1) The document provides data on industrial injuries in factories in India from 2000-2009 based on returns from the Labour Bureau of India. It shows trends in fatal, non-fatal, and total injuries over this period. 2) Tables show numbers and rates of industrial injuries per 1000 workers employed for different years. There are also tables showing disability and compensation paid for work-related injuries. 3) The document provides an overview of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) including common types, causes, risk factors, symptoms, and guidelines for identifying ergonomic risk factors.

1. Dr. Shrikant Sant (PT)
Asst. Professor
Community Physiotherapy Department
Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy
Pimpri, Pune.

4. Year
Number Incidence Number Incidence Number Incidence
rate(#) rate(#) rate(#)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2000 486 0.22 23490 10.70 23976 10.93
2001 627 0.29 27737 12.64 28364 12.93
2002 540 0.16 19913 5.98 20453 6.14
2003 525 0.11 15907 3.23 16432 3.33
2004 562 0.08 14458 2.13 15020 2.21
2005 613 0.09 14163 1.97 14776 2.06
2006 1068 0.13 18844 2.28 19912 2.41
2007 821 0.10 14469 1.81 15290 1.91
2008 478 0.06 5494 0.74 5972 0.80
2009 668 0.10 5983 0.92 6651 1.03
# Rate per 1000 workers employed.
Note : Data is based on the returns only.
LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT
Table 32.17: INDUSTRIAL INJURIES IN FACTORIES
Fatal Non-Fatal Total
Source: Labour Bureau Chandigarh, Ministry of Labour and Employment

5. Year
Death Total Death Total
Perma- Tempo- Perma- Tempo-
nent rary nent rary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2000 1377 1507 4765 7649 193004 104783 32016 329802
2001 1346 1520 4381 7247 221595 126183 32923 380701
2002 1501 1592 3649 6742 289912 150620 28297 468829
2003 1663 1912 4136 7706 371091 222800 45075 644964
2004 1581 1662 3507 6750 328612 127335 23599 479546
2005 1780 1522 2814 6116 380510 187074 49922 617506
2006 1514 1836 2425 5775 576160 249384 31319 856863
2007 1670 1144 2792 5606 376790 104336 80554 561680
2008 1344 982 2697 5023 432705 141225 40780 614710
2009 (P) 871 498 2343 3712 244983 55550 15985 316518
(P): Provisional
Note: 1. Figures relate to compensation of injuries under Workman's Compensation Act.
(`' 000)
_______________________________
2. The figures in the table above may not be strictly comparable due to difference in area covered
varying response or non- response etc.
LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT
Table 32.21: WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION
Source: Labour Bureau Shimla, Ministry of Labour and Employment
Disability Disability
Amount of compensation paid
Number of compensated injuries
_______________________________

6.  Work-Related
(WMSDs) are
occupational
Musculoskeletal
Disorders that
involve soft
tissues such as
muscles, tendons,
ligaments, joints,
blood vessels and
nerves

7. Daily stress to anatomical structures that
may occur when a person is exposed to
certain high risk activities
If the accumulating stress exceeds the
body’s normal recuperative ability,
inflammation of the tissue can follow
Chronic inflammation may lead to the
development of WMSDs
May require weeks, months or years for
development - and for recovery

8.  The Musculoskeletal System includes the
following:
• Bones – The load-bearing structure of the body
• Muscles- Tissue that contract to create movement
• Tendons – Tissues that connect muscles to bones
• Ligaments – Tissues that connect bones to bones
• Cartilage – Tissue that provides cushioning and
reduces friction between bones
• Nerves – Communication system that links muscles,
tendons and other tissue with the brain
• Blood Vessels – Tubes that circulate nutrients
throughout the body

9.  What Are Examples of WMSDs?
• Sprain – Overstretching or overexertion of a ligament
that results in a tear or rupture of the ligament
• Strain – Overstretching or overexertion of a muscle or
tendon
• Tendonitis – Inflammation of the tendon inside the
sheath
• Tenosynovitis – Inflammation of the sheath around the
tendon
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – Compression of the
median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in
the heel of the hand

10. • Tennis elbow or Golfer’s elbow – Medical term is
Epicondylitis – inflammation of the tendons at the
elbow.
• Trigger Finger – Common term for tendonitis or
tenosynovitis that causes painful locking of the
finger(s) while flexing
• Pitcher’s Shoulder – Rotator cuff tendonitis –
inflammation of one or more tendons at the shoulder
• White Finger – Medical term is Reynaud’s
Phenomenon – constriction of the blood vessels in the
hands and fingers
• Digital Neuritis – Compression of the nerves along
the sides of the fingers or thumbs

18. Caused by
operating
vibrating
machinery –
especially in
cold, damp
weather

20.  Painful joints
 Pain in wrists, shoulders, forearms, knees,
etc.
 Pain, tingling or numbness in hands or feet
 Fingers or toes turning white
 Shooting or stabbing pains in arms or legs
 Back or neck pain
 Swelling or inflammation
 Stiffness
 Burning sensations
 Weakness or clumsiness in hands; dropping
things

22.  Awkward Postures
 High Hand Force
 Highly Repetitive Motion
 Repeated Impact
 Heavy, Frequent or Awkward
Lifting
 Moderate to High Hand-Arm
Vibration
Caution
Zone
Look for These Indicators:

23. Being in these work positions for
more than 2 hours total per day
• Hands above head
• Elbows above shoulder
• Back bent forward more than 30 degrees
• Neck bent more than 30 degrees
• Squatting
• Kneeling

24. For more than 2 hours per day

25. For more than 2 hours per day

26. For more than 2 hours per day

27. For more than 2 hours per day

28. For more than 2 hours per day

29. For more than 2 hours per day

30. For more than 2 hours per day

32. More than 2 hours per day of:
Pinching 2 or more
pounds weight or
4 or more pounds
force

33. More than 2 hours per day of:
Gripping 10 or more
pounds weight or
force

34. Workers repeat same motion every few
seconds for more than 2 hours per
day with:
• neck
• shoulders
• elbows
• wrists
• hands

35. Intensive keying
for more than 4 hours per day

36. Using hands or knees as a hammer
• more than 10 times per hour
• more than 2 hours per day

37. Lifting objects more than:
• 75 lbs. once/day
• 55 lbs. more than ten times/day
• 10 lbs. more than twice/minute
for more than 2 hours per day
• 25 lbs. above shoulders,
below knees, or at arms length
for more than 25 times/day

40. Moderate Level
more than
2 hours/day

42. High Level
More than
30 Min/day

43. Use a systematic method to look
at:
-physical demands
-layout of work area
-size, shape, and weight of objects
handled
The results will help to
determine controls

44. Risk factors become hazardous when:
-there is a longer duration of exposure
-there is greater intensity
-there is a combination of risk
factors

45. The ERGONOMIC TRIANGLE
FREQUENC
Y
FORCE
POSTURE
THE GOAL IS
TO ELIMINATE
AT LEAST ONE
FROM EVERY
TASK

46. Awkward Postures
•Shoulders: Hands above Head
Elbows above shoulders
For More Than 4 hrs/day

47. Awkward Postures
•Shoulders Repetitive : raising
>once/minute
For More Than 4 hrs/day

48. Awkward Positions
•Neck
–Bent >45° without support or
ability to vary posture
More than 4 hrs/day

49. Awkward
Positions•Back
–Bent forward >30° Without
support or ability to vary
posture
More than 4 hrs/day
–Bent forward >45° Without
support or ability to vary
posture
More than 2 hrs/day

50. •Knees - Squatting
More than 4 hrs/day
Awkward Positions

52. Awkward Positions
•Knees -kneeling
More than 4 hrs/day

53. High Hand Force
•Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Pinching unsupported object 2 or
more pounds/hand
Or
–Pinching with force of 4 or more
pounds/hand (1/2 ream of paper)
+
–Highly repetitive motion
More than 3 hrs/day

54. High Hand Force
•Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Pinching unsupported object 2 or
more pounds/hand
Or
–Pinching with force of 4 or more
pounds/hand (1/2 ream of paper)
+
–Wrists bent in flexion 30° or more,
or in extension 45° or more, or in
ulnar deviation 30° or more
More than 3 hrs/day

55. High Hand Force
•Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Pinching unsupported object 2 or
more pounds/hand
Or
–Pinching with force of 4 or more
pounds/hand (1/2 ream of paper)
+
–No other risk factors
More than 4 hrs/day

56. High Hand Force
•Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Gripping an unsupported object
10 lbs or > per hand
Or
–Gripping with force of 10 lbs or >
per hand (clamping light duty
jumper cables onto battery)
+
–Highly repetitive motion
More than 3 hrs/day

57. High Hand Force •Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Gripping an
unsupported object 10
lbs or > per hand
Or
–Gripping with force of
10 lbs or > per hand
(clamping light duty
jumper cables onto
battery)
+
–Wrists bent in flexion
30° or more, or in
extension 45° or more, or
in ulnar deviation 30° or
more
More than 3 hrs/day

58. High Hand Force •Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Gripping an
unsupported object 10
lbs or > per hand
Or
–Gripping with force of
10 lbs or > per hand
(clamping light duty
jumper cables onto
battery)
+
–No other Risk Factors
More than 4 hrs/day

59. Extension
Ulnar
Deviation
Flexion

60. Highly Repetitive Motion
•Intensive
Keying
Awkward posture,
including wrists
bent in flexion 30
or more, or in
extenson 45 or
more, or in ulnar
deviation 30° or
more