This document discusses ergonomics and occupational safety and health. It begins with an introduction to ergonomics, defining it and outlining its history. It then covers the objectives, types, principles, injuries, risk factors, and benefits of ergonomics. Specific examples of ergonomic risk factors like repetitive or sustained awkward postures are provided. The document concludes with a section on ergonomics in the Malaysian workplace and a list of references.

1. 05/27/15
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
KAS3501

2. GROUP MEMBERS MATRIC NO
MUHAMMAD ASHRAF B ABU BAKAR UK 30009
SALMI BT JAMAL UK 27701
GUNASANGKARI A/P SUBRAMANIAM UK 29550
NOR SYUHADA BINTI MOHD ZAKI UK 29569
NORASHIKIN BINTI OTHMAN UK 29570
AMIRA AQILAH BINTI SAFIAN UK 29527
Group 19

3. 05/27/15
Table of content:
i. History of ergonomic
ii.Objective of ergonomic
iii.Types of ergonomic
iv.Principle of ergonomic
v.Ergonomics injuries
vi.Ergonomic risks factor
vii.Benefits of ergonomic

5. • The word Ergonomics is derived from the Greek words “ergos”
and nomos”.
• “Ergos” means work meanwhile “nomos” means principles of
laws (Evelyn Tan Guat Lin, 1996).
• International Labor Organization (ILO) defines ergonomics as the
application of the human biological sciences in conjunction with
the engineering sciences to the worker and which at the same
time enhances productivity.
History of Ergonomics

6. • Ergonomics is the science of “designing the job to fit the
worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job.
• Ergonomic design reduces risk factors known to contribute to
occupational ergonomic injuries and illnesses, such as sprains
and strains and cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs).
ergonomics

7. OBJECTIVES OF ERGONOMICS
• To improve the efficiency of operation
by taking into account a typical person's
size, strength, speed, and visual acuity.
• To maximize productivity while lowering
the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders
(MSDs).

8.  Physical ergonomics
the human body’s responses to physical and physiological
work loads. Repetitive strain injuries from repetition,
vibration, force, and posture fall into this category.
 Cognitive ergonomics
the mental processes and capacities of humans when at work.
Mental strain from workload, decision making, human error,
and training fall into this category.
TYPES OF ERGONOMICS

9. Organizational ergonomics
the organizational structures, policies and
processes in the work environment, such as
shift work, scheduling, job satisfaction,
motivation,supervision,teamwork,
telecommuting, and ethics.

21. Ergonomic injuries caused by the presence of
ergonomic risk factors, including:
Awkward or sustained postures
Forceful exertion or strain
Contact pressure
Exposure to vibration
Exposure to heat or cold
Ergonomic injuries

22. • Combination of these risk factors that, over
time , can lead to pain, injury, and disability.
• Ergonomic injuries may be referred to as:
Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSIs),
Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs),
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs),
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs), or
Cumulative Trauma Injuries (CTIs)
• OSHA typically use the term MSD or
Musculoskeletal Disorder.

23. • Ergonomic injuries or MSDs can affect the muscles,
nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage and
spinal discs. They can be directly or indirectly related
to job duties or the work environment.
• Non-work activities and environments can also
impact MSDs. For example, the average employee
may spend 6-8 hours of the work day on
the computer. With features such as internet
shopping, web bill paying, and email that employee
will likely spend 2-4 additional hours per day on his
or her personal computer.

24. What are the sign and symptoms of an
Ergonomic Injury or MSD?
• Pain in the fingers, wrists, or other parts of the body: may include a
dull aching pain, a sharp stabbing pain, or even a burning sensation.
• Tingling or numbness, particularly in the hands or fingers
• Swelling, inflammation, or joint stiffness
• Loss of muscle function or weakness
• Discomfort or pain in the shoulders, neck, or upper or lower back

25. • Extremities turning white or feeling
unusually cold
• General feeling of muscle tightness,
cramping, or discomfort
• Clumsiness or loss of coordination
• Range of motion loss
• Discomfort when making certain
movements

26. Risk factors become hazardous when:
there is a longer duration of
exposure
Shoulders
Working with the hand(s) above the
head or the elbow(s) above the
shoulder(s)
More than 4 hours
total per day

27. Risk factors become hazardous when:
there is greater intensity
Working with the back bent forward
more than 30º (without support, or the
ability to vary posture)
More than 4 hours
total per day
Back
Working with the back bent forward
more than 45º (without support or the
ability to vary posture)
More than 2 hours
total per day

28. Risk factors become hazardous when:
there is a combination of risk factors
Arms,
wrists,
hands
Gripping an
unsupported object(s)
weighing 10 or more
pounds per hand, or
gripping with a force of
10 pounds or more per
hand (comparable to
clamping light duty
automotive jumper
cables onto a battery)
Highly repetitive
motion
More than 3
hours total per
day θ
Wrists bent in
flexion 30° or
more, or in
extension 45° or
more, or in ulnar
deviation 30° or
more
More than 3
hours total per
day
θ
Flexion
Extension
Ulnar deviation

29. Ergonomic Risk Factors
(examples)

30. 30
Repetitive or sustained awkward
postures, such as mopping
surfaces by bending, positioning
the elbow away from body, over-
extending during push and pull
movements and the figure-eight
method, excessive wrist bending
and twisting.
To improve postures and reduce the
risk of injury:
•provide mops with extendable
handles
•train workers in safe work
procedures, for example, mopping
small sections to avoid extended
reaching, and stepping or shifting
legs to avoid twisting the upper
body.

32. Keep your wrist in a
neutral position when
typing. You may wear a
wrist splint to prevent
awkward positioning
during work. Modify your
work station as necessary

34. Benefits of Ergonomics
Employer
1. Improves Employee Engagement
• Can reduce turnover, decrease
absenteeism, improve morale
and increase employee
involvement
1. Creates a Better Safety Culture
• Healthy employees are most
valuable asset; creating and
fostering the safety & health
culture in company will lead to
better human performance for
organization
1. Improves Quality
• By designing a job to allow for
good posture, less exertion,
fewer motions and better heights
and reaches, the workstation
becomes more efficient
Employee
1. Increased Savings
• Fewer injuries and workers’
compensation claims
• More productive and
sustainable employees
1. Increased Productivity
• Reduce the primary risk factors
for MSDs , so workers are more
efficient, productive and have
greater job satisfaction
1. Increased Morale
• Can make employees feel
valued because they know their
employer is making their
workplace safer

35. Ergonomics in the workplace in Malaysia
System Components Ergonomics Attributes
Equipment Work equipment design, emergency routes, entry and exit
routes, display and control, installation, maintenance
Office Physical space, the components arrangement, working height,
seating arrangement, materials movement
Work Process Work process design, methods, materials handling manual,
skills requirement, fatigue and rest periods, repetition of work
Environment Noise, temperature, humidity, lighting, dust, pollution, foul
vapors, vibration, work floor conditions, hygiene management
Management Plant layouts, ergonomics and safety programs, compliance
with occupational safety and health, environmental standards,
feedback and attitude
Employee Safety and work training, knowledge, skills, posture, personal
protective equipment, pressure, fatigue, job satisfaction

37. Reference
• Oklahoma State University. Defining Ergonomics.
https://ehs.okstate.edu/kopykit/ergo.htm
• Jeffrey. E.F., Michael. G. ERGONOMICS IN THE WORKPLACE
http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/nawtec/nawtec08/na
wtec08-0019.pdf
• What is ergonomics? (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2015, from
http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/learning/what-ergonomics/
• Dan MacLeod,(2008). 10 Priciple of Ergonomic. Retrieved on May 6,
2015, from
http://danmacleod.com/ErgoForYou/10_principles_of_ergonomics.htm
• 1.Adrian Hirst, L. M. (2011). Guidance for Occupational Hygienists.
England: British Occupational Hygiene Society.
• Dhillon, P. S. (2011). Penyiasatan Kemalangan & Kejadian. Kuala
Lupmpur: MSOSH.
• Research, H. (2013). Health and Safety Workplace Case Studies.
Canterbury: Pullin Shearing Ltd.
• US Department of Labor. (2000). Ergonomics : The Study of Work. Osha
3125, 2000. Retrieved from www.osha.gov.
• https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/05/27/15