Final fault
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Faults are fractures where there is movement parallel to the fault plane. There are several types of faults including normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and transform faults. Normal faults occur when the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall, while thrust faults occur when the hanging wall moves up. Strike-slip faults involve lateral movement along the fault plane in either a left-lateral or right-lateral direction. Transform faults specifically link different tectonic plates.
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Faults
Faults are fractures in rock where there has been relative movement between the two sides. The fault plane is the surface where displacement occurs. The hanging wall is the rock above the fault plane, and the foot wall is below. Slip can be strike slip along the fault strike, dip slip along the dip, or oblique. Faults are classified based on movement, direction of slip, and geometry. Common types are normal faults where the hanging wall moves down, reverse faults where it moves up, and strike-slip faults where movement is horizontal. Faults can impact engineering by weakening foundations and providing pathways for water.
Classification of Faults
Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where blocks of rock have moved in relation to each other. Movement can range from centimeters to kilometers depending on stresses and rock resistance. Faults are classified based on the movement and orientation of the hanging wall and foot wall blocks, including normal faults where the hanging wall moves down, reverse faults where it moves up, and strike-slip faults where the blocks move parallel to each other. Common fault types include normal, reverse, thrust, vertical, horst, graben, dip, strike, parallel, and step faults.
Geological Faults
Faults are fractures with movement parallel to their plane, usually caused by seismic activity. Understanding faults is important for engineering structures. There are three main types of faults - normal, thrust, and strike-slip. Normal faults involve the hanging wall moving down relative to the footwall. Thrust faults involve the hanging wall moving up. Strike-slip faults involve lateral movement along the fault plane. Faults can be identified by features like slickensides, mineral growth, and offset stratigraphy. Fault classification helps understand mountain building and plate tectonics. Careful analysis of faults is necessary for safe construction near fault lines.
Faults terminology
1) A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rocks on either side are displaced relative to each other due to compressional or tensional forces.
2) Key terms related to faults include the fault plane, fault trace, hanging wall, footwall, strike, dip, slip, separation, heave, and throw.
3) Faults can be classified based on their apparent movement (normal, reverse, strike-slip), their orientation relative to bedding (strike, dip, oblique), and their pattern of occurrence (parallel, en echelon, peripheral, radial).
Fault and its classification
This document provides an overview of fault classification. It begins with definitions of fault geometry, including fault plane, dip, strike, hanging wall, footwall, throw, and rake. Faults can be classified geometrically based on attributes like rake, attitude relative to adjacent rocks, pattern, dip angle, and apparent movement. Major geometric types include strike-slip, dip-slip, and diagonal-slip faults. Genetic classification considers the relative movement, and identifies normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip, and other fault types. Major faults in India are described along with the distribution of faults globally. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the geological and economic importance of studying faults, as well as their relevance to engineering and
Types faults make earth quake
Normal faults occur when rocks pull apart, causing the rock on one side of the fault to move down relative to the other side. Reverse faults occur when rocks are pushed together, causing the rock on one side to move up. Transform faults cause horizontal movement between blocks of rock on either side. Oblique faults involve a combination of these movements. Faults represent zones of weakness where future earthquakes and surface rupturing are most likely to occur. Infrastructure like buildings and transportation corridors in fault zones faces damage during seismic activity.
Elements of fault
This document defines and describes the key elements of faults in geology. It discusses fault plane, fault line, strike, dip, hanging wall, footwall, throw, heave, net slip, rake, and hade. Elements such as strike and dip are used to characterize the orientation of the fault plane. Hanging wall and footwall refer to the rock blocks separated by the fault. Throw, heave and net slip describe the displacement components. Understanding these fault elements aids in field study and identification of fault types.
MOHAMMAD ZAMAN PPT
This presentation discusses faults and folds. It is presented by five group members and covers the key parts and types of faults and folds. Faults are breaks in the Earth's crust where movement has occurred, and include a hanging wall, foot wall, and fault plane. The main types of faults are normal, reverse, thrust, and transform. Folds occur when originally flat rock layers are bent, and include anticlines and synclines as the main parts. The presentation defines various fold types and features.
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Faults
Faults are fractures in rock where there has been relative movement between the two sides. The fault plane is the surface where displacement occurs. The hanging wall is the rock above the fault plane, and the foot wall is below. Slip can be strike slip along the fault strike, dip slip along the dip, or oblique. Faults are classified based on movement, direction of slip, and geometry. Common types are normal faults where the hanging wall moves down, reverse faults where it moves up, and strike-slip faults where movement is horizontal. Faults can impact engineering by weakening foundations and providing pathways for water.
Classification of Faults
Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where blocks of rock have moved in relation to each other. Movement can range from centimeters to kilometers depending on stresses and rock resistance. Faults are classified based on the movement and orientation of the hanging wall and foot wall blocks, including normal faults where the hanging wall moves down, reverse faults where it moves up, and strike-slip faults where the blocks move parallel to each other. Common fault types include normal, reverse, thrust, vertical, horst, graben, dip, strike, parallel, and step faults.
Geological Faults
Faults are fractures with movement parallel to their plane, usually caused by seismic activity. Understanding faults is important for engineering structures. There are three main types of faults - normal, thrust, and strike-slip. Normal faults involve the hanging wall moving down relative to the footwall. Thrust faults involve the hanging wall moving up. Strike-slip faults involve lateral movement along the fault plane. Faults can be identified by features like slickensides, mineral growth, and offset stratigraphy. Fault classification helps understand mountain building and plate tectonics. Careful analysis of faults is necessary for safe construction near fault lines.
Faults terminology
1) A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rocks on either side are displaced relative to each other due to compressional or tensional forces.
2) Key terms related to faults include the fault plane, fault trace, hanging wall, footwall, strike, dip, slip, separation, heave, and throw.
3) Faults can be classified based on their apparent movement (normal, reverse, strike-slip), their orientation relative to bedding (strike, dip, oblique), and their pattern of occurrence (parallel, en echelon, peripheral, radial).
Fault and its classification
This document provides an overview of fault classification. It begins with definitions of fault geometry, including fault plane, dip, strike, hanging wall, footwall, throw, and rake. Faults can be classified geometrically based on attributes like rake, attitude relative to adjacent rocks, pattern, dip angle, and apparent movement. Major geometric types include strike-slip, dip-slip, and diagonal-slip faults. Genetic classification considers the relative movement, and identifies normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip, and other fault types. Major faults in India are described along with the distribution of faults globally. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the geological and economic importance of studying faults, as well as their relevance to engineering and
Types faults make earth quake
Normal faults occur when rocks pull apart, causing the rock on one side of the fault to move down relative to the other side. Reverse faults occur when rocks are pushed together, causing the rock on one side to move up. Transform faults cause horizontal movement between blocks of rock on either side. Oblique faults involve a combination of these movements. Faults represent zones of weakness where future earthquakes and surface rupturing are most likely to occur. Infrastructure like buildings and transportation corridors in fault zones faces damage during seismic activity.
Elements of fault
This document defines and describes the key elements of faults in geology. It discusses fault plane, fault line, strike, dip, hanging wall, footwall, throw, heave, net slip, rake, and hade. Elements such as strike and dip are used to characterize the orientation of the fault plane. Hanging wall and footwall refer to the rock blocks separated by the fault. Throw, heave and net slip describe the displacement components. Understanding these fault elements aids in field study and identification of fault types.
MOHAMMAD ZAMAN PPT
This presentation discusses faults and folds. It is presented by five group members and covers the key parts and types of faults and folds. Faults are breaks in the Earth's crust where movement has occurred, and include a hanging wall, foot wall, and fault plane. The main types of faults are normal, reverse, thrust, and transform. Folds occur when originally flat rock layers are bent, and include anticlines and synclines as the main parts. The presentation defines various fold types and features.
Fault their geometry and classification
This document discusses different types of faults, their classification, and characteristics. It begins by defining a fault and explaining their importance in geology. The main types of faults discussed are normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique faults. Criteria for identifying faults and the role of fluids in faulting are also summarized. Brittle faults occur in the upper crust and are characterized by fractures, while ductile faults at depth can form mylonite rocks. The document provides an overview of fault geometry and mechanics.
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This document discusses fractures and faults. It defines fractures as surfaces where rocks have broken and lost cohesion. It differentiates between fractures, joints, and faults. Joints are fractures with no displacement, while faults involve displacement. The document outlines different types of fractures including extensional fractures, shear fractures, and conjugate fractures. It discusses analyzing fracture orientation, strain ellipsoids, and the relationship between joints and folds. The overall purpose is to explain how to identify and analyze different fracture and fault types.
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This document discusses structural geography and stratigraphy, specifically focusing on faults and faulting. It defines faults as fractures along which adjacent rock blocks are displaced relative to each other. Joints are similar fractures but without displacement. Faults are undesirable for construction purposes as they weaken rock and can cause instability. The main parts of a fault are the fault plane or surface, the dip and hade. Faults can affect outcrops, topography, and cause changes in rock elevations, repetitions or omissions of strata, and discontinuities. Field identification of faults can include slickensides, brecciated or sheared zones, and abnormalities in strata like abrupt terminations or offsets.
What is a fault and what are the different types
A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rock on one side has moved relative to the other. There are several types of faults classified by the direction of movement: normal faults occur during extension and cause the hanging wall to drop down; thrust faults occur during compression and involve the hanging wall moving up and over the footwall; strike-slip faults involve sideways movement where the blocks slide past each other. The angle of the fault and direction of movement determine its classification as normal, reverse, or a strike-slip fault.
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The document discusses various geological structures including outcrops, rock deformation, folds, faults, and joints. It defines key terms like strike and dip which are used to describe the orientation of deformed rocks. It explains different types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, overturned folds, and plunging folds. It also describes various types of faults including normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and transform faults. Additionally, it discusses joints as fractures in rocks where there is no relative displacement and classifies joints based on their orientation. In summary, the document provides an overview of structural geology and the terminology used to describe deformed rocks and geological structures.
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2. Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth and are used to determine the internal structure, including distinct layers of the crust, mantle, and core.
3. The core is determined to be liquid based on seismic evidence showing the disappearance of different wave types in certain regions.
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This document describes different types of geological faults, including dip-slip faults (normal and reverse), strike-slip faults (tear and transform), and thrust faults. It provides examples of each type and diagrams to illustrate normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults. Key points covered include the East African Rift Valley as an example of a normal fault, thrust faults being associated with mountain building, and the San Andreas Fault as an example of a transform fault.
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This document discusses various geological structures including folds, faults, and joints. It defines folds as bent rock layers, and describes key parts of folds such as the crest, trough, limbs, and axial plane. It also categorizes different types of folds based on their symmetry, plunge, and other characteristics. The document then defines faults as fractures with displacement, and explains fault terminology including the fault plane, footwall, hanging wall, and types of movement. Finally, it briefly introduces joints as fractures found in rocks.
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This document discusses crustal deformation and geologic structures. It describes the different types of stresses that cause deformation, including compressional, tensional, and shear stresses associated with convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries. It also explains how rocks deform through folding, faulting, and fracturing in response to these stresses. Specific structures covered include folds like anticlines and synclines, as well as normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults. The document concludes by discussing how geologists measure and map the orientation of rock layers and faults.
Final fault new
Faults are fractures where there is movement parallel to the fault plane. They can range in length from hundreds of meters to a few centimeters. The key parts of a fault include the fault plane, hanging wall, and footwall. The fault plane is the surface where movement occurs, and dip and strike are measured here. The hanging wall is the rock mass above the fault plane, while the footwall is below. Faults can be classified based on their movement as dip-slip faults, like normal and reverse faults where movement is parallel to dip, or strike-slip faults where movement is parallel to strike. Normal faults involve the hanging wall dropping down, while reverse faults involve it moving up.
Fault and classification.pptx
Faults are fractures in rock where displacement has occurred. A fault plane is the surface where the fracture and displacement took place. There are several key terms to describe faults, including footwall, hanging wall, fault trace, downthrown side, and upthrown side. Faults can be classified based on the direction of slip, attitude relative to adjacent rock, fault pattern, dip, and apparent movement. Common types include strike-slip faults, dip-slip faults, normal faults, reverse faults, and rotational faults.
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This document discusses different types of geological structures including folds, faults, and joints. It defines key terms related to these structures and provides examples. Specifically, it describes:
1) Different types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, asymmetrical, overturned, and recumbent folds.
2) Fault types including normal, reverse, strike-slip, oblique-slip, and blind faults. It explains the movement and features of each.
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This document discusses different types of faults, their classification, and characteristics. It begins by defining a fault and explaining their importance in geology. The main types of faults discussed are normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique faults. Criteria for identifying faults and the role of fluids in faulting are also summarized. Brittle faults occur in the upper crust and are characterized by fractures, while ductile faults at depth can form mylonite rocks. The document provides an overview of fault geometry and mechanics.
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This document discusses structural geography and stratigraphy, specifically focusing on faults and faulting. It defines faults as fractures along which adjacent rock blocks are displaced relative to each other. Joints are similar fractures but without displacement. Faults are undesirable for construction purposes as they weaken rock and can cause instability. The main parts of a fault are the fault plane or surface, the dip and hade. Faults can affect outcrops, topography, and cause changes in rock elevations, repetitions or omissions of strata, and discontinuities. Field identification of faults can include slickensides, brecciated or sheared zones, and abnormalities in strata like abrupt terminations or offsets.
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This document discusses various geological structures including folds, faults, and joints. It defines folds as bent rock layers, and describes key parts of folds such as the crest, trough, limbs, and axial plane. It also categorizes different types of folds based on their symmetry, plunge, and other characteristics. The document then defines faults as fractures with displacement, and explains fault terminology including the fault plane, footwall, hanging wall, and types of movement. Finally, it briefly introduces joints as fractures found in rocks.
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Final fault new
Faults are fractures where there is movement parallel to the fault plane. They can range in length from hundreds of meters to a few centimeters. The key parts of a fault include the fault plane, hanging wall, and footwall. The fault plane is the surface where movement occurs, and dip and strike are measured here. The hanging wall is the rock mass above the fault plane, while the footwall is below. Faults can be classified based on their movement as dip-slip faults, like normal and reverse faults where movement is parallel to dip, or strike-slip faults where movement is parallel to strike. Normal faults involve the hanging wall dropping down, while reverse faults involve it moving up.
Fault and classification.pptx
Faults are fractures in rock where displacement has occurred. A fault plane is the surface where the fracture and displacement took place. There are several key terms to describe faults, including footwall, hanging wall, fault trace, downthrown side, and upthrown side. Faults can be classified based on the direction of slip, attitude relative to adjacent rock, fault pattern, dip, and apparent movement. Common types include strike-slip faults, dip-slip faults, normal faults, reverse faults, and rotational faults.
Geological structures folds faults joints types of folds joints
This document discusses different types of geological structures including folds, faults, and joints. It defines key terms related to these structures and provides examples. Specifically, it describes:
1) Different types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, asymmetrical, overturned, and recumbent folds.
2) Fault types including normal, reverse, strike-slip, oblique-slip, and blind faults. It explains the movement and features of each.
3) Joints as fractures with no displacement that form due to stresses and rock movements, and classifies them as tension or shear joints.
Fault
Faults occur when rocks fracture and move relative to each other due to compressional or tensional forces. There are several types of faults classified based on the direction of displacement:
- Dip-slip faults include normal faults, where the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall, and reverse/thrust faults where the hanging wall moves up.
- Strike-slip faults involve horizontal movement parallel to the fault plane in either a left-lateral or right-lateral direction.
- Oblique faults involve both dip-slip and strike-slip displacement components.
Fault.pptx
Faults are fractures along which the rock masses on either side have moved relative to each other. A fault occurs when movement happens along a discontinuity due to brittle deformation from stress. Faults can be classified in different ways, including based on the apparent movement, dip angle, pattern of faults, and more. Common fault types include normal faults, reverse faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique slip faults. Normal faults occur when the hanging wall block moves downward relative to the footwall, while reverse faults occur when the hanging wall moves upward.
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The document discusses faults in terms of geology. It begins by defining a fault as a fracture between rock blocks that have moved relative to each other parallel to the fracture plane. It then discusses different types of faults including normal faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique slip faults. It provides examples of key features associated with different fault types, such as horsts and grabens associated with normal faults, and flower structures associated with strike-slip faults. The document also discusses methods for recognizing faults based on geological, fault plane, and physiographic evidence observed in the field.
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1. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where rock layers are displaced relative to each other. They form due to tectonic movements.
2. There are several types of faults including normal faults, reverse faults, strike-slip faults, thrust faults, and oblique-slip faults which combine elements of strike-slip and dip-slip.
3. Key features of faults include the fault plane, hanging wall, footwall, fault trace, and offset. The orientation and type of displacement help characterize the specific fault.
Geometry of fault
1) A fault is a fracture along which blocks of rock have been displaced relative to each other due to tectonic forces. The displacement can range from less than a meter to kilometers.
2) Faults have key geometric features including a fault plane, a hanging wall above the plane, and a foot wall below. The dip and strike define the orientation of the fault plane. Throw is the vertical displacement and heave is the horizontal displacement.
3) Faults can be classified based on the apparent movement, dip angle, relationship between slip direction and fault pattern. Common types include normal, reverse, strike-slip, dip-slip and oblique-slip faults.
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This document discusses different types of landforming processes caused by stress and strain on rocks. It describes three main types of deformation - folding, faulting, and fracturing. Folds form from compressional stress causing rocks to buckle into arches (anticlines) or sinks (synclines). Faults form when rocks fracture from strain, with one side displaced relative to the other along the fault plane. The main types of faults are normal, reverse, thrust, transform, and oblique-slip faults, which result from different types of differential stress.
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Diastrophism refers to deformation of the Earth's crust due to tectonic stress. It results in folding and faulting of rock layers. Folding occurs when compressional stress causes rocks to buckle, forming arches (anticlines) and sinks (synclines). Faulting occurs when rock is strained beyond its ability to remain intact, resulting in fracturing and displacement along a fault plane. The three main types of faults are normal, reverse, and strike-slip (transcurrent). Normal faults result from extensional stress, reverse from compressional, and strike-slip involve horizontal movement with no vertical displacement.
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This document defines key terms related to rock folding and describes the different types of folds. It begins by explaining that folds form in rocks due to stresses that cause undulations or curvatures over time. Different parts of folds are then defined, including the hinge, limb, axis, and more. Causes of folding like tectonic movement and mechanisms like buckling are outlined. Folds are also classified based on features such as closure, symmetry, plunge, and hinge shape. Measurement criteria for folds including height, width, and tightness are provided. The presentation aims to deliver a lecture on rock folding structures and was compiled using various academic sources.
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This document provides information about mapping the focal mechanisms of earthquakes in the Indian region. It begins with background on fault types and how focal mechanisms are represented. The document then discusses different types of faulting mechanisms (thrust, normal, strike-slip) and how seismic moment tensors are used to characterize focal mechanisms. It provides details on the Harvard CMT catalog and shows sample data used to plot over 140 focal mechanisms from India between 1976-2015. The document provides a concise overview of focal mechanism analysis and its application to earthquakes in the Indian region.
geology_ppt.pptx
This document provides an overview of key geological structures and concepts. It begins by defining geology and its focus on understanding Earth's formation and processes. It then describes various geological structures like foliation, folds, faults, joints, and unconformities. For each structure, it provides definitions and examples to explain their characteristics and how they form. Folds are classified as symmetrical, asymmetrical, overturned, and recumbent based on their geometry. Faults are categorized as normal, reverse, and strike-slip based on their angle and displacement. The document also discusses measuring and determining the strike and dip of inclined surfaces, as well as how unconformities represent gaps in the geologic record.
Folds
The document discusses folds, their geometry, classification, and field study. It defines folds as bent rock layers caused by compressional forces. The geometry of folds includes limbs, hinge points, hinge lines, axial planes, axes, and other features. Folds are classified based on their shape, including anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, overturned, and others. Field study of folds involves direct observation of fold features and measuring the attitude of hinge lines and axial planes to characterize fold structures.
Faults and folds
Folds and faults are common geological structures that form in rocks. Folds occur when horizontal rock layers are bent upwards or downwards due to compressive forces, forming anticlines or synclines. Folds can be symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on the uniformity of compressive forces. Faults form when adjacent rock blocks are displaced along fractures due to shearing forces. The main types of faults are normal faults, reverse faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique-slip faults which cause the hanging wall to drop down, rise up, slide laterally, or experience a combination of movements respectively. Both folds and faults are primarily formed through tectonic forces within the Earth.
Ch10 structuralgeologyfall2007-140429091340-phpapp02
This document discusses crustal deformation and geologic structures. It describes the different types of stresses that cause deformation, including compressional, tensional, and shear stresses associated with convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries. It also explains how rocks deform through folding, faulting, and fracturing in response to these stresses. Specific structures covered include folds like anticlines and synclines, as well as normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults. The document concludes by discussing how geologists measure and map the orientation of rock layers and faults.
1 ondas sísmicas y riesgo sísmico
The document discusses types of seismic waves, faults, seismic risk, and earthquake-resistant engineering. It provides information on the following:
- Internal and surface seismic waves like P, S, Love, and Rayleigh waves and how they propagate.
- Types of faults like normal, reverse, strike-slip, and oblique faults.
- Factors that contribute to seismic risk like hazard, vulnerability, and their relationship.
- Deterministic and probabilistic approaches to evaluating seismic hazard.
- Objectives of earthquake-resistant design of buildings to establish performance levels for different seismic intensities.
GEOHAZARDS03 - Earthquakes Causes and Measurements.pdf
This document discusses earthquakes, their causes, and how they are measured. It begins by explaining that most earthquakes occur along faults in the earth's crust where tectonic forces cause deformation. It then describes how rocks deform under stress, the different types of stresses that can occur, and how materials respond as either brittle or ductile. Evidence of past deformation is discussed, including how the orientation of inclined rock layers is defined and measured. The document concludes by describing the different types of faults like normal, reverse, strike-slip and transform faults, and explains that earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of elastic strain energy built up along fault zones.
Earthquakes and landslides
Hey! I am sudeep saxena (A civil engg.) 2nd year, study in MPCT ,Gwalior.
This file of my new presentation on Earthquakes and landslides.
Similar to Final fault (20)
Geological structures folds faults joints types of folds joints
Geological structures folds faults joints types of folds joints
Foults presentation.There are strike strip foults and etc.
Foults presentation.There are strike strip foults and etc.
Ch10 structuralgeologyfall2007-140429091340-phpapp02
Ch10 structuralgeologyfall2007-140429091340-phpapp02
GEOHAZARDS03 - Earthquakes Causes and Measurements.pdf
GEOHAZARDS03 - Earthquakes Causes and Measurements.pdf
Final fault
- 2. Faults:Faults: Are fractures that have appreciable movement parallel to theirAre fractures that have appreciable movement parallel to their plane.plane. Faults may be hundred of meters or a few centimeters in length.Faults may be hundred of meters or a few centimeters in length. FAULTFAULT
- 3. Fault planeFault plane:: Surface that theSurface that the movement has taken placemovement has taken place within the fault. On thiswithin the fault. On this surface the dip and strike ofsurface the dip and strike of the fault is measured.the fault is measured. Hanging wall:Hanging wall: The rockThe rock mass resting on the faultmass resting on the fault plane.plane. Footwall:Footwall: The rock massThe rock mass beneath the fault plane.beneath the fault plane. Fault planeFault plane:: Surface that theSurface that the movement has taken placemovement has taken place within the fault. On thiswithin the fault. On this surface the dip and strike ofsurface the dip and strike of the fault is measured.the fault is measured. Hanging wall:Hanging wall: The rockThe rock mass resting on the faultmass resting on the fault plane.plane. Footwall:Footwall: The rock massThe rock mass beneath the fault plane.beneath the fault plane. Parts of The FaultsParts of The Faults
- 4. Separation:Separation: The amount ofThe amount of apparent offset of a faultedapparent offset of a faulted surface, measured in specifiedsurface, measured in specified direction. There are strikedirection. There are strike separation, dip separation, andseparation, dip separation, and net separation.net separation. Heave:Heave: The horizontalThe horizontal component of dip separationcomponent of dip separation measured perpendicular to strikemeasured perpendicular to strike of the fault.of the fault. Throw:Throw: The vertical componentThe vertical component measured in vertical planemeasured in vertical plane containing the dip.containing the dip.
- 6. Thrust FaultThrust Fault Thrust Faults: In the thrust faults the hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall (dip angle 30º or less) Reverse Faults: Are similar to the thrust faults regarding the sense of motion but the dip angle of the fault plane is 45º or more Thrust faults usuallyThrust faults usually formed in areas offormed in areas of comperssional regime.comperssional regime.
- 8. Strike-Slip FaultStrike-Slip Fault Strike-slip Faults: Are faults that have movement along strikes. There are two types of strike slip faults: A] Right lateral strike-slip fault (dextral): Where the side opposite the observer moves to the right. B] Left lateral strike-slip fault (sinistral): Where the side opposite the observer moves to the left. Note that the same sense ofNote that the same sense of movement will also bemovement will also be observed from the other sideobserved from the other side of the fault.of the fault. Strike-SlipStrike-Slip FaultsFaults
- 9. Transform FaultsTransform FaultsTransform Faults:Transform Faults: Are aAre a type of strike-slip faulttype of strike-slip fault (defined by Wilson 1965).(defined by Wilson 1965). They form due toThey form due to thethe differences in motiondifferences in motion between lithosphericbetween lithospheric plates.plates. They areThey are basically occur wherebasically occur where type of plate boundarytype of plate boundary is transformed intois transformed into anotheranother.. Main types of transformMain types of transform faults arefaults are:: Ridge-RidgeRidge-Ridge Ridge-ArcRidge-Arc Arc-ArcArc-Arc
- 10. Types of Faults •Dip-slip faults have movement parallel to the dip of the fault plane –In normal faults, the hanging-wall block has moved down relative to the footwall block –In reverse faults, the hanging-wall block has moved up relative to the footwall block
- 11. Types of Faults •Dip-slip faults have movement parallel to the dip of the fault plane –Fault blocks, bounded by normal faults, that drop down or are uplifted are known as grabens and horsts, respectively •Grabens associated with divergent plate boundaries are called rifts –Thrust faults are reverse faults with dip angles less than 30° from horizontal
- 12. Different Type of Faults