This document summarizes the key characteristics and types of magma. It defines magma as a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock found beneath the Earth's surface. Magma forms through mechanisms like decompression melting when hot mantle material rises and melts lower pressure rock, or flux melting when water or carbon dioxide lowers the melting temperature of mantle rock. Magma can be classified based on its chemical composition into basaltic, andesitic, or rhyolitic types depending on silicon and iron/magnesium content, and each type has distinct physical properties like temperature, viscosity, and gas content that determine explosiveness. Magma is also differentiated based on how it formed, such as primitive, primary, parental
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESSSimple ABbieC
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESSSimple ABbieC
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
MAGMATISM, PARTIAL MELTING, AND TECTONIC SETTING.pptxCarloJamesSablan1
This PowerPoint discusses the concept of magmatism, which is the formation and movement of magma in the mantle. This also provides necessary information about the factors that allow magmatism to happen.
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Silicate Polymerization In Igneous Processes.
Introduction:
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Based on : Villani, Fabio, and Vincenzo Sapia. "The shallow structure of a surface-rupturing fault in unconsolidated deposits from multi-scale electrical resistivity data: The 30 October 2016 Mw 6.5 central Italy earthquake case study." Tectonophysics 717 (2017): 628-644.
Available at : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318896772_The_shallow_structure_of_a_surface-rupturing_fault_in_unconsolidated_deposits_from_multi-scale_electrical_resistivity_data_The_30_October_2016_Mw_65_central_Italy_earthquake_case_study
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References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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3. Magma
1. Magma (from Greek μάγμα "mixture")
is a mixture of molten or semi-molten
rock, volatiles and solids that is found
beneath the surface of the Earth
2. Besides molten rock, magma may also
contain suspended crystals, dissolved
gas and sometimes gas bubbles.
3. Magma often collects in magma
chambers that may feed a volcano or
solidify underground to form an
intrusion. It is capable of intruding
into adjacent rocks and extrusion onto
the surface as lava.
5. The only liquid part of the earth is the outer core.
But, magma can not originate from the outer core
because the it does not have the right chemical
composition. The outer core is mostly Iron, but
magmas are silicate liquids. Thus, DO NOT COME
FROM THE MOLTEN OUTER CORE OF THE
EARTH. Since the rest of the earth is solid, in order
for magmas to form, some part of the earth must get
hot enough to melt the rocks present.
As pressure increases in the Earth, the melting
temperature changes as well. For pure minerals,
there are two general cases.
1. Fluids are absent
Origin of Magma
6. Mechanism of Generation: Decompression Melting
Under normal conditions the temperature in the Earth,
shown by the geothermal gradient, is lower than the
beginning of melting of the mantle. Thus in order for the
mantle to melt there has to be a mechanism to raise the
geothermal gradient. Once such mechanism is convection,
wherein hot mantle material rises to lower pressure or
depth, carrying its heat with it.
If the raised geothermal gradient becomes higher than the
initial melting temperature at any pressure, then a partial
melt will form. Liquid from this partial melt can be
separated from the remaining crystals because, in general,
liquids have a lower density than solids. Basaltic magmas
appear to originate in this way.
7. Mechanism of Generation: Transfer of Heat
When magmas that were generated by some other mechanism intrude into cold crust, they bring with them
heat. Upon solidification they lose this heat and transfer it to the surrounding crust. Repeated intrusions
can transfer enough heat to increase the local geothermal gradient and cause melting of the surrounding rock
to generate new magmas.
Transfer of heat by this mechanism may be responsible for generating some magmas in continental rift
valleys, hot spots, and subduction related environments.
8. Mechanism of Generation: Flux Melting
As we saw before, if water or carbon dioxide are added to rock, the melting temperature is lowered. If the
addition of water or carbon dioxide takes place deep in the earth where the temperature is already high, the
lowering of melting temperature could cause the rock to partially melt to generate magma. One place where
water could be introduced is at subduction zones. Introduction of this water in the mantle then lowers the
melting temperature of the mantle to generate partial melts, which then separates from the solid mantle and
rise toward the surface.
10. Types of magma are determined by
chemical composition of the magma.
Three general types are recognized:
1. Basaltic magma -- SiO2 45-55
wt%, high in Fe, Mg, Ca, low in
K, Na
2. Andesitic magma -- SiO2 55-65
wt%, intermediate in Fe, Mg, Ca,
Na, K
3. Rhyolitic magma -- SiO2 65-
75%, low in Fe, Mg, Ca, high in
K, Na
Different types of Magma have differ
in the values of physical properties
like temperature, viscosity, gas
content, etc. and in the way they were
formed.
A summary of these properties is
presented in the following slide.
Classification on this basis is
important because it helps scientists
predict the explosiveness of the
magma being studied.
Classification on the basis of Silica %
11. Description of Important Physical Properties
Gas Content
At depth in the Earth nearly all
magmas contain gas dissolved in
the liquid, but the gas forms a
separate vapor phase when
pressure is decreased as magma
rises toward the surface of the
Earth.
Gas gives magmas their explosive
character, because volume of gas
expands as pressure is reduced.
The composition of the gases in
magma are: Mostly H2O & some
CO2, Minor amounts of Sulfur,
Chlorine, and Fluorine gases
Temperature
Temperature of magmas is difficult
to measure (due to the danger
involved), but laboratory
measurement and limited field
observation indicate that the
eruption temperature of various
magmas is as follows:
1. Basaltic magma - 1000 to
1200C
2. Andesitic magma - 800 to
1000C
3. Rhyolitic magma - 650 to
800C.
Viscosity
Viscosity is the resistance to flow
(opposite of fluidity). Viscosity
depends on primarily on the
composition of the magma, and
temperature.
Viscosity is an important property
in determining the eruptive
behavior of magmas.
12.
13. Magma can also be differentiated on
the basis of how it was formed :
• Primitive magma: They are
unmodified magmas that form through
anatexis (melting of mantle rocks that
have not been changed in composition
since they formed.
• Primary magma: This magma are
any chemically unchanged melt
derived from any kind of preexisting
rocks. All primitive magma is primary
but most primary magma that yields
modern rocks is not primitive.
• Parental magma: The magma that
have given rise to another magma.
• Derivative magma: Derivative
magmas are the magma which derived
directly from a preexisting magma.
By finding the primitive magma
composition of a magma series it is
possible to model the composition of
the mantle from which a melt was
formed, which is important in
understanding evolution of the mantle.
Classification on the basis of Formation