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Power system, electrical load & energy market
This document provides a diagram and overview of key components in a power system, including generation sources, transmission lines, substations, distribution systems, and customers. It shows the flow of electricity from generators through transformers and transmission lines to distribution networks and end users. It also outlines different customer segments served by electricity providers and illustrates common terminology used in power systems like busbars, switchgear, and protection devices.
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Power system, electrical load & energy market
- 1. Substation Re-closer Current Limiting Protector Load & Fault Interruption Switchgear HVDC / HVAC Transmission Line 11/6/2015 1 Generator Step up Transformers C Power Transformer C C - Bus Coupler / Bus isolator switches G – Generator, T - Turbine OLTC - On/Off Load Tap Changer PCC – Point of Common Coupling ~ G Transmission Sub Station Controller Grid frequency error Regulating Signal On/Off Load Tap Changer Distribution Feeders Distribution Sub station controller Booster / Phase shift Transformer Load National Grid Protection isolation & automatic service restoration C CHVDC / HVAC Transmission Line HVAC HVDC /AC ConverterHVDC /AC Converter National Grid Local Network Auto reclosing Circuit breakers Oil/Gas/Air Differential Relays & Contactors Pilot wires/ Thyristor switching circuit Distribution Transformers ~ T ~ G Collector / Converter sub station Consumer Bus bar Production bus bars Planned Change Metered + - Line voltage drop compensator Dynamic stability Rotor angle POWER SYSTEM FUNCTION – REPRESENTATION & FLOW DIAGRAM Double Circuit line Neutral grounding Power System State Estimator Software Line/ Bus Insulator Line Trap Normal Alarm Emergency Collapsed /Black start Coupling Capacitors Band pass Filters Apparent Power Active & Reactive power Real Power PCC 2 or 3 winding;
- 2. National Grid Regional network Regional network Local network Local network Industrial (I) Large (LC) Commercial Residential(R) Commercial (C) Thermal, Coal Thermal , Gas RenewablesNuclear Hydro & Other Captive Demand < Availability Demand >> Availability Surplus Deficit • Shopping malls & Super markets • Grand Hotels • Specialty hospitals • Small scale manufacturing & warehousing • Educational institutions • Retail Shops, Fashion stores • Banks & entertainment • Large scale manufacturing • Airports & sea ports • Railways, mining & extraction Production Bus bar capacity 00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 Indicative Load# / Voltage Profile 11/6/2015 2 Power / Load / Power System State Operation CUSTOMER SEGMENT FOR ELECTRCITY BOARD • Housing estates & plots • Apartments • Guest houses & pay centers. Transmission Bus bar capacity Collector station Bus bar capacity Radial / Circular / Simple Loop Production /Demand Balancing System Cross Border Power Exchange # Load profile depends on time of year R I LC C Power System State Estimator
- 3. 11/6/2015 3 Load factor Demand factor Diversity factor Capacity factor Level 0 Level1 Level 2 Level 3 Electric Utility Generation Transmission Distribution SCADA Bus Isolators/couplers, switch gear, transmission lines, transformers Data concentrators Substation controls: Digital electronic devices - V, I Protection relays, tap changers, compensators Device/ Component Contingency checks Automatic frequency control Economic power/ load scheduling Control operators Telemeter data Consumers Power Traders / SuppliersSystem Operator 00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 MW/min Or kWh POWER SYSTEM LEVELS & LOAD FORECASTING FACTORS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C – Consumer … Utilization Reserves Peak sum (product) loads Average/Connected load Daily load Diversity factor Demand factor Plant rated capacity Daily peak Load factor Power production per period Capacity factor
- 4. 11/6/2015 4 IPP Generation Transmission Distribution Customers Customers Wholesale • Metering • Billing Verification Customers Bank Project Electric Utility Company Proposal / Tendering/ Bidding documentation Loan & Purchase agreements Retail power consumers Marketing Marketing Marketing Demand side managementDemand side management Paying agents Tariff / Pricing policy + -Error Error Error T & D Operator Does not include inherent T & D losses, Other technology factors Standing ( Capacity) charge (Rs/kW) Energy charge (Rs/kWh) Debt & Interest Costs POWER MARKET MODEL Market Change Factors Standing ( Capacity) charge (Rs/kW)