Earthquakes occur due to the buildup and sudden release of energy along fault lines in the Earth's crust. When pressure becomes too great, the plates jerk past one another causing violent shaking at the epicenter and releasing seismic waves that spread outwards. The three main types of faults are normal, reverse, and strike-slip, which control how the plates move during an earthquake. Understanding earthquake hazards and being prepared can help reduce risks to safety when they occur.
IN THIS TOPIC I HAVE MENTIONED WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE AND ITS EFFECTS , CAUSES.
SOME PRECAUTIONS FOR THE PEOPLE.AND SOME MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA.
HOPE ALL OF U LIKE IT
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
IN THIS TOPIC I HAVE MENTIONED WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE AND ITS EFFECTS , CAUSES.
SOME PRECAUTIONS FOR THE PEOPLE.AND SOME MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA.
HOPE ALL OF U LIKE IT
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
3. “An earthquake is the
motion or trembling of
the ground produced by
sudden displacement of
rock in the Earth's crust.
Earthquakes result from
crustal strain, volcanism,
landslides, and collapse
of cavern”
4. Stage 1: Two of the crusts
plates rub against each
other and stick in one
place. Pressure builds up as
they try and move past
each other.
Stage 2: Suddenly, the
pressure is too much
and the plates jerk
past each other. The
place where this
happens is called the
focus.
Why do earthquakes
happen?
5. Stage 3: Vibrations go out in all
directions through the rocks.
These vibrations are called
shockwaves or seismic waves
Stage 4: When the shock waves
reach the surface of the earth they
cause the ground to shake. The
most violent shaking is directly
above the focus at a point on the
Earths surface called the
epicentre.
focus
epicenter
6. Where do earthquakes occur:
1) Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the
oceanic and continental plate
9. Definitions
• Earthquake = Vibration of the Earth
produced by the rapid release of energy
• Seismic waves = Energy moving outward
from the focus of an earthquake
• Focus= location of initial slip on the
fault; where the earthquake origins
• Epicenter= spot on Earth’s surface
directly above the focus
13. Faults
A fault is a large crack in the Earth's crust where one
part of the crust has moved against another part.
There are three basic fault types
1. Normal faults: form when the
hanging wall drops down.
The forces that create
normal faults are pulling
the sides apart, or
extensional.
14. Fault Type2
2. Reverse faults form
when the hanging wall
moves up.
The forces creating reverse
faults are compressional,
pushing the sides together.
15. Fault Type33. Strike-slip faults
have walls that move sideways,
not up or down.
That is, the slip occurs along
the strike, not up or down the
dip.
In these faults the fault plane is
usually vertical, so there is no
hanging wall .
24. Seismic waves: forms
• P-waves:
– called compressional, or push-pull waves
– Propagate parralel to the direction in which the wave is moving
– Move through solids, liquids
• S-waves:
– Called shear waves
– Propagate the movement perpendicular
to the direction in which the wave is
moving
• Surface waves (L-waves or long waves).
– Complex motion
– Up-and-down and side-to-side
– Slowest
– Most damage to structures, buildings
36. Richter Scale
• Henry richter
(1918-1992)
• Measures the energy or
strength released by
earthquake movement
• Provides accurate
measurements for small,
nearby earthquakes
Does not work for big, far ones
37. 2) Intensity: Mercalli Scale:
– What did you feel?
– Assigns an intensity or rating to measure an earthquake at
a particular location (qualitative)
– (buildings nearly destroyed)
– Measures the destructive effect
• Intensity is a function of:
• Energy released by fault
• Geology of the location
• Surface substrate: can magnify shock waves e.g. Mexico
City (1985) and San Francisco (1989)
39. • Develop home earthquake plan
• Conduct earthquake drills
• Develop plan for reuniting family members
• Develop family communication plan
• Keep supplies on hand
CERT Basic Training
Unit 1: EarthquakesE-40
Earthquake Preparedness
40. • First:
– Check selves for injuries
– Protect selves from further danger
• Then:
– Extinguish small fires
– Clean up spills
– Inspect home for damage
– Help neighbors
– Tune to Emergency Alert System (EAS)
– Expect aftershocks
CERT Basic Training
Unit 1: EarthquakesE-41
After an Earthquake
41. • Drop, cover, and hold
• If indoors, stay there until shaking stops
• If outdoors, find a spot away from buildings,
trees, streetlights, power lines, and
overpasses
• If in a vehicle, drive to clear spot and stop
CERT Basic Training
Unit 1: EarthquakesE-42
During an Earthquake
42. • First:
– Check selves for injuries
– Protect selves from further danger
• Then:
– Extinguish small fires
– Clean up spills
– Inspect home for damage
– Help neighbors
– Tune to Emergency Alert System (EAS)
– Expect aftershocks
CERT Basic Training
Unit 1: EarthquakesE-43
After an Earthquake
44. Frequencyof Occurrence of Earthquakes
Descriptor Magnitude Average Annually
Great 8 and higher 1 ¹
Major 7 - 7.9 17 ²
Strong 6 - 6.9 134 ²
Moderate 5 - 5.9 1319 ²
Light 4 - 4.9
13,000
(estimated)
Minor 3 - 3.9
130,000
(estimated)
Very Minor 2 - 2.9
1,300,000
(estimated)
¹ Based on observations since 1900.
² Based on observations since 1990.
47. Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World
Date Location Deaths Magnitude Comments
May 31, 1970 Peru 66,000 7.9 $530,000,000
damage, great rock
slide, floods.
July 27, 1976 China,
Tangshan
255,000
(official)
7.5 Estimated death toll as
high as 655,000.
Sept 19, 1985 Mexico
Michoacan
9500
(official)
8.0 Estimated death toll as
high as 30,000
Old lake bed magnified
shock waves by 500%
2001 Jan 26 India 20,023 7.7 166,836 injured,
600,000 homeless
.
2004 Dec 26 Sumatra 283,106 9.0 Deaths from earthquake
and tsunami
48. Largest earthquake in the world
Chile : 1960 May 22
19:11:14 UTC
Magnitude 9.5
More than 2,000 killed, 3,000 injured, 2,000,000
homeless, and $550 million damage in southern
Chile
tsunami caused 61 deaths
$75 million damage in Hawaii;
138 deaths and $50 million damage in Japan;
32 dead and missing in the Philippines;
and $500,000 damage to the west coast of
the United States.
50. Dead - More than 3,000
•A report of U.S. Army
relief operations recorded:
•498 deaths in San
Francisco
•64 deaths in Santa
Rosa
•102 deaths in and near
San Jose
Stanford University 1906 Earthquake
damage.
