To improve and enlightening production ergonomics is a search widespread to numerous organizations in diverse engineering and management zones. At the foundation is an ambition to eradicate hazards for job concerned musculoskeletal disorders, but recent observations on ergonomics have developed the discipline from a merely physiological, anthropometrical, and Psychosocial influential apprehension to an organizational, systems performance discipline. This research recommends that in an organization ergonomics infrastructure is made up of the structural, technical, executive and stakeholder comparative circumstances that allow or obstruct development of ergonomics. These circumstances spotlight on the positioning of diverse employees towards ergonomics concerns in an organization, the relationships between user, workers or employees, scenario, scheme and strategy they use for arguments, and the manipulate that occur from industry-particular culture, insolences and technical incorporation (or elimination) of ergonomics into engineering and production progressions. The information deduced from the research in this paper has been produced together with pertinent theoretical perceptions originated in the literature, into a Tentative Agenda which conducts empirical data assembly intended at planning the ergonomics infrastructure in an organization. Its step-by-step methodical appraisal of circumstances at diverse hierarchical levels in the organization should serve ergonomics experts and managers alike in classifying pathways and obstructions to improve production ergonomics.
Mitigating Ergonomic Injuries In Construction IndustryIOSR Journals
Abstract : Construction industry is one of the risky industries with high level of injuries. A musculoskeletal
disorder that is one of ergonomic injuries is the most common problem in the construction industry. This type of
injury can really affect the health of the people that are exposed to the hazards for a long period of time. The
purpose of this paper is to discuss the way to control ergonomic risk factors in construction operations and also
monitor and assess the process of program implementation to prevent or cutout ergonomic risk factors in the
construction industry. The discussion gives a basic overview of ergonomic risk factors and tries to develop
control measures for preventing accidents which are possible to happen in feature and also provides a
comprehensive monitoring to minimize and avoid such risk factors.
Keywords - Construction, Control Measures, Ergonomic risk factors, Hazard, Musculoskeletal Disorder.
Mitigating Ergonomic Injuries In Construction IndustryIOSR Journals
Abstract : Construction industry is one of the risky industries with high level of injuries. A musculoskeletal
disorder that is one of ergonomic injuries is the most common problem in the construction industry. This type of
injury can really affect the health of the people that are exposed to the hazards for a long period of time. The
purpose of this paper is to discuss the way to control ergonomic risk factors in construction operations and also
monitor and assess the process of program implementation to prevent or cutout ergonomic risk factors in the
construction industry. The discussion gives a basic overview of ergonomic risk factors and tries to develop
control measures for preventing accidents which are possible to happen in feature and also provides a
comprehensive monitoring to minimize and avoid such risk factors.
Keywords - Construction, Control Measures, Ergonomic risk factors, Hazard, Musculoskeletal Disorder.
A STUDY ON STRESS MANAGEMENT AND COPING STRATEGIES WITH REFERENCE TO IT COMPA...IAEME Publication
Stress has become significant due to dynamic social factor and changing needs of life styles. Stress is man‘s adaptive reaction to an outward situation which would lead to physical, mental and behavioral changes. Even though stress kills brain cells, not all stresses are destructive in nature. Appropriate amount of stress can actually trigger passion for work, tap latent abilities and even ignite inspirations. The study throws light on the wide spread silent problem by name Stress‘, which gave rise to acute dysfunctions and are called many diseases, increase divorce rates, and other harassments. The work stress is found in all professions. IT professionals are very stress because they are highly target driven and highly pressured on results.
Research has shown that some physical and mental changes do occur as people age. How do these changes affect people and the jobs they do?
This slide deck is from a free webinar in which Emma Ashurst from CCOHS discusses what has been learned from research studies and demonstrates how specific solutions and practices can prevent these changes from becoming hindrances in the workplace.
This webinar reviews aging from an occupational health and safety perspective and examine different work situations (carrying heavy loads, computer work, visual environment, chemical exposures, etc), explore the possible impact on older workers and discuss solutions on how to keep everyone safe and free of injury.
To watch the recorded webinar go to: http://www.ccohs.ca/products/webinars/aging/
A STUDY ON STRESS MANAGEMENT AND COPING STRATEGIES WITH REFERENCE TO IT COMPA...IAEME Publication
Stress has become significant due to dynamic social factor and changing needs of life styles. Stress is man‘s adaptive reaction to an outward situation which would lead to physical, mental and behavioral changes. Even though stress kills brain cells, not all stresses are destructive in nature. Appropriate amount of stress can actually trigger passion for work, tap latent abilities and even ignite inspirations. The study throws light on the wide spread silent problem by name Stress‘, which gave rise to acute dysfunctions and are called many diseases, increase divorce rates, and other harassments. The work stress is found in all professions. IT professionals are very stress because they are highly target driven and highly pressured on results.
Research has shown that some physical and mental changes do occur as people age. How do these changes affect people and the jobs they do?
This slide deck is from a free webinar in which Emma Ashurst from CCOHS discusses what has been learned from research studies and demonstrates how specific solutions and practices can prevent these changes from becoming hindrances in the workplace.
This webinar reviews aging from an occupational health and safety perspective and examine different work situations (carrying heavy loads, computer work, visual environment, chemical exposures, etc), explore the possible impact on older workers and discuss solutions on how to keep everyone safe and free of injury.
To watch the recorded webinar go to: http://www.ccohs.ca/products/webinars/aging/
Mitigating Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Employees Through Struct...ShreeGodrej
Read this three-pronged approach to ergonomics training in reducing the risk of WMSDs among officegoers. Download the complete whitepaper to learn more about effective ergonomic training programs offered by Godrej Interio.
The article discusses the importance of employee engagement for organizational
and business performance through the prism of ergonomics. The issues that are
discussed in this paper comprise the modest contribution that ergonomics as a
discipline has made. The relevance of workplace health and ergonomics work relate
with that of participation, safety culture and further implications for participatory
ergonomics approaches. Based on recently published conceptual framework that
recognises the dynamic and multi-dimensional nature of safety culture, the paper
highlights the due significance demanded by ergonomics and that which is equally
ignored by top management. The paper concludes by considering the much needed
empirical survey on this issue in almost all industries and prompt action being taken
to implement it. Also, the paper gives a glimpse of various approaches for an
empirical study, within an organisation which is noted as important to the success of
ergonomics projects
“Multi-Purpose Manually Operated Cart” is a cart which is designed ergonomically to improve the working conditions of laborers and workers at
construction sites, factories, ports, railway stations, etc. The main objective is to prevent various occupational hazards and improve the quality of life for
workers everywhere. The simple, durable, light weight and cost effective carrier is intended to reduce the pressure put on the spine when load is carried
on the head. There is also a good hand grip which reduces stress on the spine when load is carried on the back or while pushing a cart. In due course of
our study we analyzed working condition of laborers and people living around our city, usually they carry goods or materials on their head, back,
shoulders which make the task more difficult for them and they are more prone to injuries thereby aroused the need of an ergonomic push cart which
would help them to carry materials easy and without injuries. The easily usable carrier, made up of cane which underwent bending process for giving it a
designed shape. This cane structure weighs 1 kg which is provided with cushions and belt. The main objective of the design is to prevent various
occupational hazards and improve the quality of life of the laborer. This product will help them in their work. The carrier can be used into three different
forms. This allows the user to carry lighter loads on the head, medium loads at the back and heavier loads on a trolley. Ergonomically the load is
distributed on the shoulder and at the lumber support by softer material.
Preliminary Labor Ergonomic Analysis Applied to a Brazilian Solid Materials R...CSCJournals
The key to successfully develop a program to enhance safety and ergonomics in the workplace is an innovative process that aims to reduce workplace injury levels as well as minimize risks. This can be achieved by raising awareness and changing employees' behavior. Nowadays managers tend to strive for improved efficiency and productivity in all sectors. However, the growing demand for greater productivity has put the employees' health and well-being at great risk. Following another trend, the enterprise under study is based on the principles of solidarity economy that aims to guarantee self-management processes, focusing on the human health and wellbeing rather than financial profits. Based on the ergonomic questionnaire results and the follow-up of the co-workers' routine, some forms of improvement to accomplish their tasks were suggested.
Physiotherapy helps to restore movement and function when someone is affected by injury, illness or disability. It can also help to reduce your risk of injury or illness in the future.
Purpose:
The Purpose of this webinar is to bring awareness about Physiotherapy.
Computer Assisted System for Enhancing the Application of Ergonomics in Manuf...Waqas Tariq
The current paper focuses on the need and a plan for the development of a Computer Assisted Interactive and Intelligent Ergonomics System which, through a user friendly consulting mode presents the guidelines and formalized procedures for the application of ergonomics knowledge and data in manufacturing organizations. The system is expected to allow a production engineer or supervisor or even a worker with minimal ergonomics knowledge, to understand, analyze and find solutions to problems related to industrial ergonomics. A survey which is conducted in this regard is also described in this paper and through the out come of the survey it is shown that the poor acceptance and application of ergonomics is due to lack of exposure to ergonomics knowledge and non-availability of ergonomics knowledge in a suitable form for its application in manufacturing systems. 10
Questions for the article ----Safety Climate How can you measure .docxmakdul
Questions for the article ----Safety Climate/ How can you measure it…..
1. What do you think that Jane the truck driver and Joe the lineman should do?
2. You are to describe the difference and similarities between the terms safety culture and safety climate.
3. The authors suggest that employees’ perceptions are influenced by what they see, such as how well supervisors and managers support safety. What do you think influences these perceptions?
a. What specifically would you suggest to a supervisor/manager should do to influence the perceptions of their employees?
b. Why are we paying so much attention to perceptions?
4. What is the difference between validity and reliability? How would I know that my survey is both valid and reliable?
5. The survey shows that safety climate affects safety behavior. What is it that the authors suggest through their research that supports the previous statement?
6. The authors tell us it is important to have all employees be given an opportunity to take the survey. Do you agree with that position, or not? Be prepared to defend your answer.
7. In the event that you have an employee who is illiterate:
a. Would it be important for that/these individuals to participate in the survey?
b. If it were important to have them complete the survey, how would you accommodate their inability to read?
8. What is the ultimate purpose of attempting to measure safety climate in an organization?
9. The author suggests that once the surveys are completed, one of the issues that should be checked are differences between locations and/or departments (IE pilots, mechanics, ATC, etc.). Do you think this is a meaningful analysis? Why or why not?
28 ProfessionalSafety january 2017 www.asse.org
Yueng-Hsiang (Emily) Huang, Ph.D., is a senior research scientist
at Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety (LMRIS) in Hopkin-
ton, MA. She holds a Ph.D. in Industrial-Organizational Psychology/
Systems Science from Portland State University. She conducts both
laboratory and field research in areas such as occupational injury and
accident prevention, and organizational culture and climate. She is a
Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the Society for
Industrial-Organizational Psychology. Huang is an associate editor of
Accident Analysis and Prevention.
Susan Jeffries is a research specialist at LMRIS where she recruits
companies as potential partners in research for field studies and
serves as liaison between the institute and corporate safety profes-
sionals in such initiatives. She conducts qualitative research through
in-depth interviews and focus groups to investigate issues relating to
safety in the trucking industry and other lone worker environments.
Jeffries holds a B.S. in Marketing from Boston College.
George D. (Don) Tolbert, CSP, is technical director, organizational
practices, with Liberty Mutual’s Risk Control Service department.
His responsibilities incl ...
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 792
Effect of Ergonomical Factors on the Employees
M. Umer Sohail1
, Abdur Rauf Kashif2
1
Department of Commonwealth of Learning MBA (Executive), AIOU, Islamabad
2
Department of Management Sciences, IQRA University, Islamabad
Abstract—To improve and enlightening production
ergonomics is a search widespread to numerous
organizations in diverse engineering and management
zones. At the foundation is an ambition to eradicate
hazards for job concerned musculoskeletal disorders, but
recent observations on ergonomics have developed the
discipline from a merely physiological, anthropometrical,
and Psychosocial influential apprehension to an
organizational, systems performance discipline. This
research recommends that in an organization ergonomics
infrastructure is made up of the structural, technical,
executive and stakeholder comparative circumstances
that allow or obstruct development of ergonomics. These
circumstances spotlight on the positioning of diverse
employees towards ergonomics concerns in an
organization, the relationships between user, workers or
employees, scenario, scheme and strategy they use for
arguments, and the manipulate that occur from industry-
particular culture, insolences and technical incorporation
(or elimination) of ergonomics into engineering and
production progressions. The information deduced from
the research in this paper has been produced together
with pertinent theoretical perceptions originated in the
literature, into a Tentative Agenda which conducts
empirical data assembly intended at planning the
ergonomics infrastructure in an organization. Its step-by-
step methodical appraisal of circumstances at diverse
hierarchical levels in the organization should serve
ergonomics experts and managers alike in classifying
pathways and obstructions to improve production
ergonomics.
Keywords—Anthropometry, Ergonomics Risk factor
(ERF), Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF&E),
Human Engineering, International Ergonomics
Association (IEA), Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD),
Musculoskeletal injury (MSI), Physiology, Psychosocial,
Work Performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
Human beings are not superior at liability of tedious,
cyclic and recurring jobs or numerous profound lifting.
Software’s, technology in contrast are responsible for
doing immense calculations, lifting loads but cannot
perform odd jobs such as assessment, decision assembly
or problem solving techniques which need sufficient
verdict of situation nor fabricate creative work itself. Thus
it is now obvious that men and machines have their own
area of expertise. Ergonomics is a science which is based
on a realistic discipline that, by considerate, perceptive,
men, machine, physical, psychological, social, cognitive,
rational and intellectual distinctiveness and
characteristics. It also inquiries about most favorable
relations among humans and machines for example work-
apparatus /tools, surroundings, association, community
coordination and organizational cultures. Science
apprehensive with the ‘fit’ among people and their work
is termed as Ergonomics. Taking description of people
capabilities and boundaries ergonomics puts people first.
An aim of ergonomics is to formulate convinced that all
responsibilities, apparatus, knowledge, data and the
surroundings robust every employee. It also narrates data,
skills concerning individual attitude, approach,
capabilities, their restrictions and additional uniqueness to
the design of apparatus, machines, responsibilities, works
and environments for dynamic, secure, contented & well-
organized individual use” (McCormick and Saunders
1993). The main aim of the Ergonomical factors on the
workers is to ensure that human and equipment effort in
absolute concord, with technology and errands associated
to human distinctiveness. Basic aim of an
organization/business is to earn maximum profits. The
researchers in the field of management sciences are
working on the point i.e. “Ergonomics” that how to
resources can be utilize optimally to work and logic of its
efficiently defined. The rationale of this paper is to study
the problems of people to adjusting with environment that
inquire about to adopt operational situation which suits
the workers. The objective of ergonomics is to lessen
anxiety, abolish trauma, sprain in addition to disarrays
coupled with excess use of muscles, incorrect stance and
frequent responsibilities that not only affect the workers’
health but also influences on the product. These
abrasions, disabilities and disorders have been related
with six broad categories of ergonomic risk factors which
are establish in a broad variety of mechanized and
examine works: powerful physical exertion, discomfited
work pose,restricted contact stresses, whole-body or
segmental vibration, extreme temperature and
monotonous movements or protracted activities. The
corporal phases of a workplace atmosphere can have an
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 793
undeviating blow on the yield, physical condition,
protection, reassure, attentiveness, work contentment and
self-esteem of population contained by it. In the
workplace and its environment there are vital issues that
should be considered which includes building
infrastructure, employee age, administrative center
design, workplace arrangement, fixtures, apparatus
layout, eminence, aspects, area, capacity, climate
condition, exposure to air, illumination, sound, tremor,
energy emission or emission of radioactive rays & air
eminence. The research and application of the association
among community, the utilization of apparatus and the
corporal surroundings where people work is known as
ergonomics. Employing ergonomics philosophy to the
layout, infrastructure design, alteration and preservation
of workplace environment has an advantage on people’s
work presentation and short-medium and long period
strength, vigor and safety policies. This research is
intended to help employers, managers, and others to
comprehend HF&E in the place of work. The aim is to
reveal ergonomics issues and simple, effective advice
about how to solve them. This research also assists to
elucidate how applying ergonomics can perk up
wellbeing, health, safety & security in administrative
center and in field work. The atmosphere in which a staff
operates must be incorporated as a deliberation in design
of the man-machine system since the environment
circumstances can acutely influence their presentation and
performance. When indulging to the environment, it is
supportive to differentiate two kinds i.e. Internal and
External Environments. The surroundings outside the
man for instance air pressure, humidity, temperature,
order, vibration, noise and acceleration are all considered
in as external environment. Whereas internal environment
condition includes body temperature, blood pressure,
oxygen supplied and blood chemistry in general. It should
be considered the ecological surroundings that must be
sustained so as not to surpass the abilities of the body
regulatory mechanism for keeping stable interior
atmosphere and therefore relative standard and usual
routine.
Fig.1: Ergonomics Relationship
II. RISK FACTOR ERGONOMICS
Risk is not simply defined on the association among risk
aspects, revelations and the height of musculoskeletal
injuries. Even though physical risk causes are vital
foremost hazard issues, whereas others are reasonable
aspects like psychosocial, industrial, biomechanical and
organizational causes which might aggravate a chaos or
obliquely manipulate the consequence of physically threat
aspects. Biomechanical exposures comprise features such
as inadequately designed place of works and rhythmic
movement, maximum forces and divergence from normal
position alignments (Musculoskeletal disorders and the
workplace, 2001). During work workers faces
psychosocial pressures that includes high perceived and
low perceived stresses. The high perceived psychosocial
pressure factors include workplace stresses whereas low
perceived psychosocial pressures include minimum
community backing, fewer work manage and moment in
time anxiety. Individual factors include sexual category,
age, unconstructive anxiety responses particularly
abdomen effects, and unacceptable spare time and
furthermore household workload (Huang G.D,Feuerstan
Kop W.J, Arroya, 2003). Negative features perception
and attentiveness of Ergonomics Risk Factors (ERF’s) are
crucial and indispensable for counter-measures to get
before clarifications and answers to the troubles might be
found. The most important ergonomic risk factors are re-
emergence, power, discomfited position, shuddering,
contact anxiety, static loading and severe hotness and
coldness. RFE is a primary caution of increasingly more
severe issues bodily signs and indications that can escort
to severe wounds. Excellence of existence can also be
condensed by long period hazard issue exposures. All
work holds threat and risk. Individuals, association,
people and workers should be aware of risk factors and
can be informed priory to reduce MSD injuries, risk and
hazards. They should be accomplished in identifying and
classifying all these risks and hazards furthermore
occurrence and interval of risk factors exposures can be
minimized by examining all options. The assignment and
job becomes peaceful and further expected in its result by
minimizing exposure to risk factors. Whereas the
foundation of any fastidious circumstance of a
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD’s) is remarkably
complicated to recognize with absolute accurateness,
assured threat issues are usually argued in the literature of
ergonomic field. MSD’s is a situation or an illness that
disrupts normal physical body conditions i.e. our body
muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, or
spinal cord. MSD’s are collective types of injury. It is
necessary to comprehend about the kind of risk issue. For
every meticulous musculoskeletal disorders RF’s are not
necessity a causation factor. On several occasions it does
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 794
not cause due to the presence of RFs but caused due to the
extent by which RFs are articulated which lead to
musculoskeletal disorders. Correspondingly, to the
degree of RFs which causes MSD can also be due to the
combination of many risk factors, instead of any single
risk factor (WilliamJ, Wiehagen, Fred C.T, 2004)
III. ANTHROPOMETRY
To reassure the workplace efficient, the skills and
knowledge of engineering anthropometry is being applied
to tools, equipment’s, and place of work, chairs and
further user goods together with garments design. The
objective is to make the office, field area more well-
organized, secure and at ease for the employee that will
increase the productivity and employee performance at
work area. In applied Anthropometry, Biomechanics,
Illumination, Seating, Cumulative Trauma Disorder,
Physical space arrangement etc. concerns to the capacity
of the human individual. Physical anthropology is
considered as the earlier tool because it has been
considered for recognition, for the principle of perceptive
person and corporeal distinction,
in paleoanthropologists and in a variety of efforts to
associate physical with cultural and psychological
behavior. Applied anthropometry promotes employee
security by all ways that governs the deed of forces with
awareness of human being body such as the knowledge
based on the properties of proper illumination that makes
safer place of work by minimizing employee exhaustion,
utilizing hand tools and strategic management of
machinery operations to reduce employee injures and
proper sitting position can also reduce stress to the lumber
region. It is also important to seek the piece of equipment,
maintain good relationship among the workers the sex
and race should also be considered. Biomechanics
purpose is to describe the sub-discipline of ergonomics
which can be applied for the purpose of achieving
maximal physiological and emotional workers or
wellbeing of the working population, while at the same
time enhancing the economic efficiency of the industry
(R.Tichauer & ScD). Biomechanics is the movement of
human body organs such as limbs, muscles and working
postures. The main aspect on which nature of light is
resolute is quality and quantity of light. Amount of
lightening is included as the quantity of light while the
colour of the beam, the path and dispersion of the
brightness is being included as quality of light. European
standard recommended that 300 Lux as the intensity of
light is ideal for working machine work whereas
necessarily higher light intensity approximately of 2000
lux is good for precision working. High physical activities
with high thermal resistant clothing impede the cooling
mechanism of the body and increase the metabolic heat
production (Grundstein, et al., 2010). Core body
temperature of 37o
C is considered as normal which is
liable to increase with the physical activity and metabolic
heat production within the human body. Excessive heat
produced in the body has to be dissipated to the external
environment to maintain the normal core body
temperature. Six fundamental factors including air
temperature, radiant temperature, humidity, wind speed,
clothing and metabolic heat generated by physical activity
determine the body heat balance. Heavy clothing or
increased physical activities contribute to increase core
temperature and may lead to heat stroke or death in
extreme conditions. Heat stroke can occur at a core body
temperature greater than 40o
C along with other body
organs and system failure due to hyperthermia (Butt &
Salman, 2012).
IV. PHYSIOLOGY
The method of an act in response to several kind of
energy in the surroundings by a commonly constructive
activity which is constructive to existence is termed as
physiology behavior. The energy or fewer accurately
entity from which physiology is resultant, are termed as
the stimulus, whereas the consequential movements are
known as response. The response habitually has a number
of trait relations to the stimulus which suggest it, for
example imminent approach, offensiveness, replying,
overwhelming, caress, or flees. The physical
compositions and purpose operating in activities is
identical either the stimulus is equipped by a social or a
non-social entity. Bodily fitness is vital as poor physical
conditions hinder working and performance of the
workers, thus it may result exhaustion. Physiological
factors are apprehensive through the individual
knowledge, wisdom scheduling as well as judgment
building abilities, furthermore assisting the cognitive fit
among individual & the belongings they employ.
Individual physical conditions, health, tiredness, quantity
and quality of foods, employee age, fatigue levels, etc are
all included in the physiological factors on instance of
wisdom & working.
V. PSYCHOSOCIAL
Psychosocial risks factors are coupled with the method of
people’s cooperation by the stress of their work and their
occupation surroundings. Community associations
surrounded by their job is included in it. Psychosocial
RF’s are very vital if it exist during working situation as it
might also be sources of pressure. Anxiety has significant
influences on the diligence and development of
musculoskeletal ache and disarrays. The existence of
these RF’s during work effects the danger of persons
rising musculoskeletal strains. Thus, this sequentially has
4. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 795
impact on injury concerned costs, non-attendance and
efficiency. Modern researches have shown that
psychosocial RF’s also influence productivity on person
own account. Too much production and work demands
causes the worker to work overtime are also hazard issues
for person proclaimed minimize productivity because of
neck and back stresses and pain.
VI. HUMAN ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
HFE&E (human factors engineering and ergonomics)
employs scientific data and knowledge concerning to
community acknowledgment & conduct to sustain the
layout and pattern of products and organizations which
improves employee performance, individuals and
employees. Human to system relations at the entity,
grouping and executive levels are being investigated by
HFE&E professionals. The objective is to plan the
commodities, goods that add to person corporeal,
psychological, incentive, encouragement capabilities, to
get better the societal, practical and organizational
characteristics of an association. HF&E have been used
for development of security and efficiency, specifically in
complicated social technological systems. Human factors
and ergonomics specialists observed that user, individual,
worker and in general accomplishment of an organization
normally affected by organizational causes. The research
of such aspects and issues are referred to as organizational
ergonomics or macro-ergonomics. During the study HFE
and ergonomics are termed as similar.
Fig.2: Human Design and Engineering
Early in 2000 IEA (International Ergonomics
Association) conference was organized. In accordance
with the Executive council of the conference it was
considered that ergonomics or human factors is the
logical regulation associated with the indulgent of the
relations between individuals, other essentials of an
organization, occupation that relates hypothetical
philosophy, data and procedures to propose in order to
progress workers, individuals, employees, human being
and complete organization performance.
VII. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The compounds skills of various disciplines are required
in order fully to understand develop the subject.
Fig.3: Factors Effecting Dependent Variable
VIII. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The sample size chosen is of 240 workers working in
different organization by questionnaire data. While the
observed sample being limited to more than 200 studies
these trends still indicate a focus on a larger sample size is
important and may have a direct influence on the results.
Table. I: Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha Based
on Standardized Items
N of Items
.778 .753 58
The reliability of measurement scales, Cronbach’s Alpha,
was used in this study and the reliability result of total
scale was 0.778 Therefore the scale used in this study was
considered quite acceptable.
IX. CORRELATION
Table II: Correlation
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std.
Deviation
N
Anthropometry 3.0235 0.68083 199
Physiology 2.446 0.50611 199
Psychosocial 3.1307 0.55048 199
Human
Engineering
3.5818 0.44923 199
Work
Performance
3.4372 0.25916 199
5. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 796
In the above table from 199 numbers of observations,
anthropometry shows 3.0235 mean values and deviated
0.68083 from the mean value. Whereas Physiology shows
2.4460 mean value and it is deviated at 0.50611 values
from mean. Psychosocial has 3.1307 mean values and it is
deviated at 0.55048 values from the mean. Human
Engineering shows more mean value and it has 3.5818
mean values, 0.44923 value is deviated from mean value
of human engineering. Whereas work performance has
shown 3.4372 mean values and it is deviated at 0.25916
from the mean values.
X. REGRESSION
This table specifies that the regression model which
calculate the dependent variable significantly well. At the
"Regression" row "Sig." column, point outs the statistical
significance of the regression model that was run.
Here, p < 0.151, which is more than 0.05, and indicates
that, overall, the regression model statistically rejected.
Table III: Regression Analysis
ANOVAa
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
1
Regression .451 4 .113 1.703 .151b
Residual 12.847 194 .066
Total 13.298 198
a. Dependent Variable: Work Performance
b. Predictors: (Constant), Human Engineering, Physiology,
Psychosocial, Anthropometry
Table IV: Regression Statistical Relationship
Co efficientsa
Un standardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.B
Std.
Error Beta
(Constant) 3.227 0.178 18.128 0
Anthropometry 0.021 0.027 0.049 0.688 0.492
Physiology 0.049 0.039 0.091 1.284 0.218
Psychosocial 0.072 0.033 0.153 2.177 0.031
Human
Engineering -0.002 0.043
-
0.004 -0.062 0.952
a. Dependent Variable: Work Performance
In anthropometry Beta value is 0.049 which shows
positive direction. This means that 0.049 means one-unit
increase in anthropometry will bring 0.049-unit increase
in work performance. Physiology Beta value is 0.091
shows positive direction. This means that 0.091 means
one-unit increase in physiology will bring 0.091-unit
increase in work performance. Beta value is 0.153 shows
positive direction. This means that 0.153 means one-unit
increase in Psychosocial will bring 0.153-unit increase in
work performance. Human Engineering contributes 0.4%
statistically significantly to the model. Beta value
represents the direction of impact of independent variable
on dependent variable. In this hypothesis Beta value is -
0.004 shows negative direction. This means that -0.004
means one-unit decrease in Human Engineering will bring
0.004-unit increase in work performance.
Table V:Two-Tailed Correlation
Anthropo
metry
Physio
logy
Psychos
ocial
Human
Enginee
ring
Work
Perform
ance
Anthropo
metry
1
Physiolog
y
.391**
1
0
Psychoso
cial
.409**
0.111 1
0 0.119
Human
Engineeri
ng
0.127 0.041 .293**
1
0.075 0.568 0
Work
Performa
nce
0.049 0.091 .153*
-0.004 1
0.492 0.201 0.031 0.952
XI. CONCLUSION
This research has subsidized to macro-ergonomics
information by concentrating on the organizational
influences that constitute facilitators and barriers to day-
to-day ergonomics effort. It is anticipated that industrial
organizations must be aware that effective ergonomics
developments do not effect from methods alone, but
likewise from attentively establishing social support
structures around their use. It was noted that employees
are sturdily motivated by their socio-technical
environment, relationships with all ergonomic factors and
industry explicit principles concerning information needs
and who ought to be detained responsible for ergonomics.
Similarly, it is obvious that psychosocial risk factors
manipulate the occurrence and expansion of
6. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 797
musculoskeletal distress and disarrays.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to dedicate this research paper to my Father
Tahir Sohail, for his continuous encouragement and
unremitting support though out my Master of Business
Administration as well as my PhD in Aerospace
Engineering.
REFERENCES
[1] Allport, & Henry, F. (2007). Chapter # 2. In The
Physiological Basis of Human Behaviour (pp. 17-
41). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company .
[2] Bongers P.M.,Kremer A.M.,Ter Laak J. (2002). Are
psycosocial factors risk factors for symtoms and
signs of the shoulder, elbow or hand /wrist.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine ,
41(5),315-342.
[3] Butt, & Salman, M. (2012). Effect of Physical
Emvironment factors on Worker's Health in micro
and small sized industries of Pakistan. Effect of
Physical Emvironment factors on Worker's Health in
micro and small sized industries of Pakistan , 1-38.
[4] Chapanis. (1996). Fundamentals of ergonomics in
theory and practice.
[5] Cherie Berry;Allen McNeely J;Edgar Gedie. (2009).
NC Department of Labor. A Guide to Ergonomics .
[6] Coelho, D. A. (2002). A Growing Concept of
Ergonomics Including Comfort, Pleasure and
Cognitive Engineering. Department of
Electromechanical Engineering Universidade da
Beira Interior.
[7] Cohen A.C., Gjessing C.C.,Fine L.J.,Bernard
B.P.,McGlothlin J.D. (1997). A promer based on
workplace evaluations of musculosketal disorders.
National Institute for occupational safety and
health, DHHS (NIOSH) , 97-117.
[8] Dr Pinder, A. D. (2015). Literature review: Barriers
to the application of Ergonomics/Human Factors in
engineering design.
[9] Galley, M. (2005). 50 Years of Ergonomics-Where
have we been and where are we going. (M. Galley,
Ed.) 50 Years of Ergonomics .
[10]Hagberg M., Silverstein B., Wells R., Smith M.J.,
Hendrick H.W, Carayon P, et al. (1995). Work
related muskelosketal disorders. Elsvier .
[11]Huang G.D,Feuerstan. Kop W.J, Arroya. (2003).
Individual and work organication factors in work-
related musculosketal symptons. American Journal
of Industrial Medicine , 495-506.
[12]Licht, D. M., & Polzella, D. J. (2013). Human
Factors, Ergonomics, and Human Factors
Engineering. Human Engineering .
[13]M.Keyserling, W., J.Armstrong, T., & Punnett, L.
(1991). Ergonomic Job Analysis. Ergonomic Job
Analysis: ors structured Approach for identifying
Risk Factors .
[14]Muskeloskeletal disorderss and the workplace.
(2001). Panel on Musculosketal Disorders and the
workplace. Commission on Behavioral and Social
Sciences and education . Washington DC: National
Academy press.
[15](2001). Muskelosketal disorders and the workplace:
Low back and upper extremities. Panel on
Musculosketal Disorders and the workplace.
Washington,DC: Commission on Behavioral and
Social Sciences and education. National Academy
Press.
[16]N. Jaffar, A. H. Abdul-Tharim, I. F. Mohd-Kamar,
N. S. Lop. (2011). A Literature Review of
Ergonomics Risk Factors in Construction Industry.
Elsvier , 89-97.
[17]Pascale Carayon, T. B.-R. (Volume 45, Issue 1,
January 2014). Human factors systems approach to
healthcare quality and patient safety. Elsvier , 14-25.
[18]R.Tichauer, E., & ScD. Chapter # 32: Ergonomics
Aspects of Biomechanics.
[19]Rani, M. R. (2003). Managing ergonomics risk
factors at workplace. NIOSH 6th National
conference and exhibition on occupational safety
and health, Sunway Pyramid Convension Centre.
Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.