1) An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. 2) There are different types of seismic waves including P waves, S waves, Love waves, and Rayleigh waves that move in different motions. 3) The epicenter of an earthquake can be located using data from at least 3 seismic stations to determine where the P and S waves intersect. 4) Major earthquakes can cause widespread destruction and loss of life depending on their magnitude and proximity to populated areas. 5) Common effects of earthquakes include damage to infrastructure, disruption of basic services, loss of life and property, and economic impacts.
Introduction to natural hazard and disaster management Jahangir Alam
The earth indeed a hazardous planet
There are 516 active volcanoes with an eruption every 15 days (on average)
Global monitors record approximately 2000 earth tremors everyday
There are approximately 2 earthquakes per day of sufficient strength to cause damage to homes and buildings, with severe damage occurring 15 to 20 times per year.
There are 1800 thunderstorms at any given time across the earth surface; lightening strikes 100 times every second.
On average there 4 to 5 tornadoes per day or 600 1000 per year.
NATURAL HAZARDS: SOME FACTS & STATISTICS
Environmental or Natural Hazards/Disasters generally refers to geophysical events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, drought, flooding, cyclone, lightening etc., that can potentially cause large scale economic damage and physical injury or death. Environmental hazards are sometimes known as ‘Act of God.’
Introduction to natural hazard and disaster management Jahangir Alam
The earth indeed a hazardous planet
There are 516 active volcanoes with an eruption every 15 days (on average)
Global monitors record approximately 2000 earth tremors everyday
There are approximately 2 earthquakes per day of sufficient strength to cause damage to homes and buildings, with severe damage occurring 15 to 20 times per year.
There are 1800 thunderstorms at any given time across the earth surface; lightening strikes 100 times every second.
On average there 4 to 5 tornadoes per day or 600 1000 per year.
NATURAL HAZARDS: SOME FACTS & STATISTICS
Environmental or Natural Hazards/Disasters generally refers to geophysical events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, drought, flooding, cyclone, lightening etc., that can potentially cause large scale economic damage and physical injury or death. Environmental hazards are sometimes known as ‘Act of God.’
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
IN THIS TOPIC I HAVE MENTIONED WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE AND ITS EFFECTS , CAUSES.
SOME PRECAUTIONS FOR THE PEOPLE.AND SOME MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA.
HOPE ALL OF U LIKE IT
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
An earthquake is a violent and abrupt shaking of the ground, caused by movement between tectonic plates along a fault line in the earth's crust. Earthquakes can result in the ground shaking, soil liquefaction, landslides, fissures, avalanches, fires and tsunamis.
How do you describe an earthquake?
A large earthquake far away will feel like a gentle bump followed several seconds later by stronger rolling shaking that may feel like sharp shaking for a little while. A small earthquake nearby will feel like a small sharp jolt followed by a few stronger sharp shakes that pass quickly.
Civil Engineering
Earth Quake Data
Earth Layers
Plate Tectonics
Seismic Waves
Effects of Earthquake
Epicenter of Earthquake
Damages by Earthquake
Earthquake: A Tragedy to life and propertyVanshika Singh
Earthquakes are the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. INTRODUCTION
Presented by:
Md. Ramjan
Admn no.:01h(m)/2016
M.Sc. Horticulture (vege sc.)
Earthquake is one of the worst natural hazards which often turn into disaster
causing widespread destruction and loss to human life.
The effects of earthquake vary upon the magnitude and intensity.
Earthquake occurs every where all over the world excepting few places
3. What is an earthquake?
The result of a sudden release of
energy in the earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves.
4. Seismic Waves
Elastic waves of energy that travel
through the Earth's layers, which
are result of earthquakes.
5.
6. S (Secondary) waves
• These waves arrive second
• Move with a side-to side motion
P (Primary) waves
• These waves arrive first
• Move with a pushpull motion
7. Love waves
• Displacement is parallel to the
free surface
• Love wave is faster
• Causes horizontal shifting of the
earth surface
Rayleigh waves
• Displacement is perpendicular to
love wave displacement
• Rayleigh wave is slower
• Ground move in circular motion.
8. Locating an epicenter
At least 3 seismic stations need to
locate an epicenter
• The P and S waves help determine
where the epicenter is located
• Where all three circles meet is the
location of the epicenter
9. Locating an epicenter
The farther you are from
the epicenter, the
greater the S-P Interval
(the time between when
the P wave hits and the S
wave hits)
10. What is an epicenter anyway?
By definition: A point
on Earth’s surface that
is directly above the
focus of an
earthquake, where the
shaking is strongest and
most damage occurs
11. Focus ( Hypocentre)?
By definition: point
below Earth’s surface
where the rock breaks
along a fault and
energy is released
12. A fault is a region on Earth’s
surface that is broken into 2 pieces
• There can be three types of
movement
• In these diagrams, the
“hanging wall” is the side
that moves up or down
Fault
13. Normal fault - pulling apart
The block above fault move
downward
16. CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE
Surface causes:
Great explosions
Landslides
Slips on steep coasts
Dashing of sea waves
Avalanches
Engineering projects
cause minor tremors.
Volcanic causes:
Volcanic
eruptions.
Displacements of
lava within or
beneath the earth
crust.
Tectonic cause:
Most destructive
Structural disturbance
in lithosphere
Displacement of old
fault due to
accumulating stress
17. EARTHQUAKE CLASSIFICATION SCALES
Magnitude Description Mercalli intensity Average earthquake effects
Av freq. of occurrence
(estimated)
1.0–1.9 Micro I
Micro earthquakes, not felt, or
felt rarely.
Continual/several
million per year
2.0–2.9
Minor
I to II Felt slightly.
Over one million per
year
3.0–3.9 III to IV Shaking of indoor objects Over 100,000 per year
4.0–4.9 Light IV to VI
Objects may fall off shelves or be
knocked over.
10,000 to 15,000 per
year
5.0–5.9 Moderate VI to VIII
Damage depends on severity to
poorly constructed buildings.
1,000 to 1,500 per
year
6.0–6.9 Strong VII to X
Receive moderate to severe
damage.
100 to 150 per year
7.0–7.9 Major
VIII or greater
Damages to most buildings 10 to 20 per year
8.0–8.9
Great
Major damage to buildings One per year
9.0 and greater
Permanent changes in
topography.
One per 10 to 50 years
Ritcher Scale & Mercalli Intensity Scale
18. 10 EARTHQUAKE PRONE COUNTRIES
IN THE WORLD
Japan
Nepal
India
Ecuador
Philippines
Pakistan
El Salvador
Mexico
Turkey
Indonesia
20. Top 10 worst Earthquake in Indian history
Sr. No. Place Deaths Date & Year Magnitude Epicentre
1 Indian Ocean > 283,106 December 26, 2004 9.1–9.3 West coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia
2 Kashmir 130,000 October 8, 2005 7.6 Muzaffarabad,
Pakistan(Kashmir)
3 Bihar and Nepal > 30,000 January 15,1934 8.7 South of Mount Everest
4 Gujarat 20,000 January 26,2001 7.7 Kutch, Gujarat
5 Kangra, HP > 20,000 April 4, 1905 7.8 Himalayas
6 Latur, MH > 9,748 September 30, 1993 6.4 Killari, Latur
7 Assam 1,526 August 15, 1950 8.6 Rima, Tibet
8 Assam 1,500 June 12, 1897 8.1 Exact location not
known
9 Uttarkashi >1,000 October 20, 1991 6.8 Garhwal, Uttarakhand
10 Koynanagar, MH 180 December 11, 1967 6.5 Koyna
Chile : 1960 May 22, Magnitude 9.5
21. Earthquake prediction
Unusual animal behaviour
Water level in wells
Large scale fluctuation on oil flow from oil wells
Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake
Temperature change
Uplifting of earth surface
Change in seismic wave velocity
22. Effect of earthquake
Loss of life and property
Damage to infrastructure
Chances of current short-circuit.
23. Effect of earthquake
See how the road is not continuous
Damage to transport system i.e. Roads,
railways, highways, airports, marine.
Communications such as telephone wires
are damaged.
Water pipes, sewers are disrupted.
24. Causes of flood- develop cracks in dams.
Economic activities like agriculture,
industry, trade and transport are severely
affected
25. Earthquake safety rules
If you are in house:
◦ Don’t use lift
◦ Be prepared to move with your family.
If you are in shop, school or office:
◦ Run for and exit or take cover under desk/table.
◦ Move away from window glass.
◦ Do not go near electric point and cable.
◦ Keep away from weak portion of the building and false ceiling.
26. If you are outside:
◦ Avoid high buildings, walls, power lines etc..
◦ Don’t run through streets.
◦ If possible move on to an open area away from hazard including
trees.
If you are in vehicle:
◦ Stop in a safe open place.
◦ Remain inside vehicle.
◦ Close window. Doors and vents.
Earthquake safety rules
27. After an earthquake
o Keep calm, switch on the transistor radio and obey instructions.
o Keep away from beaches and low banks of river.
o Do not re-enter badly damaged buildings and damage structures.
o Turn off the water, gas and electricity.
o Do not turn on switches there may be gas leak or short circuit.
o If there is any fire, try to put it out or call fire brigade.
28. o Do not drink water from open containers without having examined it.
o If you aware of people have been buried, tell the rescue team.
o Avoid places where there are loose electric wires
o Do not walk around the streets to see what is happening.
o Keep the street clear so rescue vehicles can access the road easily.
After an earthquake
29. Khanna, B.K. (2011) Disasters - Strengthening Community Mitigation &
Preparedness. New Indian Publishing Agency, New Delhi
ftp://ftpdata.dnr.sc.gov/geology/Education/PDF/Earthquakes.pdf
http://rjfisher.lgusd.org/ourpages/auto/2014/5/19/53168284/Earthqua
ke%20notes%20PDF.pdf
http://www.stopdisastersgame.org/en/pdf/Earthquake_fact-sheet.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale
https://owlcation.com/stem/Biggest-Earthquakes-in-India
Reference: