressure materials are less likely to
fracture because the pressure of the surroundings tends to hinder the formation
of fractures. At low confining stress, material will be brittle and tend to fracture
sooner.
• Strain rate -- At high strain rates material tends to fracture. At low strain rates
more time is available for individual atoms to move and therefore ductile
behaviour is favoured.
• Composition -- Some minerals, like quartz, olivine, and feldspars are very
brittle. Others, like clay minerals, micas, and calcite are more ductile This is due
to the chemical bond types that hold them together. Thus, the mineralogical
composition of the rock will be a factor in determining the deformational
behaviour of the rock. Another aspect is presence or absence of water. Water
appears to weaken the chemical bonds and forms films around mineral grains
along which slippage can take place. Thus wet rock tends to behave in ductile
manner, while dry rocks tend to behave in brittle manner.
16. Evidence of Former Deformation
• Evidence of deformation that has occurred in the past
is very evident in crustal rocks.
• For example, sedimentary strata and lava flows
generally follow the law of original horizontality. Thus,
when we see such strata inclined instead of horizontal,
evidence of an episode of deformation.
• In order to uniquely define the orientation of a planar
feature we first need to define two terms –
– Strike (trend)
– Dip (inclination)
17. Mapping Geologic Structures
• Strike(trend)
The compass direction of the line produced by the intersection of
an inclined rock layer or fault with a horizontal plane.
– Generally expressed as an angle relative to north.
• N37°E
• N12°W
• Dip (inclination)
The angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit or fault measured
from a horizontal plane.
– Includes both an angle of inclination and a direction toward which the
rock is inclined.
• 82°SE
• 17°SW
18.
19.
20. Mapping Geologic Structures
• In recording strike and dip measurements on a geologic
map, a symbol is used that has a long line oriented
parallel to the compass direction of the strike.
• A short tick mark is placed in the centres of the line on
the side to which the inclined plane dips, and the angle
of dip is recorded next to the strike and dip symbol as
shown above.
• For beds with a 900 dip (vertical) the short line crosses
the strike line.
• For beds with no dip (horizontal) a circle with a cross
inside is used as shown below..
21.
22.
23. Joint
• Any fracture, without any movement is called
as joint.
• When rock are under stress, and are at
shallow depth then they may show brittle
behavior and may get cracked.
• Often rocks are cracked at their elastic limit,
which may vary respect to their material
properties.
24.
25.
26. • Joints can be classified into three groups depending on
their geometrical relationship with the country rock:
• Strike joints – Joints which run parallel to the direction of
strike of country rocks are called "strike joints“.
• Dip joints – Joints which run parallel to the direction of dip
of country rocks are called "dip joints“.
• Oblique joints – Joints which run oblique to the dip and
strike directions of the country rocks are called "oblique
joints".
27.
28.
29. Folds
• Any bent or curved in a rock strata as a result of
permanent deformation due to tectonic forces, is
called as FOLD.
• They occur singly as isolated folds and in
extensive fold trains of different sizes, on a
variety of scales.
• A set of folds distributed on a regional scale
constitutes a fold belt, a common feature of
orogenic zones.
• Folds are commonly formed by shortening of
existing layers.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. Faults
• Fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a
volume of rock, across which there has been
significant displacement along the fractures as
a result of earth movement.
• Energy release associated with rapid
movement on active faults is the cause of
most earthquakes.
• These earth quake may cause tremendous loss
of life and property.
42. Faults
• Faults occur when brittle rocks
fracture and there is an offset along
the fracture.
• When the offset is small, the
displacement can be easily measured,
but sometimes the displacement is so
large that it is difficult to measure.
43. Fault Terminology
• A fault line is the surface trace of a fault, i-e the
line of intersection between the fault plane.
• A clearly seen line is formed by the intersection
of faulted surfaces and can be observed even on
satellite image.
• Hanging wall: fault block above the fault plane is
called as hanging wall.
• Foot wall: fault block below the fault plane is
called as foot wall.
44. • Fault blocks classified as
Footwall (rock mass
below the fault)
Hanging wall
(rock mass
above the fault)
45. • Three dominant types
– Normal fault
– Reverse Fault
– Thrust (a low angle reverse fault)
– Strike Slip Fault
46. Normal fault
– Hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall.
– Accommodate lengthening or extension of the
crust.
– Exhibit a variety of scales
47. Normal Fault
• Larger scale normal faults are associated with
fault-block mountains (Basin and Range of
Nevada).
• Normal fault bounded valleys are called graben
• Normal fault bounded ridges are called horsts.
• Basin area has a series of horsts and grabens.
48.
49. Reverse faults
– Hanging wall block moves up relative
to the footwall block
– Reverse faults have dips greater than 45o
– Accommodate shortening of the crust
– Strong compressional forces
50. Thrust fault
• A special case of reverse fault.
– Hanging wall block moves up relative to the
footwall block
– Thrust faults are characterized by a low dip angle
(less then 45o).
– Accommodate shortening of the crust
– Strong compressional forces
51. Strike-Slip Faults
• Dominant displacement is horizontal
and parallel to the strike of the fault
• Types of strike-slip faults
– Right-lateral – as you face the fault, the block on
the opposite side of the fault moves to the right
– Left-lateral – as you face the fault, the block on
the opposite side of the fault moves to the left
53. • Fault Splays: Fault is segments into
many small faults.
Sometimes, A big fault initiate many
small other fault known as fault splays or
implication.
56. Criteria to identify the faults
Fault scarp
• A fault scarp is the topographic expression of
faulting attributed to the displacement of the
land surface by movement along faults.
• During faulting, one block may rise and appear
as a raised ridge and shows steep bedding.
57.
58.
59.
60. • Slickenside:
In geology, a slickenside is a smoothly polished surface
caused by frictional movement between rocks along the two sides of
a fault. This surface is normally striated in the direction of
movement. The surface feels smoother when the hand is moved in
the same direction that the eroded side of the fault moved.
61.
62. Mineralization
• Friction along blocks of faults may cause
dynamic metamorphism, fracturing and
brecciation etc
63.
64.
65.
66. Stream alignment:
Offset streams are found along strike
slip fault . If a stream is changing its path
then it shows the presence of faults.
70. Valleys:
Valleys are of great importance because it is said that
90 % of the valleys are being formed along the faults e.g
Kaghan valley has alignment with Kunhar river and these
streams are found along strike slip fault
Kaghan Valley .
71. Hot water streams:
Hot water streams highly
suggests the presence of fault .
Waterfalls:
Water fall also suggests the
presence of oblique faults.
76. What Structural Geologists Should do in
Studying Structures?
Map the geometry of structures accurately in the field
and construct an accurate geologic map.
Measure the orientation of small structures in the field to
know the shapes and relative position of larger
structures
Study the sequence of development and superposition of
different kinds of structures to determine the
sequence condition of deformation.
Try to apply rock-mechanics data to relate structures to
stresses that present in the Earth at the times of
deformation.
Try to compare structures in one area with those else-where
that may have formed by similar-mechanism.
Utilize the geophysical data and other geology
disciplines. Geophysical data such as gravity,
magnetic, and seismic
77. IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER FIELDS
• Engineering: Problems such as construction of
bridges, dams, power plants, highways, and
airports, and beneath buildings problems
• Environmental: Problems such as land use,
planning, earth quake hazard, volcanic hazard,
waste isolation and disposal, control of the
distribution of ground water
• Petroleum and mining geology: Understanding
the geometric techniques, projection of faults
geologic contacts, larger trends of regional
processes that control the concentration of
mineral and hydrocarbons