The focus is on the building blocks of electrical engineering, the fundamentals of electrical design and integrating electrical engineering know-how into the other disciplines within an organisation. Unnecessary theory will be minimised and you will focus on best practice over the duration of the workshop. The workshop will commence by reviewing basic electrical circuits and electrical laws. You will then be exposed to the basic principles of electrical generation, transmission and distribution. Electrical distribution will then be covered in considerably more detail. The interesting area of electrical measurements as applied to single phase and three phase systems will then be reviewed. You will be exposed to earthing with a strong focus on safety issues. Transformers will then be examined with an emphasis on power transformers as used in the electrical distribution industry. The first day will be concluded with coverage of power system components in terms of isolators, fuses and circuit breakers. The second day will commence with an examination of AC and DC motors, followed by a review of electrical lighting and illumination concepts. The power hungry topic of electrical heating in industry is then examined. The impact especially in the modern world of power electronics is discussed with a demonstration of the possible unpleasant harmonics arising from using this powerful technology. This then smoothly leads into the topic of dealing with power quality. The last three major topics are electrical power system protection, electrical safety and customer installations. The penultimate topic of great interest to executive management in a company (and indeed municipalities and governments) is load forecasting. The workshop is concluded with modern developments such as substation automation, the smart grid, industrial data communications and the still controversial topic of carbon trading. A workshop such as this is certainly not going to make you a professional electrical engineer - although many experienced electrical engineers have commented on how useful this course has been in broadening their perspective in other areas of the electrical world. But in two action packed and enjoyable days, you will leave with a valuable toolbox of skills in electrical engineering, thus becoming far more productive and safer in your career and in working with electrical engineers, technicians and managers. MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-power-system-fundamentals-non-electrical-engineers-38

1. Electrical Power System Fundamentals for
Non-Electrical Engineers
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

2. What is Electricity?
 Most widely used and an extremely versatile form of
energy.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

3. Charge
 Charge is of two types:
• Positive charge
• Negative charge
 Charge is carried by very tiny particles called
ELECTRONS and PROTONS.
PROTONS ELECTRONS
+ +
+ --
+ + +
--
--
-- --
--
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

4. How are charges moved?
 An amount of energy is needed
to move.
 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
or VOLTAGE is that energy or
electric force which causes
charges to move.
 10 Volts sends more current
than 1 Volt.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

5. Charges moving in a circuit
 Voltage from energy source causes current
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

6. Lightning
 Electricity occurs in nature in the form of lightning
and static electricity.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

7. Lightning
 Lightning is one of the most dramatic examples of
electrical discharge.
 May Occur:
• Between cells in the same storm (inter cloud
lightning)
• Within a cloud (intra cloud lightning)
• Cloud to air
• Cloud to ground (CG)
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

8. Lighting
 Lightning is an electrical discharge in the
atmosphere, very similar to a spark.
Source : Encyclopedia Britannica
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

9. Lightning occurs:
 Clouds form when air near the earth's surface is
warmed, causing it to rise.
 As the air rises it loses its heat and cools.
 When air cool, it condenses
 When condensation occurs, clouds take shape.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

10. Static electricity
 We notice static electricity usually in the winter
when the air is very dry
 During summer, the air is more humid
 The water in the air helps electrons move off you
more quickly, so you can not build up as big a
charge.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

11. Examples of static electricity
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

12. Limitations of static electricity
 In thunderstorm clouds, the static charges can build
up to millions of volts, which is very dangerous
 It cannot move and is limited to only small distance
 Static electricity can cause damage to electronic
equipment
 Can also cause uncomfortable shocks
 Can be responsible for the ignition of flammable
gases, such as the vapors produced by petrol
(gasoline) when you are filling your car.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

13. Battery
 Device that converts chemical energy into electrical
energy.
 The first battery was created by Alessandro Volta in
1800.
Battery symbol
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

14. How does electricity flow?
 A battery connected by conductors (copper wire)
to electrical components (bulb).
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
www.bcae1.com/current.htm

15. Voltage
 Voltage is the electrical force, or "pressure", that
causes current to flow in a circuit
 It is measured in VOLTS (V or E).
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
www.bcae1.com/current.htm

16. Electric current
 Current is the movement of electrical charge - the
flow of electrons through the electronic circuit.
 Current is measured in AMPERES (AMPS, A or I).
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

17. Direct current (DC) & Alternating
current (AC)
 Flow of current can be DIRECT Current (DC) or
ALTERNATING Current (AC)
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

18. Direct vs Alternating current
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

19. Frequency
 Measurement of the number of occurrences of a
repeated event per unit of time.
 Measure the time between two consecutive
occurrences of the event (the Time period T)
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

20. Single phase AC
 A single-phase system is one where there is only
one AC voltage source (one source voltage
waveform).
 Single-phase distribution is used when loads are
mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric
motors.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

21. Three Phase AC
 The generation of AC electric power is commonly
three phase.
 In Three phase AC, the waveforms of three supply
conductors are offset from one another by 120°.
 Standard frequency is 60 Hz.
V12 V23 V31
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

22. Electric power
 Defined as the amount of work done by an electric
current per unit time.
 The unit of power is the WATT
 For a resistor in a DC Circuit the power is given by
the product of applied voltage and the electric
current
Power (P) = Voltage (V) x Current (I)
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

23. AC power
 AC power flow has the three components:
– Real power (P)
• It is in phase with the applied voltage (V)
• Also known as the active component.
• Measured in watts (W)
– Reactive power (Q)
• It is not in phase with the applied voltage (V)
• Also known as Idle or wattless power
• Measured in reactive volt-amperes (VAr)
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

24. Power factor correction (PFC)
 It is a technique of counteracting the undesirable
effects of electric loads that create a power factor
that is less than 1.
 It may be applied either by an electrical power
transmission utility to improve the stability and
efficiency
 Or may be installed by individual electrical
customers
 To reduce the costs charged to them by their
electricity supplier.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

25. Types of PFC Techniques
 Passive PFC
• This is a simple way of correcting the nonlinearity
of a load by using capacitor banks.
• It is not as effective as active PFC.
• Switching the capacitors into or out of the circuit
causes harmonics,
• Active PFC or a synchronous motor is preferred.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

26. Electric energy or electric work
 Energy is the capacity for doing work
 Electrical energy is usually measured in watt-hours.
 Electric work is said to be done when an electric
charge flows through a conductor.
 The SI unit of electrical energy is the joule.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

27. Relation between Power & Energy
 Power is the rate at which electrical energy is
transmitted
 Power is energy per unit time.
Power
work (or energy)
=
Time in seconds
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

28. Resistance
 Resistance is a property that slows the flow of
electrons –– the current.
 Resistance causes an opposition to the flow of
electricity in a circuit. It is measured in OHMS
().
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

29. Pressure Drop
 Loss incurred overcoming resistance reduces
pressure
 Same effect water and electricity
 Equipment requires a minimum pressure to work
efficiently
 Pressure/voltage drop must be controlled
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

30. Relation between V, R & I
 Ohm's Law is a mathematical equation explaining
the relationship of voltage (V), current (I), and
resistance (R)
 It is defined as:
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss

31. DO YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE?
If you are interested in further training or information,
please visit:
http://idc-online.com/slideshare
www.idc-online.com/slideshare TTeecchhnnoollooggyy TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss