The document discusses industrial hygiene and ergonomic controls. It defines ergonomics as fitting the workplace to the person to prevent injury. It notes that ergonomics can improve quality, health, and reduce costs. The document discusses engineering, administrative and personal protective equipment controls and emphasizes engineering controls as the preferred method. It also covers topics like anthropometry, common postures, ranges of motion and repetitive motions.
Ergonomics is the study of people's efficiency in their working environment and focuses on preventing repetitive stress injuries. It considers differences in individual workers as well as environmental and physical stressors. The document outlines key ergonomic principles like permitting various postures and using large muscle groups. It discusses common injuries from overexertion and improper lifting as well as how to address issues through stretching, taking breaks, and assessing task setups. Proper ergonomics of computer workstations, equipment sizes, and neutral postures are emphasized.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. It aims to prevent repetitive stress injuries by matching jobs, tools, and work environments to individual workers. The field originated during the Industrial Revolution to improve productivity as new technologies like assembly lines were introduced. Today, ergonomics is applied in various settings like offices, hospitals, and product design to reduce injuries, increase comfort, and improve overall worker health, safety, and performance. Proper ergonomic practices can help organizations through decreased costs from factors such as absenteeism and employee turnover.
This document is a presentation on ergonomics for a 10-hour general industry training. It introduces musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their risk factors. It then discusses various ergonomic control methods that can be implemented to reduce work-related MSDs, including engineering controls, proper work practices, personal protective equipment, and job hazard analysis. Specific examples are provided for how to address issues like awkward postures, repetitive motions, forceful exertions, vibration exposures, and heavy lifting. The goal is to help optimize human well-being and performance in the workplace.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and workplaces to fit the user. It focuses on making things comfortable and efficient by studying how work is done and how to improve it. There are three main types of ergonomics: physical, cognitive, and organizational. The key principles of ergonomics are to work in neutral postures, reduce excessive force/motion, keep items in easy reach, and maintain a comfortable work environment. Ergonomic injuries like repetitive stress injuries can be caused by repetitive or prolonged activities, awkward postures, vibration, and forceful exertions. Controls for ergonomic injuries include engineering solutions, administrative controls like job rotation, and promoting safe work practices.
Workplace safety is important for small businesses to reduce costs from injuries. By following safety protocols and identifying risks, businesses can make the workplace safer for employees. Musculoskeletal disorders from work can decrease employees' ability to care for their families outside of work. Proper reporting and documentation of workplace injuries is required for employees to receive workers' compensation benefits to cover medical costs. Employers must outline any restrictions to ensure employees understand their rights.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) account for 41% of all work-related illnesses in the UK, with the main causes being manual handling and repetitive strain from tasks like keyboard work. MSDs, which include back pain and joint injuries, affect over a million workers annually. While training and information can raise awareness, minimizing risk through strategies like considering the task, individual, load, and environment (TILE) when manual handling, as well as using proper lifting techniques, will better decrease workplace injuries.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and tasks to maximize productivity by reducing fatigue and discomfort. Common ergonomic injuries in the workplace include cumulative trauma disorders from repetitive motions and static postures. The goals of ergonomics are to reduce injuries, increase productivity and safety, and decrease fatigue and errors. Risk factors for injuries include force, repetition, awkward postures, static postures, and contact stress. Proper ergonomic practices include adjustable workstations, stretching, lifting techniques, and training to reduce risks.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. Poor ergonomics can cause musculoskeletal disorders like back strains from lifting incorrectly. Ergonomics aims to create workplaces that accommodate human limitations to prevent such injuries. Examples of ergonomic issues include improper posture, repetitive tasks, and eyestrain from monitors. Adjusting seating, taking breaks, and monitoring posture can help address ergonomic problems.
Ergonomics is the study of people's efficiency in their working environment and focuses on preventing repetitive stress injuries. It considers differences in individual workers as well as environmental and physical stressors. The document outlines key ergonomic principles like permitting various postures and using large muscle groups. It discusses common injuries from overexertion and improper lifting as well as how to address issues through stretching, taking breaks, and assessing task setups. Proper ergonomics of computer workstations, equipment sizes, and neutral postures are emphasized.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. It aims to prevent repetitive stress injuries by matching jobs, tools, and work environments to individual workers. The field originated during the Industrial Revolution to improve productivity as new technologies like assembly lines were introduced. Today, ergonomics is applied in various settings like offices, hospitals, and product design to reduce injuries, increase comfort, and improve overall worker health, safety, and performance. Proper ergonomic practices can help organizations through decreased costs from factors such as absenteeism and employee turnover.
This document is a presentation on ergonomics for a 10-hour general industry training. It introduces musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their risk factors. It then discusses various ergonomic control methods that can be implemented to reduce work-related MSDs, including engineering controls, proper work practices, personal protective equipment, and job hazard analysis. Specific examples are provided for how to address issues like awkward postures, repetitive motions, forceful exertions, vibration exposures, and heavy lifting. The goal is to help optimize human well-being and performance in the workplace.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and workplaces to fit the user. It focuses on making things comfortable and efficient by studying how work is done and how to improve it. There are three main types of ergonomics: physical, cognitive, and organizational. The key principles of ergonomics are to work in neutral postures, reduce excessive force/motion, keep items in easy reach, and maintain a comfortable work environment. Ergonomic injuries like repetitive stress injuries can be caused by repetitive or prolonged activities, awkward postures, vibration, and forceful exertions. Controls for ergonomic injuries include engineering solutions, administrative controls like job rotation, and promoting safe work practices.
Workplace safety is important for small businesses to reduce costs from injuries. By following safety protocols and identifying risks, businesses can make the workplace safer for employees. Musculoskeletal disorders from work can decrease employees' ability to care for their families outside of work. Proper reporting and documentation of workplace injuries is required for employees to receive workers' compensation benefits to cover medical costs. Employers must outline any restrictions to ensure employees understand their rights.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) account for 41% of all work-related illnesses in the UK, with the main causes being manual handling and repetitive strain from tasks like keyboard work. MSDs, which include back pain and joint injuries, affect over a million workers annually. While training and information can raise awareness, minimizing risk through strategies like considering the task, individual, load, and environment (TILE) when manual handling, as well as using proper lifting techniques, will better decrease workplace injuries.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and tasks to maximize productivity by reducing fatigue and discomfort. Common ergonomic injuries in the workplace include cumulative trauma disorders from repetitive motions and static postures. The goals of ergonomics are to reduce injuries, increase productivity and safety, and decrease fatigue and errors. Risk factors for injuries include force, repetition, awkward postures, static postures, and contact stress. Proper ergonomic practices include adjustable workstations, stretching, lifting techniques, and training to reduce risks.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. Poor ergonomics can cause musculoskeletal disorders like back strains from lifting incorrectly. Ergonomics aims to create workplaces that accommodate human limitations to prevent such injuries. Examples of ergonomic issues include improper posture, repetitive tasks, and eyestrain from monitors. Adjusting seating, taking breaks, and monitoring posture can help address ergonomic problems.
This presentation provides a general introduction to the prevention and management of musculoskeletal disorders that could be complemented with other presentations or publications in the scope of Campaign 2020-22 Healthy Workplaces Lighten the Load.
This document discusses occupational hazards and diseases. It begins by defining occupational environment and describing the three main types of interactions: between people and physical/chemical/biological agents, between people and machines, and between people. It then examines several specific occupational hazards and diseases in more detail, including: pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, lead poisoning, occupational cancer, dermatitis, and radiation hazards. Prevention strategies are outlined for many of these conditions.
The document provides information about workplace ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders. It discusses:
1) The goals of an ergonomics program which include reducing injuries from awkward postures, static positions, reaching, bending, lifting, force, repetition, and vibration.
2) Common musculoskeletal disorders like carpal tunnel and back pain that can result from ergonomic risk factors in the workplace.
3) Strategies to improve ergonomics including proper chair, workstation, and equipment setup to minimize awkward postures and repetition and maximize comfort.
This document discusses ergonomics and occupational safety and health. It begins with an introduction to ergonomics, defining it and outlining its history. It then covers the objectives, types, principles, injuries, risk factors, and benefits of ergonomics. Specific examples of ergonomic risk factors like repetitive or sustained awkward postures are provided. The document concludes with a section on ergonomics in the Malaysian workplace and a list of references.
Manual material handling involves any activity that requires using bodily force to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move objects. It is a common cause of occupational injuries. Some key points:
- MMH accounts for about one third of lost work time, compensation costs, and permanent worker disabilities due to back injuries each year.
- Risk factors for back injuries from MMH include fatigue from repetitive tasks, lifting improperly by bending at the waist instead of knees, lifting heavy or awkward loads, and poor physical conditioning.
- Proper lifting technique is important to prevent injury and includes getting close to the load, keeping it close to the body, lifting with legs and back straight, and avoiding twisting.
The document provides information on preventing work-related musculoskeletal injuries through proper office ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as designing the workplace to fit the worker, and discusses how ergonomic principles can improve the match between a person and their work environment. Common risk factors for injuries are identified, such as repetitive motions and awkward postures. A 6-step approach is outlined to prevention, including adjusting the workstation, chair, monitor, keyboard/mouse, and taking short breaks periodically. Proper ergonomic setup and habits can help increase productivity and comfort.
This document discusses occupational health hazards and diseases. It describes various physical hazards like heat, cold, light, noise, vibration and radiation. It also discusses chemical hazards like dusts, gases, metals and their compounds. Biological hazards and mechanical and psychosocial hazards are briefly covered. Various occupational lung diseases caused by inhalation of dusts like silicosis, anthracosis, byssinosis, bagassosis, asbestosis and farmer's lung are explained in detail. The importance of prevention of these diseases through dust control, personal protective measures and regular health checkups of workers is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of ergonomics from Dr. Vaibhav Gupta. It defines ergonomics as the science of designing work to fit the human body. The document outlines objectives of ergonomics like reducing injuries and fatigue. It discusses training workers in ergonomics and factors like individual physiology and behavior that influence ergonomic risk. Principles of neutral posture and avoiding forceful exertions are covered. The basics of ergonomic chair, keyboard, mouse and monitor setup are explained. Risk factors, signs of musculoskeletal disorders, and control methods like job rotation are summarized.
The document discusses the topic of ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as the design of workplaces, tools, and tasks to match human physiological and psychological characteristics. The goal of ergonomics is to fit the job to the person rather than forcing the person to fit the job. The main purposes of ergonomics are to improve productivity, reduce errors and injuries, and improve human performance and well-being. Musculoskeletal disorders are a major risk from poorly designed work and ergonomics aims to reduce these risks. The document outlines several principles of ergonomics including maintaining neutral postures for the back, neck, arms, wrists, and other parts of the body.
This document discusses ergonomics and its importance in various domains. It defines ergonomics as the design of workplaces, tools, and tasks to match human capabilities. The document outlines objectives of understanding ergonomics and its types, including micro and macro ergonomics. It discusses domains of ergonomics like physical, cognitive and organizational ergonomics. The document also covers risk factors, injuries, and recommendations for various work environments like healthcare, schools and offices to avoid ergonomic issues.
This document discusses industrial accidents and hazards. It defines an industrial accident as an occurrence in an industrial establishment that causes bodily injury, making a worker unfit for duties for at least 48 hours. Industrial accidents are classified by severity, from first aid accidents to fatal accidents. Causes of accidents include unsafe conditions, unsafe acts, plant equipment, environment, people, and work systems. The document also covers hazard identification, control techniques like elimination and engineering controls, and the importance of accident prevention through education, enforcement and engineering approaches.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. The document discusses the history and definition of ergonomics, provides examples of ergonomic standards and applications, and concludes with questions about ergonomics in the workplace and daily life. Standards aim to ensure safety and comfort, and are applied in areas like offices, vehicles, medicine, and manufacturing. Examples demonstrate ergonomic considerations for preventing injuries from repetitive tasks like those involved in using computers.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders that can result from poor ergonomics. It provides examples of bad ergonomic practices and tips for adjusting one's workstation, including the chair, monitor height and position, keyboard and mouse placement. Specific guidance is given for laptop users. Exercises are recommended to do at the workplace to help prevent injuries. The document emphasizes the importance of controlling occupational hazards by properly adjusting one's work environment.
This document defines ergonomics and discusses its objectives and importance in workstation design. Ergonomics is defined as the scientific study of designing jobs to fit workers rather than forcing workers to fit jobs. The objectives of ergonomics include improving relationships between people, equipment, workplaces and environments to increase efficiency, productivity, safety and comfort while reducing physical workload risks. Ergonomics is important for reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries by considering factors like posture, lifting techniques and equipment arrangement. The document provides examples of ergonomic principles for lighting, chair and workstation design.
“Ergonomics & Manual Handling” is a 1-day training course specifically for those;
people responsible for performing manual handling activities and
the personnel who manage or conduct workplace risk assessments required by the Health and Safety Regulations on Manual Handling Operations.
Introduction
The course includes a thorough description of the Manual Handling Operations and the Ergonomics principles that that should be applied to reduce the risk of manual handling injury..
This approach not only delivers legal compliance, but will help reduce body-related sickness and absenteeism, lower healthcare costs, insurance premiums and compensation claims and improve the productivity of the workforce.
The document discusses ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) such as force, repetition, and posture. It explains that over time, exposure to these risk factors can lead to MSDs. It provides information on controlling the risk factors through engineering controls that eliminate excessive force requirements, reduce repetition through job rotation, and modify tools and workstations to reduce awkward postures. Work practice controls and individual controls like proper body mechanics and stretch breaks are also recommended.
This document provides an overview of ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) including:
1. Defining ergonomics as modifying jobs to fit people's capabilities and reduce MSDs through engineering controls, safe work practices, and PPE.
2. Detailing that MSDs are injuries caused by repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, or vibrations and affect over 1.8 million workers annually.
3. Explaining employers have a general duty to provide a hazard-free workplace under OSHA regulations regarding unregulated hazards like MSDs.
1) The document provides data on industrial injuries in factories in India from 2000-2009 based on returns from the Labour Bureau of India. It shows trends in fatal, non-fatal, and total injuries over this period.
2) Tables show numbers and rates of industrial injuries per 1000 workers employed for different years. There are also tables showing disability and compensation paid for work-related injuries.
3) The document provides an overview of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) including common types, causes, risk factors, symptoms, and guidelines for identifying ergonomic risk factors.
The document is a presentation by Mr. Raemy Md. Zein from NIOSH Malaysia on occupational safety and health awareness. It discusses NIOSH's background and role in enhancing OSH in Malaysia through training, consultation, research, and information dissemination. It also outlines key Malaysian OSH legislation including the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. The presentation covers employers' and employees' duties and responsibilities under this legislation. It emphasizes risk management approaches including accident investigation and safety inspections.
The document defines a steam boiler and provides examples of different types of boilers including electric boilers, fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, combi boilers, and waste heat boilers. It then discusses essential fittings required for boilers, including name plates, safety valves, gauge glasses, pressure gauges, main stop valves, low water alarms, feed pumps, and blowdown valves. It also covers boiler inspection requirements, defects to look for, and illegal boiler repairs.
This document discusses several major industrial accidents involving fires, explosions, and toxic releases from process plants. It begins by describing the 1984 Bhopal disaster in India, where a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide plant killed thousands. Subsequent sections provide details on additional accidents, including the Piper Alpha oil rig fire in 1988 and the BP Texas City refinery explosion in 2005. The document outlines common hazards in process industries like fires, explosions, and toxic releases, and describes phenomena that can cause accidents such as vapor cloud explosions and BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) events.
This presentation provides a general introduction to the prevention and management of musculoskeletal disorders that could be complemented with other presentations or publications in the scope of Campaign 2020-22 Healthy Workplaces Lighten the Load.
This document discusses occupational hazards and diseases. It begins by defining occupational environment and describing the three main types of interactions: between people and physical/chemical/biological agents, between people and machines, and between people. It then examines several specific occupational hazards and diseases in more detail, including: pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, lead poisoning, occupational cancer, dermatitis, and radiation hazards. Prevention strategies are outlined for many of these conditions.
The document provides information about workplace ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders. It discusses:
1) The goals of an ergonomics program which include reducing injuries from awkward postures, static positions, reaching, bending, lifting, force, repetition, and vibration.
2) Common musculoskeletal disorders like carpal tunnel and back pain that can result from ergonomic risk factors in the workplace.
3) Strategies to improve ergonomics including proper chair, workstation, and equipment setup to minimize awkward postures and repetition and maximize comfort.
This document discusses ergonomics and occupational safety and health. It begins with an introduction to ergonomics, defining it and outlining its history. It then covers the objectives, types, principles, injuries, risk factors, and benefits of ergonomics. Specific examples of ergonomic risk factors like repetitive or sustained awkward postures are provided. The document concludes with a section on ergonomics in the Malaysian workplace and a list of references.
Manual material handling involves any activity that requires using bodily force to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move objects. It is a common cause of occupational injuries. Some key points:
- MMH accounts for about one third of lost work time, compensation costs, and permanent worker disabilities due to back injuries each year.
- Risk factors for back injuries from MMH include fatigue from repetitive tasks, lifting improperly by bending at the waist instead of knees, lifting heavy or awkward loads, and poor physical conditioning.
- Proper lifting technique is important to prevent injury and includes getting close to the load, keeping it close to the body, lifting with legs and back straight, and avoiding twisting.
The document provides information on preventing work-related musculoskeletal injuries through proper office ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as designing the workplace to fit the worker, and discusses how ergonomic principles can improve the match between a person and their work environment. Common risk factors for injuries are identified, such as repetitive motions and awkward postures. A 6-step approach is outlined to prevention, including adjusting the workstation, chair, monitor, keyboard/mouse, and taking short breaks periodically. Proper ergonomic setup and habits can help increase productivity and comfort.
This document discusses occupational health hazards and diseases. It describes various physical hazards like heat, cold, light, noise, vibration and radiation. It also discusses chemical hazards like dusts, gases, metals and their compounds. Biological hazards and mechanical and psychosocial hazards are briefly covered. Various occupational lung diseases caused by inhalation of dusts like silicosis, anthracosis, byssinosis, bagassosis, asbestosis and farmer's lung are explained in detail. The importance of prevention of these diseases through dust control, personal protective measures and regular health checkups of workers is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of ergonomics from Dr. Vaibhav Gupta. It defines ergonomics as the science of designing work to fit the human body. The document outlines objectives of ergonomics like reducing injuries and fatigue. It discusses training workers in ergonomics and factors like individual physiology and behavior that influence ergonomic risk. Principles of neutral posture and avoiding forceful exertions are covered. The basics of ergonomic chair, keyboard, mouse and monitor setup are explained. Risk factors, signs of musculoskeletal disorders, and control methods like job rotation are summarized.
The document discusses the topic of ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as the design of workplaces, tools, and tasks to match human physiological and psychological characteristics. The goal of ergonomics is to fit the job to the person rather than forcing the person to fit the job. The main purposes of ergonomics are to improve productivity, reduce errors and injuries, and improve human performance and well-being. Musculoskeletal disorders are a major risk from poorly designed work and ergonomics aims to reduce these risks. The document outlines several principles of ergonomics including maintaining neutral postures for the back, neck, arms, wrists, and other parts of the body.
This document discusses ergonomics and its importance in various domains. It defines ergonomics as the design of workplaces, tools, and tasks to match human capabilities. The document outlines objectives of understanding ergonomics and its types, including micro and macro ergonomics. It discusses domains of ergonomics like physical, cognitive and organizational ergonomics. The document also covers risk factors, injuries, and recommendations for various work environments like healthcare, schools and offices to avoid ergonomic issues.
This document discusses industrial accidents and hazards. It defines an industrial accident as an occurrence in an industrial establishment that causes bodily injury, making a worker unfit for duties for at least 48 hours. Industrial accidents are classified by severity, from first aid accidents to fatal accidents. Causes of accidents include unsafe conditions, unsafe acts, plant equipment, environment, people, and work systems. The document also covers hazard identification, control techniques like elimination and engineering controls, and the importance of accident prevention through education, enforcement and engineering approaches.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. The document discusses the history and definition of ergonomics, provides examples of ergonomic standards and applications, and concludes with questions about ergonomics in the workplace and daily life. Standards aim to ensure safety and comfort, and are applied in areas like offices, vehicles, medicine, and manufacturing. Examples demonstrate ergonomic considerations for preventing injuries from repetitive tasks like those involved in using computers.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders that can result from poor ergonomics. It provides examples of bad ergonomic practices and tips for adjusting one's workstation, including the chair, monitor height and position, keyboard and mouse placement. Specific guidance is given for laptop users. Exercises are recommended to do at the workplace to help prevent injuries. The document emphasizes the importance of controlling occupational hazards by properly adjusting one's work environment.
This document defines ergonomics and discusses its objectives and importance in workstation design. Ergonomics is defined as the scientific study of designing jobs to fit workers rather than forcing workers to fit jobs. The objectives of ergonomics include improving relationships between people, equipment, workplaces and environments to increase efficiency, productivity, safety and comfort while reducing physical workload risks. Ergonomics is important for reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries by considering factors like posture, lifting techniques and equipment arrangement. The document provides examples of ergonomic principles for lighting, chair and workstation design.
“Ergonomics & Manual Handling” is a 1-day training course specifically for those;
people responsible for performing manual handling activities and
the personnel who manage or conduct workplace risk assessments required by the Health and Safety Regulations on Manual Handling Operations.
Introduction
The course includes a thorough description of the Manual Handling Operations and the Ergonomics principles that that should be applied to reduce the risk of manual handling injury..
This approach not only delivers legal compliance, but will help reduce body-related sickness and absenteeism, lower healthcare costs, insurance premiums and compensation claims and improve the productivity of the workforce.
The document discusses ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) such as force, repetition, and posture. It explains that over time, exposure to these risk factors can lead to MSDs. It provides information on controlling the risk factors through engineering controls that eliminate excessive force requirements, reduce repetition through job rotation, and modify tools and workstations to reduce awkward postures. Work practice controls and individual controls like proper body mechanics and stretch breaks are also recommended.
This document provides an overview of ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) including:
1. Defining ergonomics as modifying jobs to fit people's capabilities and reduce MSDs through engineering controls, safe work practices, and PPE.
2. Detailing that MSDs are injuries caused by repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, or vibrations and affect over 1.8 million workers annually.
3. Explaining employers have a general duty to provide a hazard-free workplace under OSHA regulations regarding unregulated hazards like MSDs.
1) The document provides data on industrial injuries in factories in India from 2000-2009 based on returns from the Labour Bureau of India. It shows trends in fatal, non-fatal, and total injuries over this period.
2) Tables show numbers and rates of industrial injuries per 1000 workers employed for different years. There are also tables showing disability and compensation paid for work-related injuries.
3) The document provides an overview of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) including common types, causes, risk factors, symptoms, and guidelines for identifying ergonomic risk factors.
The document is a presentation by Mr. Raemy Md. Zein from NIOSH Malaysia on occupational safety and health awareness. It discusses NIOSH's background and role in enhancing OSH in Malaysia through training, consultation, research, and information dissemination. It also outlines key Malaysian OSH legislation including the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. The presentation covers employers' and employees' duties and responsibilities under this legislation. It emphasizes risk management approaches including accident investigation and safety inspections.
The document defines a steam boiler and provides examples of different types of boilers including electric boilers, fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, combi boilers, and waste heat boilers. It then discusses essential fittings required for boilers, including name plates, safety valves, gauge glasses, pressure gauges, main stop valves, low water alarms, feed pumps, and blowdown valves. It also covers boiler inspection requirements, defects to look for, and illegal boiler repairs.
This document discusses several major industrial accidents involving fires, explosions, and toxic releases from process plants. It begins by describing the 1984 Bhopal disaster in India, where a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide plant killed thousands. Subsequent sections provide details on additional accidents, including the Piper Alpha oil rig fire in 1988 and the BP Texas City refinery explosion in 2005. The document outlines common hazards in process industries like fires, explosions, and toxic releases, and describes phenomena that can cause accidents such as vapor cloud explosions and BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) events.
Manual handling is any transporting or supporting of a load by workers and occurs in many work environments. It can result in musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) like back pain if heavy loads are lifted repeatedly without rest. Forklifts are used in material handling to reduce MSDs from manual handling, but forklift operation also presents risks if not properly maintained. Forklift seats need to accommodate a range of operator body sizes and enable safe, comfortable postures to minimize MSD risks from prolonged sitting.
The document discusses occupational health and safety (OHS) issues in India's micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) sector. It notes that the MSME sector plays an important role in the Indian economy but that OHS practices are lacking, leading to many accidents. Common diseases and hazards in the MSME sector include those caused by chemicals like lead and noise. It recommends that MSMEs implement an OHS management system based on the PDCA (plan-do-check-act) cycle and integrate OHS with overall management. Regular risk assessments should also be conducted to identify and address hazards. Improving OHS will require awareness, training, resources, and making it a business priority.
The document outlines an assignment to prepare emergency response plans for various establishments. It provides links to reference materials on emergency response plans, including a chapter from a health and safety construction textbook and useful YouTube videos. Students are to work in groups to develop emergency response plans that maximize survival, minimize danger, and ensure communication during emergencies.
The document discusses the importance of diversity and inclusion in the workplace. It notes that a diverse workforce leads to better problem solving and decision making by bringing in a variety of perspectives. The document also stresses that a culture of inclusion is necessary to fully benefit from diversity by ensuring all employees feel respected, engaged, and able to contribute their unique skills and backgrounds.
The document provides recommendations for optimizing an office workstation setup to promote health and prevent injury. It suggests adjusting the seat, backrest, keyboard, mouse, and monitor heights to maintain neutral postures. Proper lighting and taking breaks are also recommended to minimize eye strain when working long hours on a computer. Photos of the workstation from the side and top can be sent for an ergonomic review. Good work practices like adjusting posture regularly and minimizing distractions are also advised.
Este documento describe cómo crear un mapa de riesgos para evaluar los puestos de trabajo. El mapa de riesgos resume los resultados de varios métodos de evaluación e identifica las tareas riesgosas, las partes del cuerpo más comprometidas, y las acciones necesarias para mejorar la seguridad. El mapa permite separar las tareas seguras de las de alto riesgo y cumplir con las regulaciones sobre seguridad laboral.
El documento presenta un análisis ergonómico del puesto de trabajo de una asistente administrativa utilizando el método RULA. Se describe el cargo y la trabajadora, y se analizan factores como la postura, el espacio de trabajo, la silla y el estrés. El análisis aplicando RULA asigna puntuaciones a diferentes partes del cuerpo para determinar el riesgo de lesiones. Se concluye que existen riesgos como tendinitis y dolor de espalda, y se recomiendan cambios como ejercicios er
Electrical Safety is a concern for many organizations. An electrical safety audit can help identify electrical hazards, issues with safety programs and manuals, and gaps in site safety assessments. The audit evaluates safety protocols like hazard analysis, protective equipment requirements, and employee training. Regular audits can help improve safety, ensure compliance, and reduce accidents and liability.
Ergonomía - “Evaluación de puestos de trabajo”Fabio Panarisi
El documento resume la evaluación ergonómica del puesto de trabajo de Daniel Benegas en una empresa metalúrgica. Se detectaron problemas como largos períodos de pie, malas posturas al levantar chapas, y exposición a ruido y vibraciones. Como consecuencia, Daniel experimenta dolores musculares y articulares. Se recomienda proveerle fajas, capacitarlo en posturas correctas, proveerle un asiento y protección auditiva, e implementar amortiguadores en las máquinas.
The bow tie method is a risk assessment and communication tool that graphically displays the relationship between potential hazards, threats, consequences, and control measures. It takes the shape of a bow tie, with the hazard and potential consequences at either end connected by a causal chain of threats and control barriers. The document explains the origins and development of the bow tie method, provides examples of its application in different sectors, and outlines the process for creating a bow tie diagram. Strengths of the bow tie method include its ability to visually depict risk assessments, promote stakeholder involvement, distinguish preventative from resilience controls, and consider all credible scenarios.
1) The document discusses occupational safety and health (OSH) in Malaysia from 2011-2015 under the OSH Master Plan (OSH-MP15).
2) It provides statistics on workplace accident rates from 2004-2012, showing a reduction in fatality and injury rates. Targets are set to further reduce rates by 2015.
3) The OSH-MP15 consists of 4 strategies to improve OSH: strengthening government leadership, promoting preventive culture, increasing industry leadership, and enhancing partnerships. Progress updates in 2012 show completion rates ranging from 41-63% across the strategies.
4) Outputs discussed include outreach programs, OSH in schools initiatives, and mentorship programs. Research studies conducted
This document presents research on validating and comparing three ergonomic risk assessment methods - RULA, REBA, and Strain Index - for manual labor jobs under India's MGNREGA program. Data was collected through surveys, video analysis, and applying the risk assessment tools to tasks like digging. Chi-square tests found the tools validly associated with reported pain levels. Agreement between tools was moderate to substantial, showing they capture similar but non-identical risks. The research aims to help identify and reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
The document discusses the key changes between ISO/IEC 27001:2005 and ISO/IEC 27001:2013 for information security management systems. Some key changes include removing ambiguous controls, adding new controls, segregating existing controls into new domains, and changing from 11 domains and 133 controls in 2005 to 14 domains and 114 controls in 2013. Organizations currently certified to the 2005 standard have until September 2015 to transition to the new 2013 version. The transition requires activities like gap analysis, updating documentation, and revising the risk assessment and statement of applicability.
Este documento trata sobre diseños de puestos de trabajo y medición del trabajo. Explica conceptos clave de la ergonomía como adaptar el trabajo al ser humano y diseñar sistemas de trabajo teniendo en cuenta factores humanos. También describe métodos ergonómicos como el manejo de cargas y RULA para evaluar puestos de trabajo.
The human resources (HR) function is at the centre of most employers’ efforts to identify, hire and retain the people the organization needs to execute its strategy and achieve its goals.But the HR function is a key player within the organization’s compliance structure as well.
There are numerous laws and regulations governing the employment relationship that HR professionals must understand and navigate in order to help ensure their organizations avoid costly fines and other penalties, including the potential harm to the organization’s reputation.
This presentation will help the organizations to focus on the HR legal requirements and manage the HR compliance in an effective manner.
BLOQUE: SEGURIDAD MINERA
Conferencia magistral
Paulo Henrique Humberto Rheinbolt
Process and Industrial Safety Consultant
Det Norske Veritas Business Assurance Brazil
Jueves 19 de setiembre, 2013
This document discusses workplace ergonomics and wellness. It covers topics like defining ergonomics, employee ergonomics principles, occupational hazards, stress, and yoga and its benefits for stress management. Simple stretches and exercises are demonstrated that can be done at the workstation to relieve stress and tension. Maintaining wellness and adopting ergonomic practices are important for employee health and reducing work-related injuries.
Use of ergonomics risk assessment tools on construction sitevivatechijri
Construction industry is one of the 7th industry with high risk exposure. The prevalent problem with construction industry in recent years is the health of construction workers. In residential construction sites workers daily activities includes Material handling, prolonged standing, bending, etc. this leads to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s). Some techniques are required to identify and control WRMSDs. Ergonomics involves the interaction between human, technology and organization in the purpose of optimizing well-being, health and performance. The aim of research is performing ergonomics risk assessment based on which ergonomics risk factors in building construction site is obtained and to give an overview of ergonomic risks at workplace by some of the observational methods that can be used for assessment. Through ergonomics risk assessment tools such as checklist (questionnaire), REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) and QEC (Quick Exposure Check) data is collected. Risk rank order for activities are determined by RII (Relative Importance Index). Comparison of tool QEC and REBA is done and analysis is done in SPSS. The result showed that most workers are at higher and medium risk on residential construction site. Based on the analysis and findings task need to redesigned and reassessed so that it can be safely carried out. In an appendix we have included a brief presentation of these methods together with the work sheet (if available) and the reference source of the observational method.
Ergonomics is the science of designing workplaces and equipment to fit workers' physical capabilities. This document outlines ergonomic hazards like poor posture, repetitive motions, heavy lifting, and more. It discusses how ergonomics can help reduce injuries by improving the relationship between workers and their environment. The document also provides examples of ergonomic tools that can be used to assess risks and recommendations to improve workspaces and reduce strain, such as adjustable furniture, anti-fatigue mats, and taking regular breaks.
Ergonomics is the science of designing workplaces and equipment to fit workers' physical capabilities. This document outlines ergonomic hazards like poor posture, repetitive motions, heavy lifting, and more. It discusses how ergonomics can help reduce injuries by improving the relationship between workers and their environment. The document also provides examples of ergonomic tools and analyses that can be used to assess risks and prioritize improvements. Potential hazards and control measures are identified for office and laboratory settings. In summary, this document defines ergonomics and explores how to analyze and address ergonomic issues in the workplace.
Ergonomics is the science of designing workplaces and equipment to fit workers' physical capabilities. This document outlines ergonomic hazards like poor posture, repetitive motions, heavy lifting, and more. It discusses how ergonomics can help reduce injuries by improving the relationship between workers and their environment. The document also provides examples of ergonomic tools that can be used to assess risks and recommendations to improve workstation design, lighting, seating, and other factors. The goal of ergonomics is to adapt work to individuals rather than forcing individuals to adapt to potentially unsafe work conditions.
This document discusses user errors with medical devices and how to conduct a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) focused on user errors. It recommends expanding the traditional FMEA process to include a task analysis to understand user behaviors and identify potential use errors. A 12-step process is outlined for conducting a use error-focused FMEA, including forming a team, conducting a task analysis, brainstorming potential use errors, analyzing effects and assigning severity and probability ratings to derive risk levels and priorities. The goal is to identify design changes that can eliminate or reduce risks from use errors.
This lesson plan teaches students about workplace hazards and safety. It defines hazards and risks, identifies the five main workplace hazards as biological, chemical, physical, ergonomic, and psychological. Students play a game to identify hazards in different settings and classify examples. They discuss why identifying hazards is important for occupational health and safety procedures. The lesson evaluates students' understanding of hazards and asks them to identify hazards at home and prevention methods.
Psychology in ergonomics by Jayadeva de SilvaSelf-employed
This document discusses cognitive ergonomics and how understanding cognitive factors can help build a safer, more efficient and productive workplace environment. It covers various cognitive elements like perception, attention, decision making, and attitudes. It provides examples of how companies like Abbott, Intel and Nissan have applied cognitive ergonomics principles to encourage safety, empower employees and link performance metrics to safety. The document emphasizes that both leadership and employees must work together to integrate cognitive ergonomics into company policies, values and culture to create a rewarding workplace.
IRJET- A Study of Plausible Ergonomic Risk Factors in Construction Industries...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on ergonomic risk factors in the construction industry and potential remedial measures. It identifies several key risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among construction workers, including repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, vibration, and long duration of exposures. Through a survey of workers, it was found that biomechanical factors like contact stress, awkward postures, and force were most significant. Among psycho-social factors, stress from deadlines and low training levels posed main problems. The study suggests various control methods can be implemented, including eliminating hazards, substituting hazardous materials/tools, engineering controls, administrative controls, use of personal protective equipment, ergonomic tool design, training and education programs, and
To improve and enlightening production ergonomics is a search widespread to numerous organizations in diverse engineering and management zones. At the foundation is an ambition to eradicate hazards for job concerned musculoskeletal disorders, but recent observations on ergonomics have developed the discipline from a merely physiological, anthropometrical, and Psychosocial influential apprehension to an organizational, systems performance discipline. This research recommends that in an organization ergonomics infrastructure is made up of the structural, technical, executive and stakeholder comparative circumstances that allow or obstruct development of ergonomics. These circumstances spotlight on the positioning of diverse employees towards ergonomics concerns in an organization, the relationships between user, workers or employees, scenario, scheme and strategy they use for arguments, and the manipulate that occur from industry-particular culture, insolences and technical incorporation (or elimination) of ergonomics into engineering and production progressions. The information deduced from the research in this paper has been produced together with pertinent theoretical perceptions originated in the literature, into a Tentative Agenda which conducts empirical data assembly intended at planning the ergonomics infrastructure in an organization. Its step-by-step methodical appraisal of circumstances at diverse hierarchical levels in the organization should serve ergonomics experts and managers alike in classifying pathways and obstructions to improve production ergonomics.
Ergonomics is a field dealing with adjusting work environments to fit workers. Key areas discussed include human-machine relationships, office ergonomics using adjustable equipment, and the Alexander technique for improving posture. Risk factors like repetitive motions and psychosocial stressors can cause injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome. Effective ergonomics programs use a proactive approach, integrate the process into continuous improvement, and engage employees in assessing and adjusting their own workstations. New standards provide guidance on ergonomic principles, while innovations aim to apply ergonomics upstream in design and use computer modeling to evaluate different scenarios.
The document discusses new trends in industrial engineering, focusing on ergonomics. It covers various aspects of ergonomics including human-machine relationships, office ergonomics, the Alexander technique, psychosocial factors, ergonomic injuries, and standards. Key areas of ergonomics discussed include cognitive ergonomics, participatory ergonomics, and innovations in computer-aided ergonomic modeling and sports equipment design to improve human factors. Overall, the document outlines new approaches in managing workplace ergonomics programs with a focus on proactive, integrated processes that engage employees in assessing and improving work conditions.
Ergonomics is defined as the science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to human capabilities. The goal of ergonomics is to improve health and productivity by designing tasks, equipment, and workspaces to match human physical and cognitive abilities. It takes into account physical, cognitive and organizational factors like repetitive strain injuries, mental workload, shift work and job satisfaction. Ergonomics principles can be applied to work environments as well as other settings like driving to help prevent accidents and injuries.
The document discusses ergonomics and its importance in workplace design. It defines ergonomics as the scientific discipline concerned with understanding interactions between humans and other elements of a system to optimize human well-being and performance. Ergonomics aims to design products, workplaces and systems to suit people rather than forcing people to adapt. Applying ergonomic principles can help reduce injuries, improve productivity, quality and employee engagement while lowering costs. The Alexander Technique is highlighted as a training method that helps people develop skills to apply ergonomic principles by improving awareness of their posture and movement.
Ergonomics is the study of optimizing the interface between human beings and designed objects and environments. It aims to improve work performance by removing sources of stress and fatigue through factors like easy-to-view data presentation, comfortable furniture, and a pleasant work environment. Ergonomics applies scientific principles to optimize human well-being and system performance in areas like physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. Implementing ergonomics principles in design leads to benefits like increased safety, reduced human error, improved usability, and lower costs.
Ergonomics is the study of human capabilities in relationship to work demands. It refers to the interaction between the worker, the work being done, and the workspace environment. The goal of ergonomics is to improve this interaction by designing the job, tools, and workspace to fit the worker in order to reduce physical stress and prevent injuries. A brief history of ergonomics discussed its origins in fitting tasks to workers and improving human-machine interaction, as well as more recent focus areas like cognitive and system ergonomics.
The document discusses exoskeletons and how they can be used as personal protective equipment (PPE) to help prevent injuries in the workplace. It describes how exoskeletons work by augmenting the user's strength and reducing strain on the body. The document also notes that while exoskeleton technology is promising for injury prevention, issues around cost, comfort and adoption need to be addressed before widespread implementation.
This document discusses how applying ergonomic principles can improve safety, health, quality, and productivity in industry. It examines common ergonomic issues for welders like inhaling fumes, eye injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders from awkward postures. Applying ergonomics means designing tools and tasks to fit human capabilities and limitations. This can lead to fewer injuries, higher quality work, increased productivity, and cost savings from reducing workplace injuries over time. Examples show how simple design changes like adding handles to equipment or adjustable workstations can significantly improve worker comfort and performance.
Acclimatization of the human body saeed alhashimi copySaadBaghduwala
The document discusses acclimatization of the human body to changing climatic conditions. It explains that the human body gradually adjusts physiologically to changes in temperature and climate through a natural process called acclimatization. However, large changes can cause physiological stress, especially for elderly or sick individuals. Factors like age, existing illnesses, and the magnitude of climatic changes affect how well the human body can acclimatize.
Acclimatization of the human body saeed alhashimi copySaadBaghduwala
The document discusses acclimatization of the human body to changing climatic conditions. It explains that the human body gradually adjusts physiologically to changes in temperature and climate through a natural process called acclimatization. However, large changes can cause physiological stress, especially for elderly or sick individuals. Factors like age, existing illnesses, and the magnitude of climatic changes affect how well the human body can acclimatize.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
3. Ergonomics
VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:
The study of man’s relationship with his or her
workplace.
Fitting the task to the person rather than forcing
him/her to adapt to the work environment.
Designing the workplace to prevent occupational
injury and illness.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 3
4. Ergonomics
VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:
Discovering the capabilities and limitations of the
human body.
The art and science that addresses workers’ job
performance and well-being in relation to their job
tasks, tools, equipment and environment.
The study of the relationship between people and
machines or between employees and their
environment.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 4
5. Ergonomics
VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:
The study of the interaction between the
worker and the process at the workplace.
WHAT OTHER DEFINITIONS
HAVE YOU HEARD?
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 5
6. Ergonomics
ERGONOMICS PLAYS A ROLE IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF
ALL WORKPLACE INJURIES. ERGONOMICS WILL HELP:
Improve quality.
Improve absenteeism.
Maintain a healthier work force.
Reduce injury and illness rates.
Acceptance of high-turnover jobs.
Workers feel good about their work.
Reduce workers’ compensation costs.
Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level of awareness.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 6
7. Ergonomics
“It is estimated that in the United States,
97% of the money spent for medical care is
directed toward treatment of an illness,
injury or disability. Only 3% is spent on
prevention.”
Self-help Manual for your Back
H. Duane Saunders, MSPT
by Educational Opportunities
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 7
8. Historical progression of WMSDs
(Work related Musculoskeletel disorders)
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 8
9. Ergonomics
A Multi-disciplinary Approach
THINK ABOUT THE NUMBER
OF WAYS ERGONOMICS
IMPACTS OUR
DAILY LIFE!
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 9
10. Ergonomics
A Multi-disciplinary Approach
FOR EXAMPLE!
The science of ergonomics is
critically important in the
continuing development of
the
AUTOMOBILE!
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 10
11. Ergonomics
A Multi-disciplinary Approach
THE FOLLOWING DISCIPLINES HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IN
DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE:
Economics
Sociology
Physiology
Psychology
Biomechanics
Physical Sciences
Management Philosophies
Engineering, Industrial Design
Safety & Health, Human Factors Engineering
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 11
12. Program Implementation
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ERGONOMIC PROGRAM REQUIRES:
Personal Interest
Dedication
Management Commitment
NOTE:
UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE IS
ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 12
13. Typical Applications
APPLICATIONS
Work station design
Tool selection and design
Office safety improvement
Video display terminals (VDT’s) safety
Back injury reduction and prevention
Manual material handling improvement
Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) reduction
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 13
14. Industrial Hygiene And
Ergonomic Controls
ENGINEERING CONTROLS 1st CHOICE
Work Station Design Tool Selection and Design
Process Modification Mechanical Assist
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS 2nd CHOICE
Training Programs Job Rotation/Enlargement
Pacing Policy and Procedures
PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE
Gloves Wraps
Shields Eye Protection
Non-Slip Shoes Aprons
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 14
15. Source of ergonomic
hazards
1. The work itself
2. The workstation
3. Workpiece / tools
4. Working environment
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 15
16. Industrial Hygiene And
Ergonomic Controls
OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS:
Occupational risk factors are defined as any attribute of a job or
task that we know increases the probability of injury or illness.
INAPPROPRIATE
1. Force - Including- Internal or External
2. Posture - Such as - Extreme Twisting or Bending
3. Repetition - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion
4. Insufficient Rest - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 16
17. Industrial Hygiene And
Ergonomic Controls
WORKSITE ANALYSIS IS DIVIDED INTO 4 MAIN PARTS:
1. Gathering information from available sources.
2. Conducting baseline screening surveys to determine which
jobs need a closer analysis.
3. Performing ergonomic job hazard analyses of those work
stations with identified risk factors.
4. After implementing control measures, conducting periodic
surveys and follow-up to evaluate changes.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 17
18. Industrial Hygiene And
Ergonomic Controls
TANGIBLE INDICATORS:
Accident Records
Production Records
Personnel Records
Employee Surveys
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 18
19. WORKSITE ANALYSIS
Continued
SYMPTOM SURVEY
1. Note areas of pain
or discomfort!
2. What do you feel is
the source?
3. What environmental
changes would help?
4. What other feedback
can be gathered?
FRONT BACK
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 19
20. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND
ERGONOMIC CONTROLS
WHAT TANGIBLE
INDICATORS
WOULD BE MOST
USEFUL TO YOU?
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 20
21. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND
ERGONOMIC CONTROLS
INCIDENCE RATES: incidence rates for upper extremity
disorders and/or back injuries should be calculated by counting
the incidences of CTDs and reporting the incidences per 100 full
time workers per year per facility.
INCIDENCE RATE
(NUMBER OF NEW CASES (200,000 WORK HRS*) PER FACILITY
NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YR
200,000 = approximate annual work hours for 100 workers.
The same method should be applied to departments, production lines, or
job types within each facility.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 21
22. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND
ERGONOMIC CONTROLS
• SAMPLE INCIDENCE RATE CALCULATION:
(Number of new cases (200,000 work hrs*) per facility
Number of hours worked/facility/yr
If you experienced 2 carpal tunnel cases last year, in a population of 100 employees.
What is the incidence rate?
2 X 200,000
IR =
100 X (50 X 40 hrs)
400,000 IR = 2 CASES OF CARPAL TUNNEL PER
IR =
200,000 100 PERSON-YEARS OF EXPOSURE
* 200,000 = approximate annual work hours for 100 workers.
* The same method should be applied to departments, production lines, or job types
within each facility.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 22
23. ANTHROPOMETRY
ANTHROPOMETRY:
The technology of measuring and
quantifying various human physical traits
such as size, weight, proportion, mobility
and strength.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 23
24. Anthropometry
Engineering
Anthropometry:
The application of anthropometric
data to equipment, workplace and job
design to enhance the
efficiency, safety and comfort of the
operator.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 24
25. Anthropometric
Measurements
• When designing products it is important to
remember that people come in many sizes
and shapes.
• Anthropometric data varies considerably
between regional populations.
• For example, Scandinavian populations tend
to be taller, while Asian and Italian
populations tend to be shorter.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 25
26. Anthropometric
Measurements
The relative sizes of different percentile humans.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 26
27. Anthropometric
Measurements
• It is common practice to design for the 5th percentile
(5th%) female to the 95th percentile (95th%) male.
• The 5th% female value for a particular dimension (e.g.
Sitting height) usually represents the smallest
measurement for design in a population.
• Conversely, a 95th% male value may represent the largest
dimension for which one is designing.
• The 5th% to 95th% range accommodates approximately
90% of the population.
• To design for a larger portion of the population, one might
use the range from the 1st% female to the 99th% male.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 27
28. Common Ranges Of
Measurements (For Office
Furniture Design.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 28
30. Common ranges of measurements
used in office furniture design.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 30
31. Common Workplace
Postures
There are common postures found in the
office environment that can be considered
when designing workplace products or
space.
• Standing
• Sitting
• Reaching
• Moving
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 31
32. Standing
Desk height for a standing operator can range from 28 - 43“
(Grandjean, 1997) depending on whether the desk is for precision,
light, or heavy work.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 32
33. Sitting
• Knowing what parameters to design for while the user
is seated can help increase the comfort of the user.
• Common seated anthropometric measurements can
be seen in slide 17
• Spine and Lumbar
– Maintaining the neutral, or standing shape of the lumbar, or
lower spinal area, is important for comfort and posture.
– Chairs can give appropriate and correct lumbar support.
– This seated lumbar support will help the spine maintain an S-
shaped curve similar to the spine’s shape when standing (as
seen in Figure 5.)
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 33
35. Sitting
• Posture
– Correct seated posture is a continual debate with
ergonomic professionals.
– Some say that users need to have a 90-90-90 degree
placement for the elbow, hip, and knee joints,
respectively.
– Others feel that a variation in this placement is better, as
long as it does not lead to slouching or hunching over.
– A good seated posture is one that is comfortable and
does not put a lot of stress or strain on the user’s
buttocks, back, or arm muscles, and allows the user’s
feet to be on the floor.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 35
36. Reaching
• The workstation, and parts that go with
workstations (such as overhead storage and
pedestals), should allow the majority of
movement of the user’s body joints within
healthy zones.
• When designing products, consider how much
individuals will have to reach in order to
minimize awkward or unhealthy positions.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 36
37. Moving
• Users will move around in their environment to file
papers, answer a phone, or stretch.
• An occasional break from sitting is encouraged
because it helps to stimulate muscles, and increases
blood flow, which decreases fatigue.
• The space in a cubicle or desk area should allow the
chair to move around easily.
• Also, a wheelchair may need to turn around or move in
the office space, requiring a 60" diameter turning
radius and at least 36" of passage width
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 37
38. Moving
• Chairs and other devices in the workspace can allow the user to
easily get up and move around without having to move armrests,
adjust other chair settings, or put undue stress on the body.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 38
39. Ranges of motion (ROM) for
different joints.
• Zone 0 (Green Zone)
Preferred zone for most movements.
Puts minimal stress on muscles and joints.
• Zone 1 (Yellow Zone)
Preferred zone for most movements.
Puts minimal stress on muscles and joints.
• Zone 2 (Red Zone)
More extreme position for limbs. Puts greater
strain on muscles and joints.
• Zone 3 (Beyond Red Zone)
Most extreme positions for limbs, should be
avoided if possible, especially with heavy
lifting or repetitive tasks.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 39
40. Repetitive Motions
• If repetitive tasks are necessary, minimizing the
number of continuous movements can help reduce the
risk of injuries.
• There is no specific number for minimum daily
repetitions.
• The factors affecting repetitive tasks include user’s
muscle strength, amount of force required, and type of
task.
• Decreasing the amount of force required to perform a
task will also lower the risk of pain and musculoskeletal
disorders.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 40
45. Wrist posture with
the keyboard
placed at different
positions, including
flat, positive, and
negative tilt
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 45
46. When body joints are in
awkward postures, maximum
force produced decreases.
Muscle fatigue will occur
earlier when working in an
awkward posture instead of a
neutral posture.
Hand dynamometer
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 46
47. Pinch grip & power grip
A power grip curls the
fingers toward the palm;
a pinch grip presses the
thumb against the
fingers of the hand or an
object, and does not
involve the palm.
The amount of force that
can be generated
depends on the type of
grip and the width of the
grip.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 47
48. Fatigue Failure
Endplate fractures usually occur through
repeated loading, by a process known as
fatigue failure
The vertebrae of the back can have multiple
sub-failures that are not visible but can result
in complete failure over time.
The number of cycles that lead to failure of
the vertebrae varies across the population.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 48
49. Moment Arms And Lifting
Principles
• Reduce the weight of the object being lifted.
• Keep loads close to the body when lifting.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 49
50. Moment Arms And Lifting
The length of the moment arm
and weight of the object both
affect the forces exerted by the
lower-back muscles.
The size and shape of the object
lifted or carried, existence of
barriers, and design of
workstations are all factors that
affect the moment arm of an
object being lifted or carried.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 50
51. Ergonomic Risk Factors
PERSONAL RISK FACTORS
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Attitude
4. Training
5. Strength
6. Work Method
7. Anthropometry
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 51
52. Ergonomic Risk Factors
JOB RISK FACTORS
1. Weight of load
2. Location/size of load
3. Frequency of the Task
4. Duration and pace of cycle
5. Stability of load
6. Coupling of load
7. Travel distances of worker
8. Reach distances of worker
9. Symmetry between worker and the object
held
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 52
53. Ergonomic Risk Factors
JOB RISK FACTORS
10. Static work posture
a) Standing
b) Sitting
11. Work platforms or stairs
12. Torso flexion (bending)
a) Mild (up to 45 degrees)
b) Severe (greater than 45 degrees)
13. Work heights (too high or too low)
14. Floor surfaces (wet, smooth, vibration)
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 53
54. Ergonomic Risk Factors
JOB RISK FACTORS
15. Environment
a) Hot (sweat, reduced grip, fatigue)
b) Cold (gloves reduce grip by as much as 30%)
16. Lighting
a) posture problems (because of inability to see)
17. Noise/vibration
a) Frequency very important
b) Can amplify through the body
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 54
55. Ergonomic Risk Factors
WHAT ARE THE
PRIMARY RISK
FACTORS
ASSOCIATED WITH
YOUR JOB?
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 55
56. Job And Task Analysis
UNIT LOADS:
DEFINED AS:
The unit to be moved or handled
at any one time.
THE CONTAINER, CARRIER, OR SUPPORT USED
TO MOVE MATERIALS MUST BE INCLUDED AS PART OF THE
UNIT LOAD.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 56
57. Job And Task Analysis
FACTORS AFFECTING UNIT LOADS
The material to be utilized
The quantity of material to be handled
The susceptibility of the material to damage
The number of times the unit load is handled
The receiving, storing, shipping, and handling methods
The environmental conditions to which the load is exposed
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 57
58. Job And Task Analysis
DESIGNING THE UNIT LOAD
Optimize the weight of the load
Reduce the size of the load
Insure stability of the load
Optimize load coupling
- HAND TO LOAD
- FOOT TO FLOOR
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 58
59. Job And Task Analysis
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Fundamental Movements or acts
“ELEMENT”
- Search - Inspect
- Select - Assemble
- Grasp - Disassemble
- Reach - Delay (unavoidable)
- Move - Delay (avoidable)
- Hold - Plan
- Position - Rest (overcome fatigue)
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 59
60. Job And Task Analysis
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
The time required to complete one sequence of tasks
sub- tasks, or elements.
“CYCLE”
Example:
1. Assemble new box
2. Put bottles in box from conveyor
3. Stack boxes on pallet
4. Go to step 1
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 60
61. Job And Task Analysis
TASK ANALYSIS
Identify the job to study
Collect the data
Evaluate the data
Formulate control measures
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 61
62. Job And Task Analysis
IDENTIFYING THE JOB TO STUDY
Accident investigations
Accident statistics
Complaints & operator feedback
Production bottlenecks, high errors
High employee turnover jobs
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 62
63. Job And Task Analysis
COLLECTING THE DATA
Direct observation
Video tape
Action photographs
Documentary accounts
Accident statistics
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 63
64. Job And Task Analysis
EVALUATING THE DATA
Task description
Sub-task description
Element description
Risk factor/hazard identification
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 64
65. Job And Task Analysis
FORMULATING CONTROL MEASURES
Application of ergonomic principles
Corrective action for non-compliance
Eliminate or reduce exposure
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 65
66. Job And Task Analysis
TASK ANALYSIS FORM
TASK DESCRIPTION - Action Being Performed
LEFT HAND - Usage
RIGHT HAND - Usage
FREQUENCY - Usually per minute
NOTES - Supporting information
POSTURE - Acceptable to extreme
FORCE - High, Medium, Low
DURATION - Length of Stressor
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 66
67. Job And Work Station Design
GOOD JOB DESIGN
REDUCES Discomfort, Fatigue, Aches & Pains
Injuries & Illnesses, Work Restrictions
AVOIDS Absenteeism, Turnover, Complaints,
Poor Performance, Poor Vigilance
ABATES Accidents, Production Problems,
Poor Quality, Scrap/Rework
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 67
68. Job And Work Station Design
GOOD JOB DESIGN
EMPLOYEE:
PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Earning Power,
Loss in Quality of Life, Pain & Suffering
EMPLOYER:
PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Expertise,
Compensation Costs, Damaged Goods
& Equipment
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 68
69. Job And Work Station Design
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Design for the Range-of-Motion of the Worker
Design for the Field of Vision of the Worker
Design out Extreme Ranges-of-Motion
Reduce Force in Job Accomplishment
Reduce the Frequency of Motions Required
Reduce the Duration of a Specific Task
Design to Provide Adequate Support to Back, and Legs
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 69
70. Job And Work Station Design
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Incorporate Adjustable Work Surfaces
Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Heights
Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Reaches
Design Work Platforms with Ranges-of-Movement
Incorporate the use of Mechanical or Powered Assists
Incorporate the use of Suspension Devices for Tools
Incorporate the use of Floor mats to Reduce Leg Trauma
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 70
71. Job And Work Station Design
THE BOTTOM LINE
Do not design for the average!
Do not design for yourself!
The large must be able to fit!
The small must be able to reach!
Design for a range!
Design for adjustability!
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 71
72. Job And Work Station Design
WHAT ADDITIONAL
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
CAN YOU THINK OF
FOR WORK
STATIONS?
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 72
73. Job And Work Station Design
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Consider the Gender and Age of Users.
The Specific Use of the Tool Is Critical.
Contact Manufactures for Their Assistance.
Make Informed Decisions Before You Buy.
Don’t be Fooled by Misleading Advertising.
Any Other (than its intended) Use Negates Possibly All
Benefits and May Prove to be Detrimental to an Ergonomic
Program.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 73
74. Job And Work Station Design
REMEMBER
A TOOL WHICH IS CALLED AN
“ERGONOMIC TOOL”
IS ONLY AN ERGONOMIC TOOL
WHEN IT IS USED FOR ITS INTENDED
PURPOSE
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 74
76. Tool Design And Selection
Tools come in endless variety, the next few slides
provide some considerations to think about.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 76
77. Tool Design And Selection
HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS
Criteria consideration
Diameter - avoid one size fits all
Hand fit - avoid grooves and contours
that cause pressure points
Handle - non-conductive
Material - textured to avoid slip or twist
- Consider thickness
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 77
78. Tools whose handles
are sized and
shaped to
complement the
hand, require less
effort to use, thereby
reducing the muscle
fatigue that leads to
discomfort.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 78
79. Tool Design And Selection
HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS
Criteria consideration
Orientation - accommodates straight wrist?
Span - not too large to grasp easily?
Grip strength - consider powered tools when
operator has difficulty with
forces or high repetition!
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 79
80. Adjustability in tools, or
multiple tool designs, is
important because it
allows for neutral postures
to be adopted
When selecting or
purchasing a
tool, consider the ability of
the tool’s handle to be
adjusted in multiple
positions to keep the wrist
in a neutral posture
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 80
81. Tool Design And Selection
GUARDING CONSIDERATIONS
Criteria consideration
Pinch points - pinch and nip points covered?
- Stopper to avoid closing fingers?
Exhaust - pointed away from hand and body?
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 81
82. Tool Design And Selection
FREE HAND CONSIDERATIONS
Criteria consideration
Free hand use - jigs and fixtures to hold work
- Fixtures can even hold tool
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 82
83. When purchasing heavy power tools, consider features that allow the
tool to be held with both hands.
When operating heavy tools, take advantage of features that allow for
greater control of the tool and less fatigue.
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 83
84. Tool Design And Selection
STORAGE OF TOOL BETWEEN CYCLES
Criteria consideration
Between cycles - suspend if frequently grasped or
released
- Consider workstation or waist
mounted holster
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 84
85. Tool Design And Selection
POWER TOOLS
Criteria consideration
Center of - should be near fist
Gravity - avoid nose-heavy tools
Weight - support or counterbalance
if over two pounds
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 85
86. Tool Design And Selection
POWER TOOLS
Criteria consideration
Trigger location - placed with grip so digits
don’t have to reach
Trigger tension - light enough to avoid fatigue,
heavy enough to avoid
accidental activation
Size - preferably large enough to
span multiple fingers
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 86
87. Tool Design And Selection
POWER TOOLS
Criteria consideration
Power - torque and speed should be adequate
to match fastening requirements
Hose connection - swivel connection reduces “moment”
created by dangling hose
Semester 2 2011/2012
Slide 87