This document is a student's final report on testing the earthing system of a 10 MVA power transformer at a substation in Palembang, Indonesia. The student defines a final report and the purpose of their report. The background discusses how electricity usage is increasing with technology, requiring reliable distribution systems. Earthing systems are important for protecting equipment from short circuits and leakage currents. The objectives are to determine the electrode type used and grounding impedance. Benefits include preventing disturbances, maintaining power distribution, and protecting workers from electrical shock. The student thanks the reader for their attention.
Amplitude and phase comparators
Over current relays
Directional relays
Distance relays
Differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay
Classification and their description
Over current relays
Directional relay
Distance relays
Differential relay
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDINGDr. Rohit Babu
Generation of overvoltages in power systems
Protection against lightning overvoltages
Valve type and zinc oxide lightning arresters
Insulation coordination
BIL
Impulse ratio
Standard impulse test wave
Volt-time characteristics
Grounded and ungrounded neutral systems
Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance
Methods of neutral grounding
Solid
Resistance
Reactance
Arcing grounds and grounding Practices
Amplitude and phase comparators
Over current relays
Directional relays
Distance relays
Differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay
Classification and their description
Over current relays
Directional relay
Distance relays
Differential relay
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDINGDr. Rohit Babu
Generation of overvoltages in power systems
Protection against lightning overvoltages
Valve type and zinc oxide lightning arresters
Insulation coordination
BIL
Impulse ratio
Standard impulse test wave
Volt-time characteristics
Grounded and ungrounded neutral systems
Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance
Methods of neutral grounding
Solid
Resistance
Reactance
Arcing grounds and grounding Practices
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Generator and Transformer Protection (PART 1)Dr. Rohit Babu
Part 1. Generator Protection
Protection of generators against stator faults
Rotor faults and abnormal conditions
Restricted earth fault and inter-turn fault protection
Numerical examples
Relay coordination is used to achieve proper fault identification and fault clearance sequence.These relays must be able to differentiate between the normal operating currents that including short time over currents that may appear due to certain equipment normal operation such as motor starting currents, Transformer inrush currents and sustained over current due to fault conditions
Protection of Transformer
Generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes
Selection of circuit breakers
Constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil,
Minimum Oil,
Air Blast,
SF6,
Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Practical HV and LV Switching Operations and Safety RulesLiving Online
In this workshop, we will take a look at the theoretical aspects of safety as well as the practical and statutory issues. One of the main causes of electrical accidents is said to be incorrect isolation of the circuits where work is to be done. To ensure safety of operators and maintenance personnel, proper switching procedures are necessary and more so when the circuits have multiple feeds and are complex. The possibility of voltage being fed back from secondary circuits needs to be considered as well. This workshop emphasises on the isolation procedures to ensure proper and safe isolation of HV, LV and secondary circuits.
Electrical safety is not just a technical issue. Accidents can only be prevented if appropriate safety procedures are evolved and enforced. This includes appropriate knowledge of equipment and systems imparted through systematic training to each and every person who operates or maintains the equipment. We will cover all these aspects in detail.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-hv-and-lv-switching-operations-and-safety-rules-25
Practical Electrical Wiring Standards - National Rules for Electrical Install...Living Online
Internationally there has been steady progress towards the harmonisation of electrical wiring standards. European standards are based on the international IEC 364 under the umbrella of Harmonisation Document HD 384. The format of these is reflected in the ETCI national rules ET 101: 2008 and the UK IEE wiring regulations BS 7671:2008.
This workshop is designed to provide up to date information and training on the current edition of National Rules ET 101: 2008. It will consist of in-depth teaching on all aspects of the national rules and their application with many practical examples and sample design calculations. The workshop includes references to safety, maintenance, inspection and testing. In addition, it provides a summary of some of the basic principles necessary for a good understanding of electrical installation technology.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-electrical-wiring-standards-national-rules-electrical-installations-et-1012008-2
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Generator and Transformer Protection (PART 1)Dr. Rohit Babu
Part 1. Generator Protection
Protection of generators against stator faults
Rotor faults and abnormal conditions
Restricted earth fault and inter-turn fault protection
Numerical examples
Relay coordination is used to achieve proper fault identification and fault clearance sequence.These relays must be able to differentiate between the normal operating currents that including short time over currents that may appear due to certain equipment normal operation such as motor starting currents, Transformer inrush currents and sustained over current due to fault conditions
Protection of Transformer
Generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes
Selection of circuit breakers
Constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil,
Minimum Oil,
Air Blast,
SF6,
Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Practical HV and LV Switching Operations and Safety RulesLiving Online
In this workshop, we will take a look at the theoretical aspects of safety as well as the practical and statutory issues. One of the main causes of electrical accidents is said to be incorrect isolation of the circuits where work is to be done. To ensure safety of operators and maintenance personnel, proper switching procedures are necessary and more so when the circuits have multiple feeds and are complex. The possibility of voltage being fed back from secondary circuits needs to be considered as well. This workshop emphasises on the isolation procedures to ensure proper and safe isolation of HV, LV and secondary circuits.
Electrical safety is not just a technical issue. Accidents can only be prevented if appropriate safety procedures are evolved and enforced. This includes appropriate knowledge of equipment and systems imparted through systematic training to each and every person who operates or maintains the equipment. We will cover all these aspects in detail.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-hv-and-lv-switching-operations-and-safety-rules-25
Practical Electrical Wiring Standards - National Rules for Electrical Install...Living Online
Internationally there has been steady progress towards the harmonisation of electrical wiring standards. European standards are based on the international IEC 364 under the umbrella of Harmonisation Document HD 384. The format of these is reflected in the ETCI national rules ET 101: 2008 and the UK IEE wiring regulations BS 7671:2008.
This workshop is designed to provide up to date information and training on the current edition of National Rules ET 101: 2008. It will consist of in-depth teaching on all aspects of the national rules and their application with many practical examples and sample design calculations. The workshop includes references to safety, maintenance, inspection and testing. In addition, it provides a summary of some of the basic principles necessary for a good understanding of electrical installation technology.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-electrical-wiring-standards-national-rules-electrical-installations-et-1012008-2
ppt of Three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and tri...Vikram Rawani
it's the final ppt which we have made for the project hope you will like it and make use most of it. it will definitely help you guys .
all the best (Y) :)
It is necessary to take safety precautions at home since your kids might end up playing with electricity. Here are a few tips for electrical safety which you can share with your kids. Call Caddell Electric for further assistance. http://www.dallaselectricrepair.com/
Electricity is all around us, it is a basic part of nature and a major source of energy. Electricity is used in homes and in industries We use electricity in our everyday lives to power all types of machinery and equipment, and to do all types of work. We use it for something as basic as powering the lights in our homes and workplaces. As such, it is not surprising that the largest consumers of electricity are residential homes in the U.S. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, 39.4% of electricity consumed in 2020 was by the residential sector, while the commercial sector consumption was 34.6% and the industrial sector consumed 25.8% (2021).
Development of intelligent protection and automation control systems using fu...IJECEIAES
In this article, the causes of technological disturbances in electrical systems are considered, and several characteristic disadvantages of the protection and automation of elements of electrical systems are highlighted. The tendency to decrease the reliability of relay protection associated with the transition from analog to digital types of protection is substantiated. Based on the studied examples, the use of fuzzy logic in protections, the expediency of using fuzzy logic elements in protection devices, and the automation of electrical systems to identify types of short circuits are justified. This article analyzes the most common damages and presents the results of modeling an electrical system with transformer coupling, where all types of asymmetric short circuits were initiated. The dynamics of changes in the symmetrical components of short-circuit currents of the forward, reverse, and zero sequences are determined. Rules have been created for the identification of asymmetric types of short circuits. An algorithm of protection and automation operation using fuzzy logic elements has been developed. The proposed algorithm of protection and automation will reduce the time to determine the type of damage and trigger protections.
Monitoring of power transformers using thermal model and permission time of ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the problem of increasing the reliability of electricity supply to consumers. Uninterrupted power supply to electricity consumers depends on the reliability of power supply system in general and power transformers in particular, the accident rate of which is quite high. The causes of the problem are the location of transformer substations at a considerable distance from the service centers, their spreading out over a large area, missing information about the current modes of their operation and so on. One of the ways to solve this problem is development and implementation a system for continuous diagnostics of power transformers. Failure analysis of power transformer based on fault tree is considered, the diagnostic parameters are determined. The insulation wear rate and permission operating time under overload have been defined with help of equivalent heat circuit. It is proposed to use a permission time as a parameter to diagnose the operation mode and increase the efficiency of maintenance of substations through remote monitoring based on the global service mobile (GSM) network. Remote diagnostics allows to receive an information about emergency situation timely. It helps to reduce operating costs, to ensure the reliability and quality of electricity supply for consumers.
Electric fault is the main challenge in the process of providing continues electric supply. Fault can occur at anytime and anywhere. Due to the fault causes are mainly based on natural disaster or accident. Most fault occurrence hardly predicted nor avoided. Therefore, a quick response fault detection is necessary to ensure that the fault area is maintained to ensure a continuous power supply system. Hence, a system is required to detect and locate the position of the fault in the power system especially in the transmission line and distribution line. This paper will review the type of fault that possibly occurs in an electric power system, the type of fault detection and location technique that are available together with the protection device that can be utilized in the power system to protect the equipment from electric fault.
Fault analysis in power system using power systems computer aided designIJAAS Team
This work presents a fault analysis simulation model of an IEEE 30 bus system in a distribution network. This work annalysed the effect of fault current and fault voltage in a distribution system. A circuit breaker was introduced into the system to neutralize the effect of the fault. The system was run on a PSCAD software and results were obtained. The system was monitored based on the start time and the end time of the fault and how well the circuit breaker reacts with those times. Fault occurred from 0.100 to 0.300 seconds before it was removed. At the time fault was not applied (i.e. from 0.00 to 0.100 and from 0.300 to 0.72), the circuit breaker was close and became open when fault was applied so as to cut off current flow through the line.The result obtained gave the disruption caused by the fault and the quick response of the circuit breaker in neutralizing it. Results gotten are based on when the circuit breaker is close and no fault is applied and when the circuit breaker is open due to fault. From this work, it was obtained that circuit breakers are very essential in system protection and reliability.
Blackout Prevention Plan – The Stability, Reliability and Security Enhancemen...Power System Operation
The stability, reliability and security of power
system are the concerned issues in Thailand due to the lessons
from the blackout around the world in 2003. Electricity
Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), which is responsible
on the generation and transmission system in Thailand, has
considered the measures to avoid the major power failure in
Thailand so-called the blackout prevention plan. The blackout
prevention plan is used as a tool for managing and operating the
system efficiently.
The blackout prevention plan is the preventive plan to
minimize the chance of the failure in the power system in
Thailand as possible. To identify the system vulnerability in the
network, the power system simulations are performed as the
important methodology. The power system analysis is not only
examined on the N-1 criteria but also the events from the past
experience and the potential events that can occur in the
Thailand power grid. Many aspects are analyzed to understand
the constraint on system and select the appropriate methods to
solve the problems efficiently. The investment and maintenance
cost of the solution also are taken into the account to optimize the
security of the system and economics.
Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Prot...Kashif Mehmood
This paper includes the design and implementation of Numerical Relay that can protect the equipment against over-voltage, over-current and under voltage. Although, every power system is subjected to faults and these faults can severe damage to the power system. Therefore, it is necessary
to observe and resolve in time to avoid a large damage such as blackouts. For this purpose, there
should be some sensing devices, which give signals to the circuit breakers for preventing of power
system damages. The multipurpose relays have much importance role in power system for sensing
and measuring the amplitude of faults. Numerical relay provides settings of over-current, overvoltage and under voltage values. Simulations have been carried out using Proteus software along
with tested on hardware with Arduino Uno Microcontroller that proves the working and operation of
numerical relay.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. EARTHING SYSTEM POWER
TRANSFORMER 10 MVA IN SUBSTATION
TALANG RATU PALEMBANG
Name : Achmad Zulkifli
Class : 6 LA
NIM : 0611 3031 0145
2. Definition of the Final Report
Final report is academic activities carried out by
each student before ending his study in the
application of knowledge and skills acquired in
the form of scientific papers.
Scientific works prepared by students as
evidence of academic ability / professional
students concerned in applying theory learned in
college to address or solve practical problems in
industry / field according to the study.
3. Background
At the time of the current global era, the more rapid
development of technology and the use of growing
advanced equipment, so need for electrical energy
consumption also, in its own use of electricity is an
important role in human survival, so the use of above
requirements can not be stopped and the electricity
needed any time by the consumer.
In its use which no limit, electricity can not be forever
distributed smoothly, because of several factors which
can affect the performance of the equipment being used
as a channel of electricity to consumers, one of them is
on the transformer and disruption which may happens
could be a short circuit or leakage current, resulting in
system needed to overcome or minimize the disruption
4. Background
Earthing system is very important to secure the
disruptions happen to such an electric short circuit on the
transformer and substation equipment on Seduduk Putih
Substation, with the grounding system in the substation is
expected to reduce or negate the leakage current in the event
of disruption in the distribution system, so that the
equipment that uses electricity can be protected from
damage caused by electrical interference.
To get good results earthing system, it would be
required an electrode, because the electrode may affect the
effectiveness of conducting a short circuit or leakage current,
so that the equipment will be more secure than the
disturbances that can happened to electrical.
So, it is necessary a safety function to avoid interference
and protection for electrical equipment as well as in humans,
one of them with the equipment connected to the grounding
system.
5. OBJECTIVES
The goals to be reached in the preparation of this
Final Report as follows:
1. Can be determine the type of electrode used.
2. Can be determine the magnitude of prisoners
grounding / earthing impedance of the ground
electrode.
The purpose of writing the final report itself in the
lectures is to qualify for graduation Diploma
education at Polytechnic Of Sriwijaya
6. BENEFITS
Benefits to a Company (PT. PLN Persero)
1. Can be prevent disturbance and maintain the
continuity of power distribution.
2. Can be protect workers from electrical shock or touch
voltage.
7. Because I think the grounding problem is
very important for the security system in
electrical appliance, especially on the tools
or electrical machine that have high voltage
and current, so the accident factor is very
high, therefore it is also necessary to reduce
the high safety factors of work accident,
because within the guidelines of electricity,
safety is very important in a company.