Power system economics, energy market model, electrical load flow & forecasting.

1. Substation
Re-closer
Current
Limiting
Protector
Load & Fault
Interruption
Switch gear
HVDC / HVAC Transmission Line
11/6/2015 1
Generator Step
up Transformers
C
Power
Transformer
C
C - Bus Coupler / Bus isolator switches
G – Generator, T - Turbine
OLTC - On/Off Load Tap Changer
PCC – Point of Common Coupling
~
G
Transmission
Sub Station Controller
Grid
frequency
error
Regulating Signal
On/Off
Load Tap
Changer
Distribution
Feeders
Distribution
Sub station
controller
Booster / Phase shift
Transformer
Load
National
Grid
Protection isolation
& automatic service
restoration
C CHVDC / HVAC Transmission Line
HVAC
HVDC /AC ConverterHVDC /AC Converter
National Grid
Local Network
Auto reclosing
Circuit breakers
Oil/Gas/Air
Differential
Relays
& Contactors
Pilot wires/
Thyristor
switching circuit
Distribution
Transformers
~
T
~
G
Collector / Converter
sub station
Consumer
Bus bar
Production bus bars
Planned
Change
Metered
+
-
Line voltage drop
compensator
Dynamic
stability
Rotor
angle
POWER SYSTEM FUNCTION – REPRESENTATION & FLOW DIAGRAM
Double Circuit line
Neutral
grounding
Power System
State Estimator
Software
Line/ Bus
Insulator
Line Trap
Normal
Alarm
Emergency
Collapsed
/Black start
Coupling
Capacitors
Band pass Filters
Apparent Power
Active & Reactive
power
Real Power
PCC
2 or 3
winding;

2. National
Grid
Regional
network
Regional
network
Local
network
Local
network
Industrial (I)
Large (LC)
Commercial
Residential (R)
Commercial (C)
Thermal,
Coal
Thermal ,
Gas
RenewablesNuclear
Hydro & Other
Captive
Demand
<
Availability
Demand
>>
Availability
Surplus
Deficit
• Shopping malls & Super markets
• Grand Hotels
• Specialty hospitals
• Small scale manufacturing &
warehousing
• Educational institutions
• Retail Shops, Fashion stores
• Banks & entertainment
• Large scale manufacturing
• Airports & sea ports
• Railways, mining & extraction
Production
Bus bar capacity
00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00
00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00
00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00
00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00
Indicative Load# / Voltage Profile
11/6/2015 2
Power / Load /
Power System State
Operation
CUSTOMER SEGMENT FOR ELECTRCITY BOARD
• Housing estates & plots
• Apartments
• Guest houses & pay centers.
Transmission Bus bar capacity
Collector
station
Bus bar capacity
Radial / Circular / Simple Loop
Production
/Demand
Balancing
System
Cross Border
Power Exchange
# Load profile depends on
time of year
R
I
LC
C
Power System
State Estimator

3. 11/6/2015 3
Load
factor
Demand
factor
Diversity
factor
Capacity
factor
Level 0
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Electric Utility
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
SCADA
Bus Isolators/couplers,
switch gear, transmission lines,
transformers
Data concentrators
Substation controls:
Digital electronic devices - V, I
Protection relays, tap changers,
compensators
Device/ Component
Contingency checks
Automatic frequency control
Economic power/ load scheduling
Control
operators
Telemeter data
Consumers
Power
Traders /
SuppliersSystem
Operator
00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00
MW/min
Or
kWh
POWER SYSTEM LEVELS & LOAD FORECASTING FACTORS
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
C – Consumer
…
Utilization
Reserves
Peak sum (product)
loads
Average/Connected
load
Daily load
Diversity
factor
Demand
factor
Plant rated capacity
Daily peak
Load
factor
Power production
per period
Capacity
factor

4. 11/6/2015 4
IPP
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Customers
Customers Whole sale
• Metering
• Billing
Verification
Customers
Bank
Project
Electric Utility
Company
Proposal / Tendering/ Bidding
documentation
Loan &
Purchase
agreements
Retail power consumers
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Demand side
managementDemand side
management
Paying agents
Tariff / Pricing
policy
+
-Error
Error
Error
T & D
Operator
Does not include inherent T & D losses, Other technology factors
Standing
( Capacity) charge
(Rs/kW)
Energy
charge
(Rs/kWh)
Debt &
Interest
Costs
POWER MARKET MODEL
Market Change
Factors
Standing
( Capacity) charge
(Rs/kW)