• Characterizing the threat • Setting standards for emission and susceptibility levels • Testing of Equipment on heavy Vibrations • Testing for standards compliance For queries, Aishwarya palsinghaishwarya@gmail.com

1. OVERVIEW OF
EMI/EMC

2. WHAT IS EMI/EMC
 An Electromagnetic disturbance which may
degrade the performance of an equipment or
device or cause malfunction of the equipment
is called electromagnetic interference.
 Electromagnetic Compatibility is a near perfect
state in which a receptor (device or system)
functions are satisfactorily in common
electromagnetic environment without
introducing intolerable electromagnetic
disturbance to any other device/
equipment/system in that environment.

3. IMPORTANCE OF EMC
 EMC is becoming more important because there
are so many opportunities today for EMC issues.
 Increased use of electronic devices.
 Automotive Application.
 Personal computing/Entertainment/Communication.
 Increased potential for Susceptibility/Emission.
 Lower Supply Voltage.
 Increasing Clock Frequencies.
 Increasing Packaging Density.
 Demand for smaller, lighter, cheaper, lower price
shop.

4. BASIC ELEMENTS OF EMI
SITUATIONS
 Interference occurs if the received
energy causes the receptor to
function in unwanted manner.
 Whether the receiver is functioning
in wanted or unwanted manner,
depends upon the coupling path
as well as the source and victim.
 The coupling path is to be made as
inefficient as possible.

5. CAUSES OF EMI/EMC
 SOURCES
 Refrigerators, washing machine, electric motors.
 Arc welding machine.
 Electric shavers, AC, Computers.
 Fast switching digital devices, ICs etc
 Power chords of computers, UPS etc.
 Aircraft navigation and Military equipments.
 VICTIMS
 Communication Receivers.
 Microprocessors, Computers.
 Industrial Controls.
 Medical Devices.
 Household Appliances.
 Living Beings.

6. EFFECTS OF EMI
 Momentary disturbances in T.V and Radio reception due
to operation mixer-grinder, Electric shavers, Passing
vehicles.
 Reset of computers and loss of data.
 Burn of sensitive cells an components.
 Change of setting of status of control equipments.
 Failure of Pace-maker implanted in a patient due to a
“walkie-talkie”.
 False initiation electro explosive detonators.
 Malfunctioning of flight controlling system due to use of
laptop by passengers.
 Biological hazards.

7. PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY
FOR EMC SYSTEM
 A SYSTEM IS SAID TO BE ELECTROMAGNETICALLY
COMPATIBLE:
 It doesn’t cause interference with other systems.
 It is not susceptible to emissions from other system.
 It doesn’t cause interference with itself.
 THE METHODOLOGIES TO PREVENT EMI ARE:
 Suppress the emission at the source point, best
method to control EMI.
 Make the coupling path as inefficient as possible.
 Make the receiver less susceptible to emission.

8. STANDARDS SETTING
INSTITUTIONS DOD- Department of Defence (USA)-Immunity and
Emission MIL Standard.
 IEC- International Electrotechnical Commission (EU)-
Immunity Standard.
 CISPR- International Special Committee On Radio
Interference operating under IEC-Emission Standard.
 FCC- Federal Communication Commission(EU)-
Emission Standard.
 BSI- British Standard Institution(UK)-Emission Standard.
 VDE- Verband Deutscher
Electrotechniker(Germany)-Emission Standard.

9. EMI/EMC SPECIFICATIONS
 Commercial Specifications
 Military Specifications

10. MIL-STDs
 Planning and project management of EMC.
 Test methods and specific test equipment
 Specified limits which must be met
 Specification for acceptable EMI measurement
receivers

11. Emission Tests
Test Type Frequency
range
Method
CE 101 Conducted
emissions
on power
leads
30Hz to 10kHz Differential mode,
current probe and
LISN
CE 102 Conducted
emissions
on power
leads
10kHz to
10MHz
Voltage
measurement on
LISN port, each
power lead
CE 106 Conducted
emissions,
antenna
terminal
10kHz to 40GHz
depending
on EUT
operation
Direct connection or
via coupler, to
antenna port
RE 101 Magnetic field
radiated
emissions
30Hz to 100kHz Search coil 70mm
from each EUT
face and
connector

12. Emission Tests
RE 102 Electric field
radiated
emissions
10kHz to
18GHz
Various antennas,
1m from EUT;
screened room
preferred
RE103 Radiated
emissions
– antenna
spurious
and
harmonic
outputs
10kHz to
40GHz
depending
on EUT
operation
Alternative to CE
106 for
transmitters
with integral
antennas

13. MIL-STD-461E Susceptibility tests
Test Description To test immunity Method
CS 101 Power leads, 30 Hz to
150kHz
Ripple on power
supply
Coupling transformer in
series with power line
CS 103 Antenna port, inter
modulation, 15kHz to
10GHz
Presence of inter
modulation
products
Determined on a case-by-
case basis
CS 104 Antenna port, undesired
signal rejection, 30Hz
to 20GHz
Presence of spurious
responses
Determined on a case-by-
case basis
CS 105 Antenna port, cross
modulation, 30Hz to
20GHz
Presence of cross-
modulation
products
Determined on a case-by-
case basis
CS 109 Structure current, 60Hz to
100kHz
Currents flowing in
the EUT structure
Currents injected by
transformer at
diagonal extremes
across surfaces

14. MIL-STD-461E Susceptibility tests
CS 114 Bulk cable injection, 10kHz to 200MHz RF signals coupled onto EUT
associated cabling
Pre-calibrated current injected by
current probe onto each cable
bundle, including power leads
with returns and grounds
exclude
CS 115 Bulk cable injection, impulse excitation Impulse signals coupled onto
EUT associated cabling
As CS 114, but with impulse
generator giving 30ns pulses at
30Hz repetition rate
CS 116 Damped sinusoidal transients, cables
and power leads, 10kHz to
100MHz
Damped sinusoidal transients
due to excitation of
wiring, coupled onto
cables and power leads
As CS 114, but with damped sinewave
generator giving pulses at least
once per second at a minimum of
0.01, 0.1.1, 10, 30, and
100MHz30ns pulses at 30Hz
repetition rate
RS 101 Magnetic field 30Hz to 100kHz Magnetic field from e.g.
transformers and power
cables
Calibrated radiating loop, 5cm from
EUT face, or place EUT within
calibrated Helmholtz coils
RS 103 Electric Field 2MHz to 40GHz Transmitted fields Anechoic screened room, E-field
sensor monitoring field during
test, transmit antenna 1m from
boundary of EUT, or alternative
method using mode stirred
reverberation chamber
RS 105 Transient electromagnetic field Unidirectional pulsed radiated
field 2.3/23ns 50kV/m
Transient pulse generator feeding
TEM cell, parallel plate
transmission line or similar

15. Commercial
Specifications
 International Specifications
ISO
IEC
 National Specifications
BIS,EN,BSI,FCC etc
 User Specifications
PGCIL, RDSO,TEC

16. Basis of Existing
Specifications
 RFI: intended to protect a radio spectrum
from specific interference sources, such as
information technology equipment, motor
vehicle ignition, household appliances or
fluorescent lights.
 Mains emissions : specifically harmonic
currents and short term variations, to protect
a low voltage power distribution network.
 Product and Industry specific : To ensure the
immunity from interference of particular types
of product, such as process instrumentation
or legal metrology, or to regulate emissions
from equipment that will be used in a specific
environment, such as marine equipments.

17. Types of Specifications
 Basic Standards
- Basis for performing the test
- IEC & CISPR
 Generic Standards
- Developed for industry use for products
which does not have product std
-IEC 61000-6-1,2,3,4
 Product Family Standards
-Developed for specific product/family
certification
- CISPR 22,24

18. IEC Publications
IEC 61000-1 Part 1 General
General consideration (introduction, fundamental
principles, functional safety) Definitions,
terminology.
IEC 61000-2 Part 2: Environment
Description of the environment Classification of the
environment Compatibility levels.
IEC 61000-3 Part 3: Limits
Emission limits
Immunity limits
IEC 61000-4 Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques
Measurement techniques
Testing techniques
IEC 61000-5 Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines
Installation guidelines
Mitigation methods and devices
IEC 61000-6 Part 6: Generic standards

19. Basic Specifications
IEC 61000-4-2 Electrostatic discharge
IEC 61000-4-3 Radiated radio frequency electromagnetic field
test
IEC 61000-4-4 Electrical fast transient/ burst immunity test
IEC 61000-4-5 Surge immunity test
IEC 61000-4-6 Immunity to conducted disturbances induced by
radio frequency fields
IEC 61000-4-7 General guide on harmonics and measurements
and instrumentation, for power supply systems
and equipment connected thereto
IEC 61000-4-8 Power frequency magnetic immunity field test
IEC 61000-4-9 Pulse magnetic immunity test
IEC 61000-4-10 Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test

20. Basic Specifications
IEC61000-4-11 Voltage dip, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity
test
IEC61000-4-12 Oscillatory waves immunity test (to become Ring wave
immunity, with damped oscillatory wave test to part 18)
IEC61000-4-13 Harmonics, inter harmonics including main signaling at AC port,
low frequency immunity test
IEC61000-4-14 Voltage fluctuation immunity test
IEC61000-4-15 Flicker meter functional and design specifications
IEC61000-4-16 Test for immunity to conducted, common mode disturbances in
the frequency range 0 Hz to 150kHz
IEC61000-4-17 Ripple on DC input power port immunity test
IEC61000-4-18 Oscillatory waves immunity test (new edition)
IEC61000-4-19 Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic
(TEM) wave guides
IEC61000-4-20 Reverberation chamber test methods

21. Basic Specifications
IEC 61000-4-21 Radiated emissions and immunity measurements in fully anechoic rooms (FARs)
IEC 61000-4-22 Test methods for protective devices for HEMP and other radiated disturbances
IEC 61000-4-23 Test methods for proactive devices for hemp conducted disturbance
IEC 61000-4-24 HEMP immunity test methods for equipment and systems
IEC 61000-4-25 Unbalance immunity test
IEC 61000-4-26 Variation of power frequency immunity test
IEC 61000-4-27 Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations on DC input power port
immunity tests
IEC 61000-4-28 Power quality measurement methods
IEC 61000-4-29 Measurements in the frequency range 2kHz to 9kHz
IEC 61000-4-30 High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) simulator compendium
IEC 61000-4-31 Measurement methods for high-power transient parameters
IEC 61000-4-32 Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variation immunity test for
equipment with input current more than 16A per phase
IEC 61000-4-33 Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Simulator Compendium

22. Product Family Standards
SpecificationSpecification TitleTitle
CISPR 11CISPR 11 Limits & Methods of measurements of Radio Dist.Limits & Methods of measurements of Radio Dist.
Of ISMOf ISM
CISPR 12CISPR 12 Limit & methods of Measurement of vehiclesLimit & methods of Measurement of vehicles
CISPR 13CISPR 13 Limit & methods of Measurement of Broad cast &Limit & methods of Measurement of Broad cast &
TV receiverTV receiver
CISPR 14-1CISPR 14-1 Limit & methods of Measurement of DomesticLimit & methods of Measurement of Domestic
AppliancesAppliances
CISPR 14-2CISPR 14-2 Immunity requirement of Domestic AppliancesImmunity requirement of Domestic Appliances
CISPR 15CISPR 15 Limit & methods of Measurement of LuminariesLimit & methods of Measurement of Luminaries
& Lighting Eqpt& Lighting Eqpt
CISPR 22CISPR 22 Limit & methods of Measurement of ITELimit & methods of Measurement of ITE
EquipmentEquipment
CISPR 24CISPR 24 Immunity requirement of ITE ProductsImmunity requirement of ITE Products

23. Product Family Standards
SpecificationSpecification TitleTitle
CISPR 20CISPR 20 Immunity Requirement of Broadcast & TVImmunity Requirement of Broadcast & TV
receiversreceivers
CISPR 25CISPR 25 Limits & method of Measurement ofLimits & method of Measurement of
automotiveautomotive
IEC 61000-3-2IEC 61000-3-2 Limit & methods of Harmonic CurrentLimit & methods of Harmonic Current
EmissionsEmissions
IEC 61000-3-3IEC 61000-3-3 Limit & methods of Voltage Fluctuations &Limit & methods of Voltage Fluctuations &
Flicker in low voltage supply systemFlicker in low voltage supply system

24. Product Application
Environment
 Class A Limit
 Industrial, Scientific & Medical
Environment
• Class B Limit
 Domestic application
 Portable Equipment
 Telecom Terminal equipment
 Personal Computer

25. Conducted Emission Limit
Class A LimitClass A Limit Class B LimitClass B Limit
FreqFreq Emission LimitEmission Limit Freq.Freq. Emission LimitEmission Limit
MHzMHz dBuVdBuV
(QP)(QP)
dBuVdBuV
(Avg)(Avg)
MHzMHz dBuVdBuV
(QP)(QP)
dBuVdBuV
(Avg)(Avg)
0.150-0.50.150-0.5 7979 6666 0.150-0.50.150-0.5 66-5666-56 56-4656-46
0.5-50.5-5 7373 6060 0.5-50.5-5 5656 4646
5-305-30 7373 6060 5-305-30 6060 5050

26. Radiated Emission Limit
Class A LimitClass A Limit Class B LimitClass B Limit
Measurement Distance : 30 mMeasurement Distance : 30 m Measurement Distance : 10 mMeasurement Distance : 10 m
FreqFreq Emission LimitEmission Limit FreqFreq Emission LimitEmission Limit
MHzMHz dBuV/m (Q.P)dBuV/m (Q.P) MHzMHz dBuV/m (Q.P)dBuV/m (Q.P)
30-23030-230 3030 30-23030-230 3030
230-1000230-1000 3737 230-1000230-1000 3737

27. Radiated Emission Limits

28. EQUIPMENT & EMC
ENVIRONMENT

29. EMISSION PARAMETERS
 Conducted Emission
 Power Line Emission
 Signal line Emission
 Radiated Emission
 E & H, EM Radiation
 Current Harmonic Emission
 Flicker

30. CONDUCTED EMISSION TEST
SETUP

31. OPEN AREA TEST SITE

32. RADIATED EMISSION AND
SUSCEPTIBILITY

33. Radiated Emission In Anechoic
Chamber

34. Radiated Immunity Test
Set up

35. RADIATED IMMUNITY TESTING
OF AN EQUIPMENT

36. G-TEM CELL

37. RF Conducted Immunity
Test

38. Bulk Current Method

39. Harmonic & Flicker
Measurement

40. ESD Current Wave

41. Electrostatic Discharge
Test

42. Electric Fast Transient Test

43. Surge Waveforms

44. Power Frequency Mag.
Field Test

45. Damped oscillatory magnetic
field
immunity test

46. Voltage Dip & Interruption Test

47. SOME EMI SUPRESSION
COMPONENTS

48. THANK YOU

49. PANKAJ
RANGRA
B.TECH (E.C.E)
80506108026