The Siwalik Group originated from sediments deposited in the Tethys Sea during the middle Miocene to lower Pleistocene periods. It is distributed across the outer foothills of the Himalayas from Pakistan to Arunachal Pradesh, India. The stratigraphy includes lower, middle, and upper Siwalik subgroups composed of sandstone, shale and conglomerate deposited in fluvial and lacustrine environments. Fossils found in the Siwalik Group provide important evidence for the evolution of mammals in South Asia.

1. TOPIC – Distribution, Stratigraphy & Fossil content of
Siwalik Group

2.  INTRODUCTION
 ORIGIN
 DISTRIBUTION OF SIWALIK GROUP
 STRATIGRAPHY OF SIWALIK GROUP
 CLASSIFICATION OF SIWALIK GROUP
 FOSSILS OF SIWALIK GROUP
 SIGNIFICANCE
CONTENT :

3. Origin :- The origin of Siwalik system is middle Miocene to
lower Pleistocene with the uplift of sediment deposited in the
Tethys due to northward compression , a depression, fore-deep
type of topography is believed to have come into being which
started receiving sedimentation from the mountains of north the
Himalaya of that time. The `fore-deep` hypothesis has , however
better structural evidence in support of the origin of the Siwalik
system.

4. Siwalik Hills

5. INTRODUCTION : Physiographic division of India divide into three parts :
• Peninsular India
• Indo Gangetic Plan
• Extra Peninsular – Siwalik Group
Siwalik Group :- The name Siwalik was originally given by Captain P.T. Cautley in
the early nineteenth century to the outermost Sub-Himalayan
Ranges. Under the Siwalik system are grouped rocks of low lying outermost hills of
the Himalaya that had been deposited in shallow water conditions in the time from
middle Miocene to lower Pleistocene in the geological history of this area.
The Siwalik hills are relatively low and rarely exceed 1000m above mean sea level
with conformable treads running parallel to the Himalaya.

6. DISTRIBUTION
The Siwalik system extends from the Bramputra valley in the east to
Bannu plains in
Pakistan on the west.
• Manchar system
in sind (Pakistan)
• Makran system of Blauchistan
• Irrawaly system in Barma
• In India (Jammu & Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , Uttrakhand , West
Bengal , Assam , Arunachal Pradesh )

8. Siwalik Group in India
 Jammu & Kashmir : - Complete development of Siwalik can be seen in
Jammu hills.
 Himachal Pradesh : - Siwalik group in Himachal Himalaya form a parallel
foothill belt along the southern margin between Ravi and Yamuna river.
 Uttrakhand : - Kalagarh basin
 West Bengal : - In the Terai region of the northern part of Jalpaiguri and
Darjleeling district of West Bengal
 Assam : - Cachar hills
 Arunachal Pradesh : - Mishmi hills

10. Stratigraphy
 Lithology : -The Siwalik group is composed of 5000-6000m thick
succession of sediment rock of fluviatile as lacustine nature.
Sandstones are hard , compact , red colored in the lower Siwalik
becoming greyish and softer in the middle levels and virtually
becoming masses or loosely packed coarse sand with grits in the
upper region.
 structure : - Rock of Siwalik system in folding and faulting
indicating orosenic movement during and after their formation.
Mainly thrust fault anticline and over fold are present.

13. Thrust fault

14. Sub-Division Stages Lithology Age
Upper Siwlaik
(2000-2500 m)
Middle Siwlaik
(2000-2500 m)
Lower Siwalik
(1650 m)
Boulder
Conglomerate
Pinjor stage
Tatrots stage
Dhok Pathan
Stage
Nagri stage
Chinji stage
Kamlial stage
Conglomerates, Loose
sands, grits and clays
Grits, sandstones , dirty
white clays and
conglomerates
Soft sandstones , dirty
ehile clays and
conglomerates
Brown sandstones ,
gravel beds , clays and
shale's
Massive compact and
hard sandstones shales
Red sandstones,
intercalated red shales
Hard red sandstones,
purple shales
Pseudoconglomerates
Cromerian (1.5 to 0.5
m.y.)
Villafranchian(2.47
m.y.)
Astian (5.5 m.y.)
Pontian (8.5 m.y.)
Sarmatian (10.8 m.y.)
Tortonian (14.3 m.y.)
Helvetian ( 18.3 m.y. )

15. Fossils of Siwalik
Most of the stages in Siwalik system are typically rich in mammalian fossils.
Some important fossils genra Siwalik are mentioned below:
 Carnivora :- Crocuta , canis, lutra.
 Primates :- Brahmapithecus , macacus ,simia ,papio.
 Proboscidea : - Dinotherium, trilophodon.
 Equidae :- Hipparion
 Rhinoceratid :- Gaindatherium , aeratherium.
 Suidae :- Conohyus , sanitherium ,tetraconodon.
 Giraffidae :- Hydaspitherium , vishnutherium
 Bovidae :- Cobus ,bos ,bison , perimia.

16. •Fossils are disarticulated in nature.
•Most durable parts are commonly preserved as fossils of
vertebrates are their bones, teeth and footprints.
•A rich assemblage of fossil has been recovered from the Siwalik
rock which has given this system a very important status in Indian
stratigraphy. Most of the stages in Siwalik system are typically rich in
mammalian fossils.

17. Reptilians
Persces
Insectivara
Ungulates
Lagomorpha
Rodentia
Carnivara
Primates
Squamates :
Lizard and Snake
Tortoises
Crocodiles
Mammals
Tetrapada
Vertebrates
Amphibians
Birds

21. MAMMUT

22. PETRIFIED WOOD

23. • Evolution of different modern
species.
• Useful for correlation purpose in
continental region.
• Pale climatology, pale biogeography,
& pale ecology.
• History and culture.

24.  Vaidyanadhan R. Geology of India volume-2.
 Kumar R. 2006 Fundamental of Historical Geology & stratigraphy
of India.
 Internet ( sciencedirect.com, slideshare.net,
archaeologydataservice.ac.uk, hellotravel.com, tripadvisor.com )
 Jaitley, A.K Palaeontology & stratigraphy.
 Youtube :- https://youtu.be/8J2mWSR7RP0