This document provides an overview of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing, including conducted emission (CE), radiated emission (RE), conducted susceptibility (CS), and radiated susceptibility (RS) tests. It discusses the relevant standards for different types of equipment under test (EUT) and applications. Key aspects covered include test setup requirements, equipment used like EMI receivers, antennas, anechoic chambers, line impedance stabilization networks (LISNs), and turntables. The document also provides examples of EMC test equipment like antennas and absorber materials. Overall, it introduces the basic concepts and requirements for pre-compliance EMC testing.

1. The Surest Solution, By Any MeasureThe Surest Solution, By Any Measure
Introduction to EMC
Pre-Compliance and Compliance Measurements :
Radiated and Conducted Emission
Introduction to EMC
Pre-Compliance and Compliance Measurements :
Radiated and Conducted Emission
Jitender Singh
RF Engineer
+91 9880 551177
jitender.singh@ets-lindgren.com
Jitender Singh
RF Engineer
+91 9880 551177
jitender.singh@ets-lindgren.com

2. Outline
Introduction to EMC Testing
Solutions For Conducted & Radiated Emission Test Systems
Pre-Compliance Solutions
Full Compliance Solutions
Summary

3. Introduction to EMC
EMC stands for ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
EMC can be separated into two categories
EMI The device should not emit unintentional EM energy
over regulated limits  Interference (emission)
EMS The device must maintain proper functionality under
potentially high level of EM radiation/emission in
circumstantial operational environment  Susceptibility
(immunity)

4. Introduction to EMC
EMC
EMIEMS I will kill you with
my emissions.
I am not afraid
of you. I have
good immunity.

5. Types of EMC Test
EMC Testing
EMI
Emission Testing
EMS
Immunity Testing
Conducted
Immunity
(CS)
Conducted
Emission
(CE)
Radiated
Emission
(RE)
Radiated
Immunity
(RS)
Radiated Tests require anechoic chambers.

6. Examples of EMS & EMI
CE & RE CS & RS

7. EMC Design Considerations
EM Interference/Emissions (EMI) are normally generated by:
– Internal processor digital clock(s).
– Power lines and/or interface cables/harnesses
– Openings and/or ventilation holes of the equipment case
– Signal line layouts and grounding in PCB
EM Susceptibility (EMS) are normally coming from
– External signal causing partial/total malfunctioning
– Power lines and/or interface cables/harnesses
– Openings and/or ventilation holes of the equipment case
– Signal line layouts and grounding in PCB
EMC designs adds about 1 to 5% of overall product cost.

8. Level of Emission & Immunity ?
Depends on the EUT application .
We can have EUT applications in three broad categories :
Commercial & Telecom
Automotive
Military & Aviation
EMC Testing is performed for component and full system.

9. How to test level of EMI & EMS ?
Standards describes the test levels and test procedures.
Several standards as per different EUT applications:
CISPR - International Special Committee on Radio Interference Operating under IEC. -- Emission Standards.
IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission (EU) Immunity standards
ISO : International Organization for Standardization :
MIL-STD : Military Standard from DOD
RTCA: Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics , FCC : Federal Communications Commission
EUT application Standard Organizations
Emission Immunity
Commercial & Telecom CISPR ,FCC IEC
Automotive CISPR ISO
Military & Aviation MIL-STD-461 F & RTCA/DO-160 G

10. Standards for EMI Testing: Commercial EUT
Title Specifications of Standard
CISPR 11 Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment. Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics. Limits and methods of measurement
CISPR 14 Electromagnetic Compatibility -- Requirements for Household Appliance, Electric
Tools, and Similar Apparatus: 1) Emissions, 2) Immunity.
CISPR 15 Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of Electrical
lighting and similar equipment.
CISPR 22 Information Technology Equipment—Radio Disturbance Characteristics—Limits and
Methods of Measurement.
CISPR 32 Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment. Emission requirements
FCC 15 & 18 RF Devices , ITE & ISM instruments

11. Standards for EMS Testing: Commercial EUT
Title Specifications of Standard
IEC 61000-4-2 Electrostatic Discharge immunity test
IEC 61000-4-3 Radiated radio frequency EM field immunity test
IEC 61000-4-4 Electrical fast transient / Burst immunity test
IEC 61000-4-5 Surge immunity test
IEC 61000-4-6 Conducted radio frequency EM field immunity test
IEC 61000-4-8 Power frequency magnetic field immunity test
IEC 61000-4-11 Voltage Dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity test

12. Standards for EMI Testing: Automotive EUT
Title Specifications of Standard
CISPR 12 Vehicles, boats, and internal combustion engine driven devices -radio
disturbance characteristics -limits and methods of measurement
CISPR 25 Radio disturbance characteristics for the protection of receivers used on board
vehicles, boats, and on devices—Limits and Methods of Measurement.

13. Gain Variation
Title Specifications of Standard
ISO
11451
(Vehicle)
Road vehicles — Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband
radiated electromagnetic energy
Part 1: General and definitions (amendment 1:2008)
Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources
Part 3: On-board transmitter simulation
Part 4: Bulk current injection (BCI)
ISO
11452
(ESA)
Road vehicles — Component test methods for electrical disturbances from
narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy
Part 1: General and definitions (amendment 1:2008)
Part 2: Absorber-lined chamber (1995)
Part 3: Transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) cell
Part 4: Bulk current injection (BCI)
Part 5: Stripline
Part 6: Parallel plate antenna
Part 7: Direct radio frequency (RF) power injection
Part 8: Immunity to magnetic fields
Standards for EMS Testing: Automotive EUT

14. Gain Variation
Title Specifications of Standard (MIL-STD-461 F)
CS101 Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz
CS103 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation, 15 kHz to 10 GHz
CS104 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals, 30 Hz to 20 GHz
CS105 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross-Modulation, 30 Hz to 20 GHz
CS106 Conducted Susceptibility, Transients, Power Leads
CS109 Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current, 60 Hz to 100 kHz
CS114 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz
CS115 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation
CS116 Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power Leads, 10
kHz to 100 MHz
RS101 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RS103 Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field, 2 MHz to 40 GHz
RS105 Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic Field
Standards for EMS Testing: Military EUT

15. Standards for EMI Testing: Military EUT
Title Specifications of Standard (MIL-STD-461 F)
CE101 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 10 kHz
CE102 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 10 kHz to 10 MHz
CE106 Conducted Emissions, Antenna Terminal, 10 kHz to 40 GHz
RE101 Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RE102 Radiated Emissions, Electric Field, 10 kHz to 18 GHz
RE103 Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs, 10 kHz to 40 GHz
Title Specifications of Standard (MIL-STD-461 G)
CS106 Conducted Susceptibility, Transients, Power Leads (Removed)
CS117 Conducted Susceptibility, Lightning Induced Transients, Cables and Power Leads
CS118 Conducted Susceptibility, Personnel Borne Electrostatic Discharge

16. Absorber
Chamber
Doors
Lights
Camera
Honeycombs
Filters
Turntable
Antenna Mast
EMC Chamber & Test System
System Computer
Software
Rack
Cables
Instrumentation

17. EMI Test Concept & Requirements : RE
Radiated
Emission
EUT radiates emission.
Receiver detects emission through an antenna.
Antenna mast is to scan antenna up and down.
Turntable is to rotate EUT.
Anechoic chamber to host the tests.
EUT
Turn Table
Antenna Mast
Antenna
Anechoic Chamber
EMI Receiver

18. EMI Test Concept & Requirements : CE
EMI Receiver detects conducted emission from EUT through an LISN.
Conducted
Emission

20. Details of EMI Test Requirements
EMI Receiver
CISPR 16-1-1(QP & Avg. Detector)
MIL-STD-461 F (Peak Detector)
N9038A
Freq. Range CISPR Bandwidth
9 KHz – 150KHz 200 Hz
150 KHz – 30 MHz 9 KHz
30 MHz – 1 GHz 120 KHz
> 1GHz 1 MHz
Freq. Range MIL‐STD‐461 Bandwidth
30 Hz ‐ 1 KHz 10 Hz
1 KHz 10 KHz 100 Hz
10 KHz ‐ 150 KHz 1 KHz
150 KHz – 30 MHz 10 KHz
30 MHz – 1 GHz 100 KHz
> 1GHz 1 MHz

21. Details of EMI Test Requirements
EMI Receiver : N9038A

22. Details of EMI Test Requirements : RE
Anechoic chamber : RF Shield + Absorber
EUT Type Chamber Requirement
Commercial & Telecom
&
Automotive Full Vehicle
• NSA : Normalized Site Attenuation 30MHz to 1GHz, ± 4dB,
CISPR16-1-4 and ANSI C63.4
• SVSWR (Site VSWR) > above 1GHz , CISPR16-1-4 , 0 to
6dB
Automotive
Vehicle Component
Absorber should have min. 6dB Absorption for the range 70MHz
1000MHz.
Military
Minimum absorption of absorbing material should be 6dB from
80MHz-250 MHz and 10 dB for above 250MHz.

23. Details of EMI Test Requirements : RE
Anechoic chamber : RE Test Distance
EUT Type Test Distance Chamber Size
Commercial ,
Telecom
&
Automotive Full
Vehicle
Maximum EUT Size Measurement
distance
L (m) W (m) H (m)
1.5 m 3 m 8.1 5.5 5.5
2.5 m 5 m 11.5 7.3 6.1
5.0 m 10 m 19.9 12.1 8.5
Automotive
Vehicle
Component
1 meter 7.0 5.5 4.3
Military
1 meter
Multiple test as per 3dB beam width of
Antenna
5.5 5.5 3.1

24. Details of EMI Test Requirements : RE
RF & Microwave Absorber : Example

25. Details of EMI Test Requirements : RE
Anechoic chamber : Example
http://www.ets-lindgren.com/pdf/Canon_rev_A.pdf

26. Details of EMI Test Requirements : RE
Anechoic chamber : Example

27. Details of EMI Test Requirements : RE
Antenna :
30 Hz - 50 MHz
Model : 3110C
30 MHz - 300 MHz
Model : 3110C
200 MHz - 2 GHz.
Model 3148B
Antenna Factor (AF) Should Calibrated /Measured as per SAE/ARP‐958 & ANSI C63.5.

28. Details of EMI Test Requirements : RE
Antenna :
30 MHz to 6 GHz.
Model 3142E
200 MHz - 2.5 GHz.
Model 3106B
1 GHz to 18 GHz.
MODEL 3115-PA
18 GHz - 40 GHz.
MODEL 3116C-PA
Antenna Factor (AF) Should Calibrated /Measured as per SAE/ARP‐958 & ANSI C63.5.

29. Details of EMI Test Requirements : RE
Turn Table , Antenna Mast , Controller & S/W
Antenna mast and Turn table should not produce any Radiation
EMCenter™Boresight Antenna Tower
2171B
Turntable
2187
TILE!
EMC Measurement
& Automation S/w

30. Details of EMI Test Requirements : CE
LISN : Isolation
Isolates the power mains from the EUT
Isolates CE from EUT to couple on mains
Works as High Pass Filter to couple CE from EUT to EMI Receiver
Different LISN for different Standards
Provide 50 Ohms output impedance to input of EMI Receiver
Model : ETSL 3810-2
9 kHz to 30 MHz ,
10Amp , 230Volts ,
For CISPR 22 CE Test Transient Limiter

31. Compliance & Pre-Compliance Test
Compliance Test :
Test performed by meeting procedures and requirements of Standard.
Final Certification Test for EUT.
Pre-Compliance Test :
Test performed by compromising procedures and requirements of Standard.
Pre-test before Final Certification of EUT
Low Cost
Saves Time & Money by avoiding design change at final certification stage.

32. A Pre- compliance Test : RE
Compliance Pre-Compliance
Limits Limits
EMI Receiver (Avg. & QP Detector) Spectrum Analyzer (Peak Detector)
Full Compliance Anechoic chamber Pre-Compliance Anechoic Chamber OR RF
Shielded Room
Antenna Antenna OR E-Field Probes
Antenna Tower with Scanning Antenna Tripod with fixe position
Turn Table Fixed Positon of EUT

33. Pre-Compliance Spectrum Analyzer / EMI Receiver
PXA MXA
EXA CXA
A Pre- compliance Test : RE

34. Pre-Compliance Chamber : ETSL Space Saver 26H
6dB NSA, when < 200MHz , 4dB NSA, when < 1000MHz
RX antenna can only scan from 1m to 2m
Size 7.6 m x 3.1 m x 3.1 m (L x W x H)
Test Volume 1.2m (Diameter) x 2.0m (H)
Pre-Compliance Chamber : ETSL Space Saver PC
8dB NSA, when < 200MHz , 6dB NSA, when < 1000MHz
RX antenna can only scan from 1m to 1.7m
Size 6.1 m x 3.1 m x 2.4 m (L x W x H)
Test Volume 1.0m (Diameter) x 1.5m (H)
A Pre- compliance Test : RE

35. Pre-Compliance Chamber : ETSL Space Saver 26H
A Pre- compliance Test : RE

36. Pre-Compliance Chamber : GTEM 9 kHz - 5 GHz (RE)
A Pre- compliance Test : RE

37. Shielded Rooms : Series 101 Shielded Rooms
More than 100dB shielding form 10KHz to 40G Hz
The system consists of modular, hot galvanized rigid steel structural panels.
A Pre- compliance Test : RE

38. Shielded Rooms : Series 81 Shielded Rooms Magnetic Field
20 dB @ 1 kHz
56 dB @ 10 kHz
100 dB @ 200 kHz
Electric Field
110 dB from
200 kHz thru 50 MHz
Plane Wave
110 dB from
50 MHz to 1 GHz
Microwave
100 dB @ 10 GHz
A Pre- compliance Test : RE

39. Shielded Rooms : Series 71 Shielded Rooms Magnetic Field
18 dB @ 1 kHz
50 dB @ 14 kHz
Electric Field
100 dB from
14 kHz thru 10 MHz
Plane Wave
100 dB @ 400 MHz
90 dB @ 1 GHz
80 dB @ 2 GHz
Microwave
60 dB @ 10 GHz
A Pre- compliance Test : RE

40. Let’s do a compliance RE Test as per CISPR 22 !
Frequency range MHz Quasi‐peak limits dB (μV/m)
30 to 230 30
230 to 1000 37
Limits :
Class B (EUT for Domestic purposes)
10 meter test distance
10 dB relaxation for 3 meter test distance
Measurement Method
Pre‐Scan with Spectrum Analyzer mode & Peak detector
Final Scan with Receiver Mode using QP detector on min 6 peaks

41. Let’s do a compliance RE Test as per CISPR 22 !
Ambient Noise should be 6 dB blow to Limit
30.0M 100.0M 1.0G
Frequency(Hz)
0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Amplitude(dBuV)
Limit
NoiseFloor_Limit

42. Let’s do a compliance RE Test as per CISPR 22 !
To meet Ambient Noise 6 dB blow to Limit a
Chamber / RF Shielded Room is Required

43. Let’s do a compliance RE Test as per CISPR 22 !
Final Scan = Scan from Receiver + Cable Loss + Antenna Factor
Radiated Emissions
Scan & Quasi Peak Horizontal Pole Results
30.00M 100.00M 1.00G
Frequency (Hz)
-10.0
0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Amplitude(dBuV)
QP
Limit
Scan_Horizontal_Pole.
NoiseFloor_Limit
ET_PS_Hori_Pks
Scan from
Receiver
Final Scan
Ambient
Noise

44. EUT
Turn Table
Antenna Mast
Antenna
Anechoic Chamber
EMI Receiver
Pre‐Scan : Spectrum Analyzer mode
Spectrum Analyzer mode , Peak detector, 120kHz RBW ,
300kHz VBW , Max Hold
Antenna is Scanned from 1 meter to 4 meter height in 1 meter steps
Turn Table is rotated 0 to 360 degree in 30 degree Steps
Let’s do a compliance RE Test as per CISPR 22 !

45. Radiated Emissions
Scan & Quasi Peak Horizontal Pole Results
30.00M 100.00M 1.00G
Frequency (Hz)
0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Amplitude(dBuV)
Limit
Scan_Horizontal_Pole.
NoiseFloor_Limit
Let’s do a compliance RE Test as per CISPR 22 !
Measurement Method
Pre‐Scan with Spectrum Analyzer mode & Peak detector
Final Scan with Receiver Mode using QP detector on min 6 peaks

46. EUT
Turn Table
Antenna Mast
Antenna
Anechoic Chamber
EMI Receiver
Final Scan : EMI Receiver mode
Receiver freq. is set to peak signal, Antenna is set to Height at which Peak
signal was detected , Turn Table is set to angle where peak signal was detected
Antenna is Scanned from ± 0.5 meter from Antenna height for Peak Signal
Turn Table is rotated ± 15 degree from angle for peak signal.
Max. Peak Signal is measured by optimizing Antenna and Turn Table Position
EMI Receiver mode & Peak detector, 120kHz RBW , 1sec meas. Time
Let’s do a compliance RE Test as per CISPR 22 !

47. Radiated Emissions
Scan & Quasi Peak Horizontal Pole Results
30.00M 100.00M 1.00G
Frequency (Hz)
0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Amplitude(dBuV)
QP
Limit
Scan_Horizontal_Pole.
NoiseFloor_Limit
Let’s do a compliance RE Test as per CISPR 22 !
Measurement Method
Pre‐Scan with Spectrum Analyzer mode & Peak detector
Final Scan with Receiver Mode using QP detector on min. 6 Top peaks

48. Summary
Know Your Product !
Application drives EMC standard
Design your product for EMC
Perform a pre-compliance EMC test
Get your product certified for EMC with Compliance Test