Earthquake and tsunami
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This document provides information about earthquakes and tsunamis. It defines key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, and magnitude. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Different types of seismic waves transmit energy from the earthquake. Mitigation aims to reduce vulnerability, while management coordinates disaster response. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake triggered a tsunami that caused widespread damage. A 2015 Nepal earthquake also had devastating impacts due to its shallow depth and location near Kathmandu.
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Earthquakes 101
The document summarizes information about earthquakes, including:
1. It discusses major historical earthquakes like the 1877 Nebraska quake and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
2. It provides details on measuring earthquake magnitude, such as the largest quakes on record being the 1960 Chile quake at M9.5 and the 1964 Alaska quake at M9.2.
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1) An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. 2) There are different types of seismic waves including P waves, S waves, Love waves, and Rayleigh waves that move in different motions. 3) The epicenter of an earthquake can be located using data from at least 3 seismic stations to determine where the P and S waves intersect. 4) Major earthquakes can cause widespread destruction and loss of life depending on their magnitude and proximity to populated areas. 5) Common effects of earthquakes include damage to infrastructure, disruption of basic services, loss of life and property, and economic impacts.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movements of tectonic plates or breaking of rocks. The focus is the point where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are measured using magnitude and intensity scales. Seismic waves, including P, S, and surface waves, are used to locate the epicenter based on their travel times to different seismograph stations. While some precursors and patterns in seismic activity can help assess earthquake risks, earthquakes currently cannot be predicted or controlled.
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Tsunami are powerful waves created by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides that displace large volumes of water. They can reach heights over 30 meters and speeds over 700 km/hr, destroying everything in their path. The devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed over 118,000 people across several countries, displaced millions, and caused widespread damage to infrastructure and the environment. Relief efforts provided temporary housing, food, water and medical aid to victims, but recovery is a long process and many remain in need of support years later.
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Causes of Landslide
The document defines landslides as the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials such as rocks, soils, and artificial fills along separation surfaces by falling, sliding, or flowing. Landslides are influenced by factors like slope angle, climate, weathering, water content, vegetation, overloading, geology, and slope stability. Common triggers for landslides include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, forest fires, and volcanoes. Anthropogenic causes can be over-development, deforestation, inappropriate drainage systems, and changes to slope or land use patterns.
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3. It describes the different types of plate boundaries like divergent, convergent and transform, and gives examples of each.
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Tsunami
Tsunami are powerful waves created by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides that displace large volumes of water. They can reach heights over 30 meters and speeds over 700 km/hr, destroying everything in their path. The devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed over 118,000 people across several countries, displaced millions, and caused widespread damage to infrastructure and the environment. Relief efforts provided temporary housing, food, water and medical aid to victims, but recovery is a long process and many remain in need of support years later.
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The document defines landslides as the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials such as rocks, soils, and artificial fills along separation surfaces by falling, sliding, or flowing. Landslides are influenced by factors like slope angle, climate, weathering, water content, vegetation, overloading, geology, and slope stability. Common triggers for landslides include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, forest fires, and volcanoes. Anthropogenic causes can be over-development, deforestation, inappropriate drainage systems, and changes to slope or land use patterns.
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This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
Tsunami
Tsunami is a Japanese word Tsu means ‘harbour’ and nami means ‘wave’.
They are called tidal waves but they have actually nothing to do with the tides. However their appearance from shore is similar to rapidly rising or falling tides.
Tsunami is a series of wave created when water is moved very quickly.
Tsunami is gravity wave system, triggered by vertical disturbances in ocean. They are long waves sometime with hundreds of miles b/w their crests, just like the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into a pool.
First tsunami was recorded in 1480 B.C. in eastern Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was wiped out.
A large tsunami accompanied by the earthquake of Lisbon in 1755.
The Kutch earthquake of June 16, 1819 generated strong tsunami which submerged the coastal areas and damage to ships and country made boats of fishermen.
North and South American records have dated such
events back to 1788 for Alaska and 1562 for Chile. Records of Hawaiian tsunami go back to 1821.
Tsunami hits the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918, grand banks of Canada in 1929.
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1) An earthquake is intense ground shaking caused by a sudden release of energy, often due to movement along faults within the Earth.
2) Earthquake magnitude is measured by the Richter Scale, where each whole number increase means the amplitude of shaking is 10 times greater. Magnitude 2.5 or less quakes are usually not felt, while anything above 8 can totally destroy communities near the epicenter.
3) Intensity refers to the amount of damage at a location and is measured by scales like Modified Mercalli, depending on factors like distance from the quake and duration of shaking.
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This document discusses earthquake intensity and magnitude. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake intensity is a measure of the effects on the Earth's surface based on the Mercalli scale, while magnitude measures the energy released using seismograph recordings. The document provides details on what causes earthquakes, the relationship between intensity and magnitude, and examples of intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli scale. Tables show the correlation between typical intensities and magnitudes.
Land slide
It is refers to the downward sliding of huge quantities of land mass
Downward movement of slope forming material composed of rocks and soil or combination of all these material along surfaces of separation by FALLING, SLIDING AND FLOWING either sudden or slow from one place to another place.
Causes, Effects and Precautions against Earthquake
1. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep below the Earth's surface. As the plates shift and grind against each other, they release energy in the form of seismic waves.
2. Major earthquakes can cause widespread damage to infrastructure like buildings, bridges and dams, resulting in loss of life and property. They can also trigger secondary hazards such as landslides, tsunamis and fires.
3. Pakistan is prone to earthquakes, with major fault lines running along its western border. Some of the deadliest quakes in the country's history include the 2005 Kashmir earthquake that killed over 80,000 people and the 2013 Balochistan earthquake that killed 825.
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This is a powerpoint which explains the types of seismic waves that earthquakes create and the causes of earthquakes in the first place.
Land slides
A landslide occurs when the stability of a slope changes, making it unstable. This can be caused by natural factors like heavy rain, earthquakes, or erosion, as well as human activities like construction, deforestation, and blasting. Sand boils occur when water under pressure wells up through sand, looking like it is boiling. They can contribute to levee or dike failure during floods by creating pipes through the embankment that remove soil particles and weaken the structure. The most effective way to stop a sand boil is by creating a body of water above it using sandbags to balance the water pressure.
Causes and Effects of Earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused by slow movements within the Earth as it continues to cool. Some human activities like constructing dams, extracting groundwater, fracking, and building skyscrapers can also induce earthquakes by adding stress that destabilizes existing faults. Earthquakes have both primary effects of immediate damage through collapsing buildings, and secondary effects like tsunamis, landslides, fires, disease outbreaks, and soil liquefaction that prolong suffering after the initial quake.
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General Information about Bangladesh
Bangladesh is consisted of a total land area of 147570 km² with hilly areas of 17,342 km² (8.5% of total area of Bangladesh).
Chattagram Hill tracts is the wide ranging hilly area in the southeastern part of the country. Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari are three unique geographical and cultural landscape administrative districts in this region.
Landslides are a common hazard in the Chittagong Hill Districts (CHD) of Bangladesh. The communities that live on dangerous hill slopes in CHD repeatedly experience landslide hazards during the monsoon season, with casualties, economic losses and property damage.
earthquake
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that generates seismic waves. The location within the earth where rupture first occurs is known as the focus or hypocenter, while the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter. Different types of seismic waves travel through the earth's interior or along its surface, causing shaking and damage. By measuring the arrival times of these waves at multiple seismograph stations, scientists can determine the epicenter location. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale by magnitude or the Mercalli scale by observed intensity. India experiences frequent earthquakes and is divided into different seismic zones based on risk levels. Major quakes have caused widespread destruction and loss of life in
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Tsunamis are caused by large displacements of water, usually in oceans, that can be triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides or meteorite impacts. While tsunamis have extremely long wavelengths and periods in deep ocean waters, they can travel very fast at over 600 mph. When they reach shallow coastal waters, their energy causes the sea level to rise dramatically and flood inland areas. Proper planning, awareness of warning signs and evacuation routes can help minimize damage and save lives during a tsunami.
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Seismic waves are waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the Earth or explosions. There are two main types of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. Body waves include P waves and S waves, which travel through the Earth's interior. Surface waves such as Love waves and Rayleigh waves travel along the Earth's surface and cause the most shaking during an earthquake. Seismic waves are recorded by seismographs and can provide information about the Earth's interior structure.
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The document discusses earthquake resistant structures. It begins by defining what an earthquake is and explaining that they are caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range from minor shakes that are barely felt to violent shakes that cause widespread destruction. The document then discusses different types of seismic waves like P waves, S waves, and surface waves. It also covers earthquake terminology like focus, epicenter, and fault lines. The rest of the document discusses factors that affect earthquake damage, different types of faults, and design considerations for earthquake resistant structures.
Ellada texniki.pptx there are slide for ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including their causes, effects, and types of seismic waves. It discusses how earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in fault lines in the earth's crust. When this occurs, seismic waves including P-waves and S-waves are produced and travel outward from the hypocenter. The document also describes different types of fault lines and examines the magnitude of earthquakes using the Richter scale. Finally, it outlines India's earthquake zoning map and how the country is divided into zones based on seismic activity levels.
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HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
Tsunami
Tsunami is a Japanese word Tsu means ‘harbour’ and nami means ‘wave’.
They are called tidal waves but they have actually nothing to do with the tides. However their appearance from shore is similar to rapidly rising or falling tides.
Tsunami is a series of wave created when water is moved very quickly.
Tsunami is gravity wave system, triggered by vertical disturbances in ocean. They are long waves sometime with hundreds of miles b/w their crests, just like the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into a pool.
First tsunami was recorded in 1480 B.C. in eastern Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was wiped out.
A large tsunami accompanied by the earthquake of Lisbon in 1755.
The Kutch earthquake of June 16, 1819 generated strong tsunami which submerged the coastal areas and damage to ships and country made boats of fishermen.
North and South American records have dated such
events back to 1788 for Alaska and 1562 for Chile. Records of Hawaiian tsunami go back to 1821.
Tsunami hits the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918, grand banks of Canada in 1929.
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1) An earthquake is intense ground shaking caused by a sudden release of energy, often due to movement along faults within the Earth.
2) Earthquake magnitude is measured by the Richter Scale, where each whole number increase means the amplitude of shaking is 10 times greater. Magnitude 2.5 or less quakes are usually not felt, while anything above 8 can totally destroy communities near the epicenter.
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This document discusses earthquake intensity and magnitude. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake intensity is a measure of the effects on the Earth's surface based on the Mercalli scale, while magnitude measures the energy released using seismograph recordings. The document provides details on what causes earthquakes, the relationship between intensity and magnitude, and examples of intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli scale. Tables show the correlation between typical intensities and magnitudes.
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It is refers to the downward sliding of huge quantities of land mass
Downward movement of slope forming material composed of rocks and soil or combination of all these material along surfaces of separation by FALLING, SLIDING AND FLOWING either sudden or slow from one place to another place.
Causes, Effects and Precautions against Earthquake
1. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep below the Earth's surface. As the plates shift and grind against each other, they release energy in the form of seismic waves.
2. Major earthquakes can cause widespread damage to infrastructure like buildings, bridges and dams, resulting in loss of life and property. They can also trigger secondary hazards such as landslides, tsunamis and fires.
3. Pakistan is prone to earthquakes, with major fault lines running along its western border. Some of the deadliest quakes in the country's history include the 2005 Kashmir earthquake that killed over 80,000 people and the 2013 Balochistan earthquake that killed 825.
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This is a powerpoint which explains the types of seismic waves that earthquakes create and the causes of earthquakes in the first place.
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A landslide occurs when the stability of a slope changes, making it unstable. This can be caused by natural factors like heavy rain, earthquakes, or erosion, as well as human activities like construction, deforestation, and blasting. Sand boils occur when water under pressure wells up through sand, looking like it is boiling. They can contribute to levee or dike failure during floods by creating pipes through the embankment that remove soil particles and weaken the structure. The most effective way to stop a sand boil is by creating a body of water above it using sandbags to balance the water pressure.
Causes and Effects of Earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused by slow movements within the Earth as it continues to cool. Some human activities like constructing dams, extracting groundwater, fracking, and building skyscrapers can also induce earthquakes by adding stress that destabilizes existing faults. Earthquakes have both primary effects of immediate damage through collapsing buildings, and secondary effects like tsunamis, landslides, fires, disease outbreaks, and soil liquefaction that prolong suffering after the initial quake.
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The document discusses tsunamis, including their causes, effects, and methods for prevention and preparedness. Tsunamis are generated by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and other events that displace large volumes of water. They can travel hundreds of miles and reach heights over 30 feet. Impacts include destruction of infrastructure, loss of life and property, and contamination of water supplies. Prevention focuses on early warning systems and evacuation plans, while adaptations aim to rebuild communities and implement child protection and new livelihood strategies.
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Bangladesh is consisted of a total land area of 147570 km² with hilly areas of 17,342 km² (8.5% of total area of Bangladesh).
Chattagram Hill tracts is the wide ranging hilly area in the southeastern part of the country. Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari are three unique geographical and cultural landscape administrative districts in this region.
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earthquake
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that generates seismic waves. The location within the earth where rupture first occurs is known as the focus or hypocenter, while the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter. Different types of seismic waves travel through the earth's interior or along its surface, causing shaking and damage. By measuring the arrival times of these waves at multiple seismograph stations, scientists can determine the epicenter location. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale by magnitude or the Mercalli scale by observed intensity. India experiences frequent earthquakes and is divided into different seismic zones based on risk levels. Major quakes have caused widespread destruction and loss of life in
Tsunami powerpoint
Tsunamis are caused by large displacements of water, usually in oceans, that can be triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides or meteorite impacts. While tsunamis have extremely long wavelengths and periods in deep ocean waters, they can travel very fast at over 600 mph. When they reach shallow coastal waters, their energy causes the sea level to rise dramatically and flood inland areas. Proper planning, awareness of warning signs and evacuation routes can help minimize damage and save lives during a tsunami.
Seismic Waves
Seismic waves are waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the Earth or explosions. There are two main types of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. Body waves include P waves and S waves, which travel through the Earth's interior. Surface waves such as Love waves and Rayleigh waves travel along the Earth's surface and cause the most shaking during an earthquake. Seismic waves are recorded by seismographs and can provide information about the Earth's interior structure.
Earthquake ppt
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Volcanism
Volcanoes form when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts. They consist of a vent, conduit and surrounding cone built from erupted material. Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries or hot spots. Magma rises due to lower density and pressure changes, erupting either explosively with gas-rich magma or effusively with low-viscosity magma. Eruptions produce hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows and falls. Notable examples include Vesuvius destroying Pompeii and Krakatoa's powerful 1883 eruption. Supervolcanoes are capable of much larger eruptions than normal volcanoes.
Tsunami
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The document discusses earthquakes, including their causes, types of seismic waves produced, measurement on the Richter scale, potential hazards caused by earthquakes like landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis and floods. It also discusses methods of earthquake prediction and safety precautions to take during an earthquake based on one's location.
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The document discusses earthquake resistant structures. It begins by defining what an earthquake is and explaining that they are caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range from minor shakes that are barely felt to violent shakes that cause widespread destruction. The document then discusses different types of seismic waves like P waves, S waves, and surface waves. It also covers earthquake terminology like focus, epicenter, and fault lines. The rest of the document discusses factors that affect earthquake damage, different types of faults, and design considerations for earthquake resistant structures.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines in the earth's crust. The effects of earthquakes vary based on their magnitude and can include widespread destruction and loss of life. Seismic waves, including compressional P-waves and shear S-waves, travel outward from the hypocenter or focus of the earthquake. The location of the epicenter at the earth's surface directly above the focus can be determined using seismic data from multiple monitoring stations. Earthquakes are measured on scales such as the Richter scale and Modified Mercalli intensity scale.
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1) Earthquakes occur along fault lines in the earth's crust due to the buildup and release of stress as tectonic plates shift.
2) There are three main types of faults that can form from different types of stress: normal faults from tension, reverse faults from compression, and strike-slip faults from shear stress.
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Earthquake.pptx
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy along a fault in the earth's crust. Faults can slip passively or stick together under stress until suddenly snapping and releasing energy. Earthquake effects include damaged buildings, disrupted infrastructure, fires, landslides, and permanent land changes. Earthquakes are classified by origin (tectonic, volcanic, etc.), depth of focus (shallow, intermediate, deep), and intensity/magnitude scales. Seismographs record earthquake waves, including P, S, and L waves, to study seismic activity and the earth's interior.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when rocks under stress accumulate strain energy and break, releasing seismic waves. There are two types of seismic waves: body waves that travel through the interior of the Earth, and surface waves that travel along the surface. Seismographs record these waves and the analysis of timing between P and S waves allows the distance to the earthquake to be determined. Triangulating data from multiple seismograph stations locates the earthquake epicenter. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the logarithmic Richter Scale based on seismic wave amplitude. Earthquakes can cause shaking, ground displacement, tsunamis, and fires. While prediction remains difficult, monitoring subsurface activity may provide future warning of earthquakes.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stress along faults in the Earth's crust. When the stress becomes too great, the rock breaks and seismic waves are released. There are three main types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Scientists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by measuring the arrival times of seismic waves at multiple seismograph stations and using triangulation. The Richter Scale is used to measure the magnitude or energy released by an earthquake.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stress along faults in the Earth's crust. When the stress becomes too great, the rock breaks and seismic waves are released. There are three main types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Scientists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by measuring the arrival times of seismic waves at multiple seismograph stations and using triangulation. The Richter Scale is used to measure the magnitude or energy released by an earthquake.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and the different types of seismic waves. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, leading to earthquakes when the pressure is released. There are three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip. An earthquake begins at a focus point and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. P waves, S waves, and surface waves are the three types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. P waves travel the fastest while surface waves cause the most destruction.
Earthquake Presentation 08 09
Earthquakes are caused by sudden movements within Earth's crust that cause rocks to bend, break or fracture. Most earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire, a belt circling the Pacific Ocean where 88% of all quakes take place, and also along other belts where tectonic plates meet. Forces like tension, compression and shearing cause three types of rock fractures - normal faults where the rock moves apart, reverse faults where it moves together, and strike-slip faults where it slides horizontally past another part of the crust.
Earth quake
The document summarizes information about earthquakes, including:
1) Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The effects vary based on magnitude and intensity and can cause widespread destruction.
2) Key terms are defined, such as focus, epicenter, fault lines, and different types of seismic waves.
3) Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale based on energy released. Different zones in India are classified by seismic activity.
4) Major earthquakes discussed include the 2001 Gujarat earthquake that killed over 20,000 people and left hundreds of thousands homeless.
Earthquake
Earthquake
1.Interior of earth
2.Convection currents cause the movement of plates
3.Tectonic Plate
4.Why do earthquakes occur?
5.Where do earthquakes occur.
6.Definitions
7.Seismic waves: forms
8.Measuring earthquakes
9.Classification of earthquake
10.Locating the shaking
11.Earthquake risk and prediction
12.Short-term predictions
13.Impacts of Earthquake Prediction
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Earthquake and tsunami
- 1. Department : Civil Engineering Group-6 Submitted by: i.Masud Alam Ansari (11716156) iv. Ganesh S ii. Md. Rohit (11714779) v. Md. Zaid(11700539) iii. Subash Kr sahani (11716699) vi. Sahil & Tsunami
- 2. Table of Contents Introduction Term related to Earthquake Causes and Impact of Earthquake Theory of Plate tectonics Types of Seismic Waves Mitigation and Management Earthquake Magnitude Architectural Design Principles and Construction Technique Tsunami Case Study
- 3. Introduction An earthquake is a violent shaking of earth’s surface due to sudden release of large amount of energy that has accumulated over a long time inside the earth. Naturally:- 90% Man made:- 10%
- 4. Example Series of waves are produced on the surface of water, these waves spread out in all directions from the point where the stone strikes the water.
- 5. Term related to Earthquake • Focus • Epicenter • Focal Depth • Epicentral Distance
- 6. Causes of Earthquake Surface causes Volcanic causes Tectonic causes • Surface Causes-Dynamic Agencies Operation i.Machinary ii.Nuclear test iii. Mining blast iv. Locomotives
- 7. Volcanic causes- Pressure exerted by movement of hot molten lava. Tectonic causes- Relative movement of rock masses , Development of new fault line.
- 8. Impact of Earthquake Loss of life and property. Damage to transport system. Structural damage to buildings. Tsunami Water pipes, sewers are disrupted. Communications such as telephone wires are damaged. Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade and transport are severely affected.
- 9. Theory of Plate tectonics - The outer most layer of earth’s surface consists of major tectonic plates. - These plates comprises of outer crust, some portion of mantle floating on hot molten outer core
- 10. Earthquake occur due to interplate actions or movement of plates in different directions at different speed. There are 3 Types of Interplate actions:- • Divergent boundary ( Move away) • Convergent boundary (Move toward) • Transform boundary (Mode side by side)
- 11. Seismic Waves -Waves transmitted in all the direction passing through earth’s surface . Types of Waves • Surface Waves (Travel along the surface of the earth ) • Body waves ( Travel through the earth layer) • P- waves • S- waves
- 12. Body waves Primary waves- Materials particle vibrate in the direction of propagation of the wave.(1st recorded at station) • Secondary wave- Materials particle vibrate at the right angle to the direction of propagation of the wave.
- 13. Mitigation and Management Mitigation -To reduce the effect of hazard itself and the Vulnerability conditions. • Physical Vulnerability: -Related to Building, infrastructure. • Social Vulnerability:- Related to Socially marginalized groups like women, physically challenged etc. • Economic Vulnerability:- The poor people who have a little to cope up with any disaster as it completely destroys.
- 14. Cont…
- 15. Management -Effectively and Efficiently managing a Disaster situation.
- 16. Earthquake Magnitude - Measure of the amount of energy released during Earthquake .( Quantitative measure)
- 17. Architectural Design Principles and Construction Technique • Plan and elevation of the building should be simple.
- 18. Cont….. • Jacketing -when the structural member is enclosed from 3 sides with new concrete and steel
- 19. Cont… Seismic base Isolation -Separating the structure and foundation by introduction of flexible layer.
- 20. Cont… Seismic Damper -It is used in place of structural elements, like diagonal braces, for controlling seismic damage in structures. ( Absorb Seismic Energy)
- 21. Tsunami Introduction - Tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean. Causes of Tsunami Earthquake • Volcanic eruption • Underwater explosion
- 23. Cont… -Tsunami is should not be known as tidal waves. Tsunamis are sometimes incorrectly called "tidal waves" -- tsunamis are not caused by the tides (tides are caused by the gravitational force of the moon on the sea). Regular waves are caused by the wind.
- 24. Sign Of An Approaching Tsunami Often no advance warning of an approaching Tsunami. An earthquake felt near a body of water may be considered an indication that a tsunami will shortly follow.
- 25. Case study Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami 2004 Date:-26th December 2004 Depth:- 30,000 m Location:- Banda Aceh, Indonesia Total damage:- 1,500 crores USD
- 26. Case Study Nepal Earthquake 2015 Date:- 25th April 2015 Magnitude :- 8.1 Focal Depth:- 8.2 km Epicenter :-28.230°N 84.731°E ( Kathmandu) Area affected:- Nepal India Bangladesh Bhutan • Total Damage:-$ 10 Billion • Death :- 8600 (No of people)
- 27. Epicenter and affected areas
- 28. Damages and effects Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, especially those near the epicenter. The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the earthquake. Nepal, with a total GDP of USD$19.921 billion is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.
- 29. Destruction
- 30. Rescue