With rapid development of economies, growth of aging population and the prevalence of chronic diseases across the world, there is an urgent need to find new ways to improve patient outcomes, increase access to care, and reduce the cost of medical care. A health care monitoring system is necessary to constantly monitor patient’s physiological parameters. The tele-medical system focuses on the measurement and evaluation of vital parameters e.g. temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate variability, fall detection etc. This will enable doctors and care givers to observe patients without having to be physically present at their bedside, be it in the hospital or in their home.
This is a advance technology for the checkup of the patient by the doctor. IN this there is a microcontroller whis encode all the sensor data and display on lcd screen and also send to gsm module by this all the pateint psychological data send to mobile in the form of sms .
Health monitoring is the major problem in today’s world. Due to lack of proper health monitoring, patient suffer from serious health issues. There are lots of IoT devices now days to monitor the health of patient over internet. Health experts are also taking advantage of these smart devices to keep an eye on their patients. With tons of new healthcare technology start-ups, IoT is rapidly revolutionizing the healthcare industry.
Here in this project, we will make an IoT based Health Monitoring System which records the patient heart beat rate and body temperature and also send an email/SMS alert whenever those readings goes beyond critical values. Pulse rate and body temperature readings are recorded over ThingSpeak and Google sheets so that patient health can be monitored from anywhere in the world over internet. A panic will also be attached so that patient can press it on emergency to send email/sms to their relative
With rapid development of economies, growth of aging population and the prevalence of chronic diseases across the world, there is an urgent need to find new ways to improve patient outcomes, increase access to care, and reduce the cost of medical care. A health care monitoring system is necessary to constantly monitor patient’s physiological parameters. The tele-medical system focuses on the measurement and evaluation of vital parameters e.g. temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate variability, fall detection etc. This will enable doctors and care givers to observe patients without having to be physically present at their bedside, be it in the hospital or in their home.
This is a advance technology for the checkup of the patient by the doctor. IN this there is a microcontroller whis encode all the sensor data and display on lcd screen and also send to gsm module by this all the pateint psychological data send to mobile in the form of sms .
Health monitoring is the major problem in today’s world. Due to lack of proper health monitoring, patient suffer from serious health issues. There are lots of IoT devices now days to monitor the health of patient over internet. Health experts are also taking advantage of these smart devices to keep an eye on their patients. With tons of new healthcare technology start-ups, IoT is rapidly revolutionizing the healthcare industry.
Here in this project, we will make an IoT based Health Monitoring System which records the patient heart beat rate and body temperature and also send an email/SMS alert whenever those readings goes beyond critical values. Pulse rate and body temperature readings are recorded over ThingSpeak and Google sheets so that patient health can be monitored from anywhere in the world over internet. A panic will also be attached so that patient can press it on emergency to send email/sms to their relative
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Now-a-days, a growing number of people in a developing countries like India forces to look for new solutions for the continuous monitoring of health check-up. It has become a necessity to visit hospitals frequently for doctor’s consultation, which has become financially related and a time consuming process. To overcome this situation, we propose a design to monitor the patient’s health conditions such as heart beat, temperature, ECG and BP and send the message to guardian using GSM. In the recent development of internet of things(IoT) makes all objects interconnected and been recognized as the next technical revolution. Patient monitoring is one of the IoT application to monitor the patient health status. Internet of things makes medical equipments more efficient by allowing real time monitoring of health. Using IoT doctor can continuously monitor the patient’s on his smart phone and also the patient history will be stored on the web server and doctor can access the information whenever needed from anywhere.
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
The main aim of this project is to avoid the accident and death in the gas leakage explosion in house, hotels and industries. Domestically we use natural gas and it is very useful for burning purpose. If this gas is leaked in our kitchens, hotels or factories and not sensed in time, it may lead to fatal disaster, and may cause human and material loss. For this purpose we have developed “GAS LEAKAGE DETECTION SYSTEM”.
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Now-a-days, a growing number of people in a developing countries like India forces to look for new solutions for the continuous monitoring of health check-up. It has become a necessity to visit hospitals frequently for doctor’s consultation, which has become financially related and a time consuming process. To overcome this situation, we propose a design to monitor the patient’s health conditions such as heart beat, temperature, ECG and BP and send the message to guardian using GSM. In the recent development of internet of things(IoT) makes all objects interconnected and been recognized as the next technical revolution. Patient monitoring is one of the IoT application to monitor the patient health status. Internet of things makes medical equipments more efficient by allowing real time monitoring of health. Using IoT doctor can continuously monitor the patient’s on his smart phone and also the patient history will be stored on the web server and doctor can access the information whenever needed from anywhere.
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
The main aim of this project is to avoid the accident and death in the gas leakage explosion in house, hotels and industries. Domestically we use natural gas and it is very useful for burning purpose. If this gas is leaked in our kitchens, hotels or factories and not sensed in time, it may lead to fatal disaster, and may cause human and material loss. For this purpose we have developed “GAS LEAKAGE DETECTION SYSTEM”.
As elderly population increases day by day caretaking demands are also increasing. Hence patient health monitoring systems are gaining importance these days. This paper is based on monitoring of patients. We have designed and developed a reliable, energy efficient patient monitoring system. It is able to send parameters of patient in real time. It enables the doctors to monitor patient's health parameters (temp, heartbeat, ECG, position) in real time. In the current proposed system the patient health is continuously monitored using different sensors which is connected to the Arduino board. And the acquired data is send to the server using Ethernet shield attached to the Arduino board. If any of the parameter values goes beyond the threshold value an alert is given to the doctor using an Android application installed in the doctor’s smartphone.
An integrated portable device for continuous heart rate and body temperature monitoring system development is presented in this paper (Proc. of 2nd EICT, 2015). Heart related diseases are increasing day by day; therefore, an accurate, affordable and portable heart rate and body temperature measuring device is essential for taking action in proper time. Such a device is more essential in a situation where there is no doctor or clinic nearby (e.g., rural area) and patients are unable not recognize their actual condition. The developed system of this study consists of Arduino UNO microcontroller system, transmission system and Android based application. The system gives information of heart rate and body temperature simultaneously acquired on the portable device in real time and shows it through the connected Android application instantly. The developed system is more affordable with low price compared to other developed devices due to use of easy available Arduino UNO and smart phone as Android device. The developed device is shown acceptable outcomes when compared with other measuring devices.
Design of an IOT based Online Monitoring Digital StethoscopeIJAAS Team
Acoustic stethoscopes have low sound levels. Digital stethoscope overcomes this issue by amplifying body sounds electronically. As the sound signals are transmitted electronically, it can be wireless and can provide noise reduction. Acoustic stethoscope can be changed into a digital stethoscope by inserting an electric capacity microphone onto its head. Heart sounds received from the microphone are processed, sampled and sound signals are converted analog to digital and sent wirelessly using the Internet of Things(IOT) techniques, so that multiple doctors can do auscultation and monitor conditions of the patient.
In this paper designing of a battery operated portable single channel electroencephalography (EEG) signal acquisition system is presented. The advancement in the field of hardware and signal processing tools made possible the utilization of brain waves for the communication between humans and computers. The work presented in this paper can be said as a part of bigger task, whose purpose is to classify EEG signals belonging to a varied set of mental activities in a real time Brain Computer Interface (BCI). Keeping in mind the end goal is to research the possibility of utilizing diverse mental tasks as a wide correspondence channel in the middle of individuals and PCs. This work deals with EEG based BCI, intent on the designing of portable EEG signal acquisition system. The EEG signal acquisition system with a cut off frequency band of 1-100 Hz is designed by the use of integrated circuits such as low power instrumentation amplifier INA128P, high gain operational amplifiers LM358P. Initially the amplified EEG signals are digitized and transmitted to a PC by a data acquisition module NI DAQ (SCXI-1302). These transmitted signals are then viewed and stored in the LAB VIEW environment. From a varied set of experimental observation it can be said that the system can be implemented in the acquisition of EEG signals and can stores the data to a PC efficiently and the system would be of advantage to the use of EEG signal acquisition or even BCI application by adapting signal processing tools.
A Wireless ECG Plaster for Real-Time Cardiac Health Monitoring in Body Senso...ecgpapers
In this paper we present a wireless ECG plaster
that can be used for real-time monitoring of ECG in cardiac
patients. The proposed device is light weight (25 grams),
wearable and can wirelessly transmit the patient’s ECG signal to
mobile phone or PC using ZigBee. The device has a battery life of
around 26 hours while in continuous operation, owing to the
proposed ultra-low power ECG acquisition front end chip. The
prototype has been verified in clinical trials.
A Wireless Methodology of Heart Attack Detectionijsrd.com
The wrist watch with Heart Attack Detection is equipment that is used daily to indicate heart condition, to detect heart attack and to call for emergency help. It was designed specially to help patients with heart disease.This includes three common sub units. They are Circuit, Analysis Algorithm, and Bluetooth Communication. The first one is to wear on the wrist of the patient to captures the abnormal heart beat waves from the victim and the alternate methods are installed under the stick. This project is based on the previous project “Wireless Heart Attack Detector with GPS†of Fall 2004 [1]. we consider a big improvement in reducing the complexity of the project greatly, in saving power consumption of the project to run much fewer codes and in making the project to run at a faster time. No wire is attached to the wrists. In our project, the ECG waveform is transmitted wirelessly from the wrists to the watch. This gives the user great flexibility while the program is switched on and running. User can drive safely, can use restroom easily and can function normally like without the project. Previous project had the wire connection. All the hardware on the walking watch would have been strapped to the wrists. This will not make the project functional and marketable. Our project is completely portable. Heart condition is displayed in our project. The previous project did not inform the user about his heart condition. We display the heart condition through two LEDs as low-risk (alert level between 4 and 6) and high risk (alert level between 7 and 9). The user can know their heart condition and take proper action to avoid the fatal moment. Proper action could be slowing down and taking a rest.
Portable ECG Monitoring System using Lilypad And Mobile Platform-PandaBoardIJSRD
New wireless system for biomedical purposes gives new possibilities for monitoring of essential function in human being. Wearable biomedical sensors will give the patient the freedom to be capable of moving readily and still be under continuously monitoring regularity of heartbeats identify any damage to the heart and devices used to regulate the heart and thereby to better quality of patient care. This paper describes a new concept for wireless and portable electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor transmitting signals to a monitoring station at the remote location within specific range, and this concept is intended for monitoring people with impairments in their cardiac activity. The proposed work helps to overcome this problem. With the advancement in Arduino and mobile technology, it is possible to design a portable ECG device which capture ECG of patient and monitor it on mobile platform. This report goes over low power Arduino, mobile platform Panda board and Zigbee technology to couple ECG over mobile board.
Population with pacemaker implants varies by age, sex or race and it is used when heart
beats too slowly or when there is irregularity in the beating or there is blockage. Artificial cardiac
pacemaker is a medical device that uses electrical impulses delivered by electrodes contracting the
heart muscles in order to regulate the beating of the heart. This paper presents an integrated fail safe
pacemaker which will produces the artificial pulse whenever the missed pulse in being produced by
the heart. Unit will function as an advanced dual chamber pacemaker type that can pace both atrium
and ventricle and hence functions like a normal heart. The device will monitor the electrical activities
of the heart through the cardiac signal ECG of the patient. Device status and vital parameters can be
monitored using Bluetooth wireless communication and displayed on an Android Platform.
Day by day the scope & use of the electronics concepts in bio-medical field is going to increase step by step. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is basically a non-invasive way of measuring the electrical activity of the heart by registering the extracellular potentials generated by it. The ECG signal consists of low amplitude voltage in the presence of high amplitude offset. A power-efficient ECG acquisition system uses a fully digital architecture helps to reduce the power consumption and delay time. Instead of analog block, they convert the input voltage into a digital code by delay lines and are mainly built on digital blocks This digital architecture is capable of operating with a low supply voltage of 0.5 V. The circuit implemented in 90nm CMOS technology. The simulation results show that the DCC circuit of digital architecture consumes 0.42nW of power.
Design and Implementation of Real Time Remote Supervisory SystemIJERA Editor
In today’s fast growing communication environment and rapid exchange of data in networking field has triggered us to develop a home based remote supervisory monitoring system. In the present paper the physiological parameters of the patient such as body temperature, ECG, Pulse rate and Oxygen Saturation is displayed in MATLAB graphical user interface which is processed using ARM7 LPC2138. In case any emergency persist and parameters goes abnormal over the optimum level then a buzzer will ring to alert the caretaker. And the vital parameters will be displayed on the patient side computer and an automatic SMS will be sent to the doctor using GSM interface.
ECG SIGNAL ACQUISITION, FEATURE EXTRACTION AND HRV ANALYSIS USING BIOMEDICAL ...IAEME Publication
This Paper contains the complete process of ECG/EKG signal Acquisition from
hardware to its analysis using LabVIEW and Biomedical Workbench. Hardware of ECG
has the amplification, filtering and conversion of analog ECG data to digital by using
Arduino Uno. The acquisition part deal with acquiring the hardware data to analyzable
file format into pc. Here 6-channel ADC in Arduino Uno with LabVIEW interface is used
for conversion. Now the acquired ECG data is processed and analyzed with biomedical
workbench that provides the various features of ECG signal processing. This system is
very easy to implement and cost effective
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Electronic stethoscope academic white paper
1. DESIGN OF WIRELESS ELECTRONIC STETHOSCOPE
BASED ON ZIGBEE
Ms. Kadam Patil D. D. and Mr. Shastri R. K.
Department of E&TC
Vidya Pratishthan’s CoE, Baramati,
Maharashtra, India
kadam.deepali2008@gmail.com , rajveer_shastri@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Heart sound stethoscope is primary stage to access diseases. In this paper design of an electronic
stethoscope with the functions of wireless transmission is discussed. This electronic stethoscope based on
embedded processor. The data can be transmitted through wireless transmission using Zigbee module. A
microphone is used to pick up the sound of the heart beat. Acoustic stethoscope can be changed into a
digital stethoscope by inserting an electric capacity microphone into its head. The signal is processed and
amplified to play with or without earphone. Heart sounds are processed, sampled and sent wirelessly
using Zigbee module so that multiple doctors can do auscultation. PC connectivity is provided through
serial port where from audio and video can be made available through LAN and internet for telemedicine
consultation. Heart beat signals are sensed, sent, displayed, monitored, stored, reviewed, and analysed
with ease.
KEY WORDS
Electronic stethoscope, Zigbee, Auscultation
1. INTRODUCTION
The Stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for listening to internal sounds in human body
which is known, in medical terms, as auscultation. Heart sound auscultation is one of the most
basic ways to assess the state of the cardiac function [1]. Some researches concluded that an
abnormal heart-rate profile during exercise and recovery is a predictor of sudden death. Because
the incidence of cardiovascular disease increased year by year, cardiovascular diseases relating
to heart has become worldwide common and high prevalent disease. As a result of the
development of wireless technology, the diagnosis based on the analysis of heart sound will
become a new method to diagnose cardiovascular disease. Anh Dinh & Tao Wang had
processed heart beat signal and sent wirelessly using Zigbee protocol [2]. Some electronic
stethoscopes are designed which are using Bluetooth for wireless transmission. At receiver side
heart signal can play on earphone and it can be store on PC or PDA [3-6].
One problem with acoustic stethoscopes is that the sound level is extremely low and there are
some short comings in the heart sound analysis [3]. 1. The mechanism of the heart sound
production is still being debated in the clinical diagnosis. 2. Lack of quantitative analysis
techniques or a combination of PCG diagnosis. 3. Auscultation is easily affected by the
subjectivity of the doctor and measuring environment. 4. A large amount of heart sound
2. components is low-frequency, which is important for the diagnoses but cannot been clearly
distinguished by doctors. 5. The current major clinical application of the heart sound
auscultation is a mechanical stethoscope whose accuracy is low [7]. This paper presents wireless
electronic stethoscope which overcome these drawbacks. Rest of the paper organised as related
work done for this idea, different heart sounds and design of whole system including circuit of
signal processing system with its simulation and finally features of system with conclusion.
2. RELATED WORK
The development of the stethoscope can be traced back to the beginning of the nineteenth
century when a French physician by the name of Rene Laennec first invented the stethoscope in
1816. Heart rate monitoring system with wireless transmission using zigbee is described in [2].
The system includes a bandage size heart beat sensing unit, a wireless communication link, and
a networkable computer and a data base. [3] and [4] , gives idea about an electronic stethoscope
based on embedded processor and Bluetooth transmission which fulfil the shortages from
auscultation. It consists of portable device to play heart sound after pre-processing and
amplification. In addition, data can be transmitted to PC through Bluetooth. Design of digital
stethoscope for heart sound is explained in [9]. The objective of it is to develop a Peripheral
Interface Controller based digital Stethoscope to capture the heart sound. The proposed designed
device consists of hardware stages like front-end pickup circuitry, microcontroller, graphic LCD
and a Serial EEPROM. The captured data can be sent to PC for software analysis using
LabVEIW. In electronic stethoscope, main part is heart sound detection which can be studied
with the help of [11]. It consists of heart sound detection system based on the new XH-6 sensor
to collect the slight heart sound signals, to display in real-time. [18], presents a new concept of
home diagnosis system, which is based on an electronic stethoscope and intelligent analyzing
software. The system consequently builds a database of patients including their normal S1 and
S2; besides a series of heart disease murmurs are also stored as patterns. Data transmission over
LAN is described in the paper [19] which proposes a design and implementation of a Web-
Based remote digital stethoscope that integrates current software, hardware interface devices,
PC, and Internet into the remotely operated virtual instrumentation.
There are several commercially available electronic stethoscopes in the market. One of them is
the Littmann Electronic Stethoscope Model 3000 manufactured by 3M [7]. Amplification is up
to 18 times greater than the best non-electronic stethoscopes. There is one more electronic
stethoscope which is commonly used CEI electronic stethoscope model CE-321 manufactured
by C.E.I Technologies. Amplification is up to 18 times greater than standard acoustic scope and
with built-in, 8 level volume control.
3. HEART SOUNDS
Acoustic heart sounds are produced when the heart muscles open valves to let blood flow from
chamber to chamber. A normal heart will produce two heart sounds, S1 and S2 as shown in
figure 1. S1 symbolizes the start of systole. The sound is created when the mitral and tricuspid
valves close after blood has returned from the body and lungs. S1 is primarily composed of
energy in the 30Hz - 45 Hz range. S2 symbolizes the end of systole and the beginning of
diastole. The sound is created when the aortic and pulmonic valves close as blood exits the heart
to the body and lungs which lie with maximum energy in the 50 Hz - 70 Hz range with higher
pitch. Typically, heart sounds and murmurs are of relatively low intensity and are band limited
to about 100–1000 Hz. Meanwhile, Speech signal is perceptible to the human hearing.
Therefore, auscultation with an acoustic stethoscope is quite difficult [9-10].
3. Fig 1: Heart Sounds
4. SYSTEM DESIGN
Fig 2: Transmitter
System design consists of two parts that is transmitter and receiver. Fig. 2 shows the transmitter
system architecture. The proposed transmitter system consists of the following hardware
components: 1) Front end circuitry – sensor, preamplifier, filter and power amplifier with
variable gain 2) microcontroller and zigbee module.
4. 4.1. Front End Circuitry
Front end circuitry is signal acquisition and preprocessing system [11]. First part is sensor.
There are multiple types of sensors that can be used in the chest piece of an electronic
stethoscope to convert body sounds into an electronic signal [12]. Microphones and
accelerometers are the common choice of sensor for sound recording. Microphone is prefect for
the application [13]. The output of the microphone is fed to signal pre-processing module.
Signal pre-processing circuit consists of three parts, which are primary amplification circuit,
filter circuit and second amplification circuit [14-15]. The role of signal pre-processing circuit is
to adjust the signal from sensor with a series of amplification and filtering so that it meets the
follow-up A/D sampling demands and the signal-noise ratio is improved. This circuitry is
designed by using operational amplifier [16]. The preamplifier is created to increase the low-
signal from the condenser microphone to line-level for further amplification. Here op-amp
LM741 is used for designing of preamplifier. It is having gain of 20 which is calculated by
feedback resistor value. The output of the preamplifier is fed to an active low pass filter with
cut-off of 100 Hz and 1000 Hz so that Heart sounds and respiration sounds are passed and
background sounds are reduced. Frequency is selected by selecting capacitor value. Filter is
having gain of 1.6. The output signal from the filter is processed by power amplifier to supply
the necessary power to drive the headphones for further amplification. The LM386 circuit is an
audio amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications which provides both
voltage and current gain for signals [17]. Hence power amplifier with variable gain is designed
with the help of op-amp LM386. Gain can vary by varying input given to amplifier through pot.
Fig 3 shows signal pre-processing circuit.
Fig 3: Signal Pre-processing Circuit
4.2. Microcontroller and Zigbee module
The output of signal Pre-processing Circuit is converted into digital form by ADC. Inbuilt
successive approximation 12 bit ADC of microcontroller is used. Here PIC18f2423
microcontroller is used. Some features are as follows:-
0-40 MHz Operating frequency
5. 16 Kbytes flash program
memory 768 bytes data memory
12-bit ADC (10 input channels)
Serial communication :- SSP and USART
For wireless transmission zigbee module JN5148 made by Jennic is preferred. The JN5148-001
is a range of ultra low power, high performance surface mount modules targeted at JenNet and
ZigBee PRO networking applications, enabling users to realize products with minimum time to
market and at the lowest cost. It’s operating frequency is 2.4GHz and data rate is 250 kbps. The
modules use Jennic’s JN5148 wireless microcontroller to provide a comprehensive solution with
large memory, high CPU and radio performance and all RF components included.
4.3. PC Connectivity
Signal from conditioner system (analog signal) is given to PC through auxiliary input pin for
storage purpose [18-19]. This audio signal is stored in form of .wav file for further analysis.
This audio video interface is provided using web camera through internet for proper positioning
of stethoscope. The LAN support is also provided for this system using JAVA.
4.4. Receiver
Fig 4: Receiver
Fig. 4 shows the receiver system. The hardware design of receiver consists of following parts:
zigbee module, microcontroller, DAC, Power amplifier. Zigbee module captures the signal in
the air and transmits to microcontroller. We have to play this signal on speaker phone. But
received signal is in digital form hence we have to first convert it into analog. Hence signal from
microcontroller is given to 12 bit digital to analog converter. Here PIC16f873 microcontroller is
used. Signal from microcontroller is given to 12 bit DAC MCP4822. The MCP4822 devices are
designed to interface directly with the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) port available on many
microcontrollers. Then this analog signal is amplified by power amplifier with gain control same
as at transmitter side. And now this signal is given to speaker. In this way wireless electronic
stethoscope system is implemented with provision of heart signal storage on PC for further
analysis. This signal is also accessed through over internet for consulting with other physicians.
Simulation of signal pre-processing system is done which is discussed in next section.
6. 5. SIMUATION OF SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING SYSTEM
A circuit of signal acquisition and conditioning for electronic stethoscope is designed. With the
help of software Proteus 7.6 this circuit has been simulated. Audio file is given as input to
circuit and checking for output with the help of oscilloscope. Complete circuit is simulated for
heart sound, murmur and different types of lung sounds audio as input for both filter with cut off
frequency 100 Hz and 1000 Hz.
1) Heart sound audio file is given as input shown in fig 5(a). When it is check for filters with cut
off 100 and 1000 Hz, it is noticed that proper amplified output is for 100 Hz frequency filter.
Output at different stages is observed. It is shown in fig 5 (b) to fig 5(d).
2) Heart sound with late systolic murmurs is given as input as in fig 6 (a) and output is observed
by digital oscilloscope at different stages which is shown in fig 6 (b) to fig (d).
Fig 5 (a): Heart sound as input
Fig 5 (b): Output at preamplifier stage
Fig 5 (c): Output at filter stage
Fig 5 (d): Output at Power amplifier stage
7. Fig 6 (a): Heart sound with late systolic murmurs as input
Fig 6 (b): Output for systolic murmurs at preamplifier stage
Fig 6 (c): Output for systolic murmurs at filter stage
Fig 6 (d): Output for systolic murmurs at Power amplifier stage
3) Simulation of circuit is done for different types of lung sounds like normal vesicular lung
sound, Inspiratory stridor lung sound, Coarse crackles lung sound, Pleural friction lung sound
and Wheezing lung sound. It is observed that there is proper amplified output for filter with cut
off 1000 Hz. Results of simulation for normal vesicular lung sound as input are shown. Input is
in fig 7 (a). See the changes in output for two filters which are shown in fig 7 (b) and 7 (c).
When lung sound is given as input and filter with cut off frequency 1000Hz is selected, better
lung sound is obtained than that of when filter with cut off 100 Hz is selected. In same way
simulation for other lung sounds (mentioned previous) is done.
Fig 7 (a): Normal vesicular lung sound as input
Fig 7 (b): Output at Power amplifier stage when filter with cut off 100Hz
8. Fig 7 (c): Output at Power amplifier stage when filter with cut off 1000Hz
6. FEATURES
Low level heart and lung sounds are amplified with clear audibility so that in noisy area also
proper auscultation is possible. Noise reduction takes place by filter that’s why accuracy
increases. There is gain control facility provided by power amplifier and frequency selection
facility provided by filter design. Heart sound can be stored on PC and accessed through internet
to consult with other physician. Using Zigbee, wireless auscultation is possible and patient can
be monitored by multiple physicians at a time.
7. COCLUSION
An embedded digital stethoscope is designed and simulated by using an embedded processor.
With the help of PC connectivity, system can also store data and replay for further analysis and
consultation. It will help to improve the accuracy of the cardiovascular diseases diagnosis.
Preamplifier is amplifying signal for gain 20. Designed filter is giving proper output until cut off
frequency and showing attenuation above that frequency. Frequency selection can be possible
by selecting capacitor value with the help of switch. Gain of power amplifier can be controlled
by changing value potentiometer connected at input due to which volume control is possible.
Signal acquisition and signal pre-processing system of electronic stethoscope which is very
important part of system is designed. With the help of Proteus software, circuit of signal pre-
processing system is simulated. By simulation results it is clear that the designed circuit gives
better heart and lung sounds.
In future, network of multiple transmitters and receivers can be form by using zigbee PRO.
When there will be more transmitters, it means diagnosis of heart sound from multiple patients
can be possible. As there will be more than one receiver, more than one physician can hear heart
sound at a time. It will increase accuracy of diagnosis.
REFERENCES
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Authors
1) Ms. Kadam Patil D. D. , received her B.E degree in Electronics and Telecommunication with
distinction in 2008 from Pune University. Currently she is doing M.E. in Electronics (Digital System)
from VPCOE, Baramati, Pune University. Her project work included embedded system for application of
E-Ticket and Electronic Stethoscope. She had two National Conference Publications.
2) Mr. Shastri R. K. , received the Bachelor of Engineering in 2000 from college of engineering
Ambejogai India with distinction, the M.E. Degree(First Class) in Electronics with specialization in
computer technology from Shri Guru Govind Singh Engineering and Technology, Nanded India and is
now pursuing the Ph.D. degree, in Electronics from Swami Ramanand Tirth Marahawada Univeristy
Nanded, India. He has worked as lecturer since 2002 to 2008 and since 2008 he is working as assistant
professor in Vidya Pratishthan's college of engineering, Baramati, India. He has published four papers in
national conferences and two papers in international journal. He has taught signals and system, digital
signal processing, digital image processing, VLSI design and microprocessors. His research interests
include biomedical signal processing, and VLSI based image processing.