Computers can transfer data either in parallel or serially. Parallel transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously over multiple lines, and is used for short distances. Serial transmission sends one bit at a time over a single line, allowing data to be transferred over longer distances but more slowly than parallel. The document discusses using serial communication between a microcontroller and LCD, using ULN 2003 to control devices like stepper motors, DC motors, servos, and relays by sending data bit-by-bit over longer distances.

2. Computers transfer data in two ways: Parallel Often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away. Serial To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial method is used. The data is sent one bit at a time.

4. Serial Communication b/w micro controller & LCD.

5. Serial Communication is Sending of data from transmitter to receiver bit-by-bit. Transmitter Receiver

6. For long distances. Low Cost. The speed of serial Communication is very slow than parallel communication.

7. ULN 2003 is used to drive the Actuator. The Actuator used in this project is Stepper Motor. Pin Diagram of ULN 2003

9. To control stepper motor , DC motor. Servo motor. To operate Relays.