Domes come in many shapes and forms, defined by their structure and materials. The basic dome is a curved structure that spans an opening and may or may not support weight. Domes are essentially arches rotated around a central point. Common materials used are brick, stone, wood, metal, glass and concrete. Some specific dome types include polygonal domes with non-circular bases, compound domes with smaller domes atop pendentives, crossed-arch domes with intersecting ribs, and geodesic domes made of triangular frameworks. Hemispherical, onion, oval, parabolic, sail, saucer, segmented and umbrella domes each have distinguishing structural features.
What is dome It's history and it's part. Defination
ELEMENT
DOME TYPES
DOME CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
GEODESIC DOME USES
DOME ADVANTAGE DIS ADVANTAGE AND USE
AND BUILDING EXAMPLE IN WHICH DOME USED
What is dome It's history and it's part. Defination
ELEMENT
DOME TYPES
DOME CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
GEODESIC DOME USES
DOME ADVANTAGE DIS ADVANTAGE AND USE
AND BUILDING EXAMPLE IN WHICH DOME USED
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
Arches always generate the section of vaulted structures.
• Vaults are generated by the projection of the arch section on a plan, which is most of the time horizontal.
• Domes are basically shaped by the rotation of the arch section around a vertical axis. They can be built on circular or quadrangular plans.
The main exceptions to this principle are:
• Domes on squinches are made by a succession of increasing arches starting from the corners. The squinche looks like a half cone or portion of a cone, if the generating arch is not pointed.
• Faceted domes are generated by the intersection of vaults, like the cloister dome. But it is built on a faceted plan and not a square or quadrangular plan like the cloister dome.
• Groined vaults or domes are the intersection of two vaults crossing each other. Most of the time, they cross perpendicularly.
• Cloister domes are also generated by the intersection of two vaults crossing each other, like the groined vault. The groin of the groined vault is identical to the inner edge of the cloister dome. The arch section of the cloister dome is not seen on the side of the dome, but only the cross sections.
The Etruscans originated the arch (always semi-circular), the vault (an arched covering of stone), and the dome. The best preserved of the Etruscan arches is in the Porta all’Arco gateway at Volterra.
Adopted and developed extensively by the Romans, the arch, vault and dome played an important part in their architecture. The Romans combined the trabeated system (a style of architecture in which a structure is supported over openings by beams or lintels) of the Greeks with the arch, vault, and dome of the Etruscans, constructing buildings that were structurally more complex and ambitious than those of either. The result was arcuated structures (supported on arches), built on the pier and arch system. Orders (a column with the entablature its supports) were used, often with arches, to face these arcuated structures. This was not entirely to serve a decorative purpose for the orders were carefully placed and adapted so that they contributed to the scale and proportion of the whole design.
Vault
The evolution of the vault begins with the discovery of the arch, because the basic “barrel” form, which appeared first in ancient Egypt and the Near East, is simply a deep, or three-dimensional, arch. Since the barrel vault exerts thrust as the arch does, it must be buttressed along its entire length by heavy walls in which openings must be limited in size and number. This is a disadvantage, since it inhibits light and circulation.
But Roman builders discovered that openings could be made by building two barrel vaults that intersected at right angles to form the groin vault, which is square in plan and may be repeated in series to span rectangular areas of unlimited length. This vault has the additional advantage that its thrusts are concentrated at the four corners, so that the supporting walls need not
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 CE, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman empires, and early Byzantine architecture is stylistically and structurally indistinguishable from earlier Roman architecture. This terminology was introduced by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) rather than the city of Rome and its environs.
Its architecture dramatically influenced the later medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, and became the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse.
Introduction of dome, and classification of dome.
Types of dome mainly used during byzantine architecture. Example of some epic architecture of byzantine period.
1. Cloister Vault
2. Geodesic Dome
3. Onion Dome
4. Oval Dome
5. Saucer Dome.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
Arches always generate the section of vaulted structures.
• Vaults are generated by the projection of the arch section on a plan, which is most of the time horizontal.
• Domes are basically shaped by the rotation of the arch section around a vertical axis. They can be built on circular or quadrangular plans.
The main exceptions to this principle are:
• Domes on squinches are made by a succession of increasing arches starting from the corners. The squinche looks like a half cone or portion of a cone, if the generating arch is not pointed.
• Faceted domes are generated by the intersection of vaults, like the cloister dome. But it is built on a faceted plan and not a square or quadrangular plan like the cloister dome.
• Groined vaults or domes are the intersection of two vaults crossing each other. Most of the time, they cross perpendicularly.
• Cloister domes are also generated by the intersection of two vaults crossing each other, like the groined vault. The groin of the groined vault is identical to the inner edge of the cloister dome. The arch section of the cloister dome is not seen on the side of the dome, but only the cross sections.
The Etruscans originated the arch (always semi-circular), the vault (an arched covering of stone), and the dome. The best preserved of the Etruscan arches is in the Porta all’Arco gateway at Volterra.
Adopted and developed extensively by the Romans, the arch, vault and dome played an important part in their architecture. The Romans combined the trabeated system (a style of architecture in which a structure is supported over openings by beams or lintels) of the Greeks with the arch, vault, and dome of the Etruscans, constructing buildings that were structurally more complex and ambitious than those of either. The result was arcuated structures (supported on arches), built on the pier and arch system. Orders (a column with the entablature its supports) were used, often with arches, to face these arcuated structures. This was not entirely to serve a decorative purpose for the orders were carefully placed and adapted so that they contributed to the scale and proportion of the whole design.
Vault
The evolution of the vault begins with the discovery of the arch, because the basic “barrel” form, which appeared first in ancient Egypt and the Near East, is simply a deep, or three-dimensional, arch. Since the barrel vault exerts thrust as the arch does, it must be buttressed along its entire length by heavy walls in which openings must be limited in size and number. This is a disadvantage, since it inhibits light and circulation.
But Roman builders discovered that openings could be made by building two barrel vaults that intersected at right angles to form the groin vault, which is square in plan and may be repeated in series to span rectangular areas of unlimited length. This vault has the additional advantage that its thrusts are concentrated at the four corners, so that the supporting walls need not
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 CE, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman empires, and early Byzantine architecture is stylistically and structurally indistinguishable from earlier Roman architecture. This terminology was introduced by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) rather than the city of Rome and its environs.
Its architecture dramatically influenced the later medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, and became the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse.
Introduction of dome, and classification of dome.
Types of dome mainly used during byzantine architecture. Example of some epic architecture of byzantine period.
1. Cloister Vault
2. Geodesic Dome
3. Onion Dome
4. Oval Dome
5. Saucer Dome.
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
Development Of Stone Vaulting Into Groined Systems Leading To Development Of Church Plan
Example - Detail Study Of The Pisa Cathedral With Baptistery & Campanile.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
I assembled this presentation for a high school history class. Gothic Cathedrals are the things of history, architectural marvels, the things of dreams, and symbols of devotion.
Gothic architecture
General characteristics :
Focus on Verticality
Airy and Bright – Use of large stained glass windows, Rose window.
Ornamentation – Gargoyles, Pinnacle, Intricate carvings, 3 parts –Arcade, Triforium and Clerestorey.
Pointed Arches :
Pointed arches replaced semicircular arches as:-
Focus was on verticality, to create great height.
Strength and stability of pointed arches. Exert less thrust than semi circular arches of same span.
Pointed arches creates a lighter sensation.
Solves geometrical difficulties inherent in ribbed vaults. It is impossible to align the semicircular arches to a common point in rib vaulting. Pointed arches could be leveled easily.
Vaulting system: Rib Vault
Organic metaphor of ribs in a body , which support tissue.
In ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning vaulted area traversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
In a ribbed vault, the ribs are structural members and the spaces between them are filled with lighter, non structural materials.
Flying Buttress was used in order to avoid outward collapse of arches.
Freestanding brick or stone supports were attached to the exterior walls by an arch or half-arch.
The arches are supported by colossal freestanding piers.
It absorbs and channels the disruptive forces, such as wind and weight, safely to the ground.
These piers were erected with towers without effecting the nave and choir interior.
Pinnacle is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap of a buttress.
The stained glass windows brought in light and visual beauty to the interiors.
Predominantly colors like red and blue was used to represent the religious stories in stained glass windows. Of this the blue symbolizes the heaven and the red represents the blood of Christ.
Rose window is a circular window which is divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery.
A gargoyle is a waterspout, usually carved to resemble an odd or monstrous creature, that protrudes from a structure's wall or roofline.
French Gothic -Notre Dame Cathedral
English Gothic -Westminster Abbey, Hampton Court Palace
Italian Gothic -Doges Palace, Venice, Milan Cathedral
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
18. Cloister Vault
Polygonal dome
Polygonal shape in horizontal cross section
Eg- Tabularium of Rome (78 B.C.)
Renaissance octagonal dome of Filippo
Brunelleschi – Florence Cathedral
19. Compound Dome
Consists of pendentives that support smaller diameter domes immediately
above them.
Eg- Hagia Sophia
Both forms together results in greater heights.
20. Crossed-arch Dome
Rib intersect one another off center, forming an empty
polygonal space at the center.
Found in Spain, North Africa, Armenia, Iran, France and
Italy
Eg – Great Mosque of Cordoba (10th C)
21. Geodesic Dome
Upper portion of geodesic
spheres.
Composed of a framework of
triangles in a polyhedron
pattern.
Efficiency increases with size.
23. Onion dome
Bulge out beyond base diametres,
offering a profile greater than a
hemisphere with a pointed top.
Found in Persia, India, Middle East
Eg – European – Wooden (Kazan
Church in Kolomenskoye)
Islamic – Masonry (Taj Mahal)
24. Oval Dome
Oval in shape and profile.
Combination of circular arcs, transitioning at points
of tangency.
Romans created these in exceptional
circumstances.
Medieval oval domesaremostly found to be
covering rectangular bays in churches.
26. Sail Dome
Dome gives an impression of a same sail pinned down at each corner and billowing upward.
27. Saucer Dome
Segmental Domes
Reduce the portion of dome intension.
Strong and have increased radial thrust.
Masonry saucer domes, because they
exist entirely in compression, can be built
much thinner than other dome shapes
without becoming unstable.
28. Umbrella Dome
Pumpkin, melon or organ piped dome
Divided at the base into segments, which
follow the curve of the elevation.
Eg – Central dome of St. Peter’s Basilica
