Electric fault is the main challenge in the process of providing continues electric supply. Fault can occur at anytime and anywhere. Due to the fault causes are mainly based on natural disaster or accident. Most fault occurrence hardly predicted nor avoided. Therefore, a quick response fault detection is necessary to ensure that the fault area is maintained to ensure a continuous power supply system. Hence, a system is required to detect and locate the position of the fault in the power system especially in the transmission line and distribution line. This paper will review the type of fault that possibly occurs in an electric power system, the type of fault detection and location technique that are available together with the protection device that can be utilized in the power system to protect the equipment from electric fault.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Prot...Kashif Mehmood
This paper includes the design and implementation of Numerical Relay that can protect the equipment against over-voltage, over-current and under voltage. Although, every power system is subjected to faults and these faults can severe damage to the power system. Therefore, it is necessary
to observe and resolve in time to avoid a large damage such as blackouts. For this purpose, there
should be some sensing devices, which give signals to the circuit breakers for preventing of power
system damages. The multipurpose relays have much importance role in power system for sensing
and measuring the amplitude of faults. Numerical relay provides settings of over-current, overvoltage and under voltage values. Simulations have been carried out using Proteus software along
with tested on hardware with Arduino Uno Microcontroller that proves the working and operation of
numerical relay.
Facts Devices Placement using Sensitivity Indices Analysis MethodIRJET Journal
This document discusses using sensitivity analysis to determine the optimal placement of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to improve power system security. It analyzes the IEEE 5-bus test system using a real power flow performance index sensitivity method. The results show that Line 1 has the most negative sensitivity index, indicating it is the most sensitive line and suitable for placing a FACTS device to enhance system security. In conclusion, optimal FACTS device placement determined through sensitivity analysis can help overcome power system security issues.
Induction Motors Faults Detection Based on Instantaneous Power Spectrum Analy...IDES Editor
A method of induction motor diagnostics based on
the analysis of three-phase instantaneous power spectra has
been offered. Its implementation requires recalculation of
induction motor voltages, aiming at exclusion from induction
motor instantaneous three-phase power signal the component
caused by supply mains dissymmetry and unsinusoidality. The
recalculation is made according to the motor known
electromagnetic parameters, taking into account the
electromotive force induced in stator winding by rotor currents.
The results of instantaneous power parameters computation
proved efficiency of this method in case of supply mains voltage
dissymmetry up to 20%. The offered method has been tested
by experiments. Its applicability for detection of several stator
and rotor winding defects appeared in motor simultaneously
has been proved. This method also makes it possible to
estimate the extent of defects development according to the
size of amplitudes of corresponding harmonics in the spectrum
of total three phase power signal.
The document discusses protection schemes for electrical power systems. It introduces protective relaying which senses abnormal system conditions and isolates faulty equipment to minimize damage. The key principles are speed, selectivity, sensitivity and reliability. Common causes of faults are overvoltage, insulation breakdown, and mechanical damage. Primary protection acts first to remove faults, while backup protection operates if primary fails to ensure faulty sections are isolated. Symmetrical components are used to analyze unbalanced fault currents.
This document discusses power system faults and protection. It defines faults as defects in electrical circuits that divert current from its intended path. The most common faults are short circuits caused by insulation or conducting path failures. Switchgear such as circuit breakers, fuses and relays are used to isolate faulty elements and ensure continuity of power supply. Protective relays detect faults using changes in current, voltage, phase angle or frequency and must clear faults within fractions of a second to prevent equipment damage. Common faults include short circuits, over/under voltage/frequency, and overheating.
SHORT DURATION VOLTAGE DISTURBANCE IDENTIFICATION USING RMS ALGORITHM IN DIST...IAEME Publication
Delivering good quality of power is the main agenda for distribution system to the loads. But maintain power quality is not so easy due to the load variations in the system. Sag and swell are the main factors that affect power quality. In this paper, multiple sag conditions and swell conditions were tested by producing the condition in different phases of the system. A simple algorithm called RMS algorithm was developed and tested for the said conditions. Sag and swell were generated on single phase and multiple phases for testing the algorithm. The algorithm and the results were obtained using Matlab
The machines subjected to inter-turn short circuit fault can be diagnosed through the characteristic patterns caused by inter-turn short circuit fault components in the DWT analysis by using the stator phase currents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Prot...Kashif Mehmood
This paper includes the design and implementation of Numerical Relay that can protect the equipment against over-voltage, over-current and under voltage. Although, every power system is subjected to faults and these faults can severe damage to the power system. Therefore, it is necessary
to observe and resolve in time to avoid a large damage such as blackouts. For this purpose, there
should be some sensing devices, which give signals to the circuit breakers for preventing of power
system damages. The multipurpose relays have much importance role in power system for sensing
and measuring the amplitude of faults. Numerical relay provides settings of over-current, overvoltage and under voltage values. Simulations have been carried out using Proteus software along
with tested on hardware with Arduino Uno Microcontroller that proves the working and operation of
numerical relay.
Facts Devices Placement using Sensitivity Indices Analysis MethodIRJET Journal
This document discusses using sensitivity analysis to determine the optimal placement of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to improve power system security. It analyzes the IEEE 5-bus test system using a real power flow performance index sensitivity method. The results show that Line 1 has the most negative sensitivity index, indicating it is the most sensitive line and suitable for placing a FACTS device to enhance system security. In conclusion, optimal FACTS device placement determined through sensitivity analysis can help overcome power system security issues.
Induction Motors Faults Detection Based on Instantaneous Power Spectrum Analy...IDES Editor
A method of induction motor diagnostics based on
the analysis of three-phase instantaneous power spectra has
been offered. Its implementation requires recalculation of
induction motor voltages, aiming at exclusion from induction
motor instantaneous three-phase power signal the component
caused by supply mains dissymmetry and unsinusoidality. The
recalculation is made according to the motor known
electromagnetic parameters, taking into account the
electromotive force induced in stator winding by rotor currents.
The results of instantaneous power parameters computation
proved efficiency of this method in case of supply mains voltage
dissymmetry up to 20%. The offered method has been tested
by experiments. Its applicability for detection of several stator
and rotor winding defects appeared in motor simultaneously
has been proved. This method also makes it possible to
estimate the extent of defects development according to the
size of amplitudes of corresponding harmonics in the spectrum
of total three phase power signal.
The document discusses protection schemes for electrical power systems. It introduces protective relaying which senses abnormal system conditions and isolates faulty equipment to minimize damage. The key principles are speed, selectivity, sensitivity and reliability. Common causes of faults are overvoltage, insulation breakdown, and mechanical damage. Primary protection acts first to remove faults, while backup protection operates if primary fails to ensure faulty sections are isolated. Symmetrical components are used to analyze unbalanced fault currents.
This document discusses power system faults and protection. It defines faults as defects in electrical circuits that divert current from its intended path. The most common faults are short circuits caused by insulation or conducting path failures. Switchgear such as circuit breakers, fuses and relays are used to isolate faulty elements and ensure continuity of power supply. Protective relays detect faults using changes in current, voltage, phase angle or frequency and must clear faults within fractions of a second to prevent equipment damage. Common faults include short circuits, over/under voltage/frequency, and overheating.
SHORT DURATION VOLTAGE DISTURBANCE IDENTIFICATION USING RMS ALGORITHM IN DIST...IAEME Publication
Delivering good quality of power is the main agenda for distribution system to the loads. But maintain power quality is not so easy due to the load variations in the system. Sag and swell are the main factors that affect power quality. In this paper, multiple sag conditions and swell conditions were tested by producing the condition in different phases of the system. A simple algorithm called RMS algorithm was developed and tested for the said conditions. Sag and swell were generated on single phase and multiple phases for testing the algorithm. The algorithm and the results were obtained using Matlab
The machines subjected to inter-turn short circuit fault can be diagnosed through the characteristic patterns caused by inter-turn short circuit fault components in the DWT analysis by using the stator phase currents.
IRJET-Review on Power Quality Enhancement in weak Power Grids by Integration ...IRJET Journal
Prathmesh Mayekar, Mahesh Wagh, Nilkanth Shinde "Review on Power Quality Enhancement in weak Power Grids by Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
During Last decade power quality problems has become more complex at all level of power system. With the increased use of sophisticated electronics, high efficiency variable speed drive, power electronic controllers and also more & more non-linear loads, Power Quality has become an increasing concern to utilities and customers. The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. This paper deals with the issues of low power quality in weak power grids. Initially the various power quality issues are discussed with their definition or occurrence and then finally the solution to mitigate this power quality issues are discussed. The innovative solutions like integration of renewable energy systems along with energy storage to enhance power quality by interfacing with custom power devices are explained in detail. Nearly all sorts of solution for mitigating power quality issue require some sort of DC source for providing active power, which can be supplied by renewable energy source. Also the various energy storage systems are studied.
Synchronous generators require certain protection against loss of excitation because it can lead to harmful effect to a generator and main grid. Systems of powers are evolving with applications of new techniques to increase reliability and security, at the meantime techniques upgradation is being existed to save financial cost of a different component of power system, which affect protection ways this report discuss the way of loss of excitation protection scheme for an increase in a synchronous generator. It is obvious that when direct axis synchronous reactance has a high value, the coordination among loss of excitation protection and excitation control is not effective. This lead to restricting absorption capability of the reactive power generator. This report also reviews the suitable philosophy for setting the limiters of excitation and discusses its effect on loss of excitation protection and system performance. A protection scheme is developed to allow for utilization of machine capability and power swing blocking is developed to increase the reliability when power swing is stable.
IRJET - Overview of Smart Tower Technology for Transmission LinesIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of smart tower technology for transmission lines. It discusses how current fault location methods can take hours to locate faults on transmission lines. The proposed system uses sensors, a microcontroller, and GSM module to more quickly detect faults, determine the type of fault, and send an alert with the fault location. It would reduce outage time by expediting the response of repair crews. The system could be applied to transmission lines, textile mills, and other industrial settings where quick fault detection is important. It presents several fault location methods and highlights impedance-based and traveling wave-based approaches as most common.
This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
occurring in the Industrial Power Distribution system. Many such general problems if not resolved it may
lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
Power system by simply applying the problem solving tool for every case study and finding out the root cause
of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
approach to be practiced by every day to improve the power system reliability. This paper will throw the light
and will be a guide for the Practicing Electrical Engineers to find out the solution for every problem which
they come across in their day to day maintenance activity.
A Review of power quality problems, standards and solutionsIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of power quality problems, related standards, and solutions. It discusses the various types of power quality issues utilities and customers may face, such as voltage fluctuations, sags, swells, interruptions, harmonics, unbalance, surges, spikes, frequency variations, brownouts, and blackouts. It also outlines several relevant international standards for power quality from organizations like IEEE and IEC. These standards establish limits and guidelines for issues like harmonics, grounding, reliability, and power quality monitoring. Finally, the document lists some potential solutions to power quality problems, such as surge suppressors, voltage regulators, power conditioners, and uninterruptible power supplies.
This document discusses electrical safety in hospitals. It covers various electrical hazards like electric shocks and equipment failures. It discusses physiological effects of electricity on patients and how electrical safety depends on factors like frequency, skin resistance, and leakage current. The document also covers protective circuits and standards like ground fault interrupters. It describes classifications for medical devices and hospital areas based on electrical risk. Power distribution systems in hospitals are also discussed along with references.
Fault analysis in power system using power systems computer aided designIJAAS Team
This work presents a fault analysis simulation model of an IEEE 30 bus system in a distribution network. This work annalysed the effect of fault current and fault voltage in a distribution system. A circuit breaker was introduced into the system to neutralize the effect of the fault. The system was run on a PSCAD software and results were obtained. The system was monitored based on the start time and the end time of the fault and how well the circuit breaker reacts with those times. Fault occurred from 0.100 to 0.300 seconds before it was removed. At the time fault was not applied (i.e. from 0.00 to 0.100 and from 0.300 to 0.72), the circuit breaker was close and became open when fault was applied so as to cut off current flow through the line.The result obtained gave the disruption caused by the fault and the quick response of the circuit breaker in neutralizing it. Results gotten are based on when the circuit breaker is close and no fault is applied and when the circuit breaker is open due to fault. From this work, it was obtained that circuit breakers are very essential in system protection and reliability.
This document contains a 20 question multiple choice questionnaire about electrical maintenance. The questions cover topics like the definition of electrical maintenance, electrical hazards, safety signs, fundamentals of maintenance like keeping equipment tight and dry, causes of electrical system failure, preventive maintenance steps and terms, and inspection methods. The questions test knowledge of maintenance, safety, and inspection processes for electrical equipment.
The document discusses coordination between the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the IEEE regarding medical body area network (MBAN) standards. ETSI sets telecommunications standards in Europe and has several committees working on wireless medical applications and short range devices, including those for medical implants. The document provides an overview of ETSI's structure and committees, European regulations for radio spectrum use by medical devices, and considerations for power management in medical implants to ensure battery life is not negatively impacted by interference.
FAULT DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF INDUCTION MACHINE WITH ON-LINE PARAMETER PR...Sheikh R Manihar Ahmed
1. The document discusses a fault detection and diagnosis system for induction machines. It includes a microcontroller, sensors, ADC, and LCD display.
2. The system works by setting threshold values for parameters like temperature and current. It then continuously monitors these parameters and compares them to the thresholds.
3. If a parameter exceeds its threshold, the system isolates the specific fault, displays it on the LCD, and triggers an alarm. The user can acknowledge the fault to stop the alarm.
An automated Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD) is a small battery powered electrical
impulse generator, implanted in patients who are in the risk of sudden cardiac death or ventricular tachycardia,
and is programmed to detect the cardiac arrhythmia. Components of AICD are Leads, Electrode and
Generator[1]. The electric shock is created by the generator carried by leads and delivered with the electrodes.
The generator is of the size of 2 inches approximately, and 3 ounces weight. Working of AICD includes
rectification of arrhythmia by means of pacing Cardioversion defibrillation. Current devices have appreciable
functions including diagnosis, stored electro-grams and verification of shock appropriations and battery
longevity upto 6 yrs. Here using mutual inductance
[2] functions carried out with the help of a transcutaneous
transformer and storing electric charge through magnetic field absolute longevity of the battery could be
reached. Since, battery longevity has been tremendously increased the recurrence of surgery can be prevented.
Thus, our device will bring remarkable revolution in cardiology by saving human lives from arrhythmia and
periodical replacement of the device
The power supply system is completely hooked into three major parts. First one is generation, second one is
transmission and the last one is distribution of electricity supply at the range of 415V to 400V approx. But while
the fault occurs it affects other lines additionally, and this causes difficulties for local people and additionally
perturb the flow of current in different areas. This eccentric and perturbed supply of nuisance is very
hazardous as it cannot be ceased when it comes to equal distribution of electricity. The area suffering from
faults and the other both get affected. So to stop all these we have implemented this project of Coordination of
over current relay utilising optimisation technique. We have utilised crow search algorithms with Kennedy as
swarm perspicacity algorithms which are very auxiliary in storing excess electricity supply and can be used
when needed. With the avail of this we can renovate the potency supply and this will conclusively implement
our main objective of this project.
FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION LINEJournal For Research
This document summarizes a journal article that proposes using fuzzy logic to diagnose faults on three-phase transmission lines. It begins with an abstract of the journal article, which describes using fuzzy logic as an intelligent technique to quickly and accurately identify the type of fault that occurs on a transmission system. It then provides background on transmission line faults, fault types, and challenges with transmission line protection. The document outlines the proposed fuzzy logic approach, including defining fault types as fuzzy sets and developing if-then rules to relate transmission line voltages and currents to faults. Simulation results are presented showing the fuzzy logic approach can identify different fault types based on the current responses. The conclusion is that the proposed fuzzy logic method allows for fast and reliable fault detection on transmission
IRJET - Influence of Power Quality Issues on Renewable Energy SourcesIRJET Journal
This document discusses power quality issues related to renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems. It focuses on voltage dips and swells, which are among the most severe issues for sensitive loads. The influence of voltage dips on PV inverters is investigated through Matlab/Simulink simulations. Power quality problems from renewable sources include voltage fluctuations due to intermittent power output, harmonics injection from inverter switching, and voltage imbalances from uneven power generation or load distribution. Possible mitigation techniques include passive, active and hybrid power filters to address issues like harmonics and compensate for reactive power, load balancing and voltage sags/swells.
This document is an assignment from the BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MESRA RANCHI submitted by student ADITYA NARAYAN SINGH from the DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS. The assignment is for the subject ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS and was submitted on 15 APRIL 2021.
This document summarizes research on using the WAD (Wavelet Analysis, Dyadic Transformation, and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) technique to detect faults in electric motors for the purpose of automatic speed control. The researchers designed hardware with a MEMS vibration sensor and microcontroller to acquire motor vibration signals. They then used MATLAB to process the signals using WAD. Results showed WAD could accurately detect faults by identifying error frequencies. Specifically, ANFIS provided more accurate fault identification than wavelet or dyadic transforms alone, reducing error by 30-40%. The research aims to help prevent motor faults from disrupting industrial processes through automatic speed control based on fault detection.
Power Quality Improvement in Off-Grid Renewable Energy Based Power System usi...ijtsrd
This document discusses power quality improvement in off-grid renewable energy-based power systems using different control methods. It begins by introducing challenges in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into off-grid power systems. It then classifies power quality improvement strategies into three levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Each control level aims to ensure reliable operation of the off-grid power system. The document also reviews various control strategies and trends for off-grid power systems.
Standard safetyhighvoltageinstallationsonboardshipsspecialeditionmarch2012Igor Tabulynsky
This document discusses high voltage system safety requirements for training and working on ships. It states that high voltage training is now required under STCW for engineers working with electrical systems over 1,000 volts. The training covers operational safety, maintenance, fault isolation, and testing procedures. Access to high voltage equipment must be strictly controlled through risk assessments and permit to work systems. Working with high voltages poses serious electric shock dangers that can cause injury or death. Proper precautions and insulations are required.
IRJET- Overhead Line Protection with Automatic Switch by using PLC AutomationIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to automatically protect overhead transmission lines from overload faults using a PLC-controlled air break switch. The system monitors current on the line using a sensor and can open the switch if overload is detected. This allows faulty sections to be isolated without interrupting the whole line. The automatic switch provides remote operation and is more reliable than conventional manual switches. It aims to quickly detect and resolve overload problems through automation using a PLC to control the switch based on current readings.
Asymmetrical fault detection in de energized distribution feedereSAT Journals
Abstract After maintenance or repairing of the de-energized distribution feeder there is need of safely energizing of feeder for the utility’s safety. The safely energizing can be done by determining the fault exists on the distribution system before energizing the system again. The fault detection in de-energized distribution feeder is more difficult than the energized distribution feeder since it requires the system level voltage production and execution to the downstream. Here we implemented an asymmetrical fault detection method to detect the fault before re-energizing the distribution feeder. A controllable signal is feed into de-energized distribution feeder using a thyristor based device to generate the electrical response. The strength of signal can be adjusted from low to high to detect low impedance fault at the beginning, since the maximum faults on distribution system are low impedance faults. A low strength signal may act as an alarm to the personnel or animal in contact with the live part of the system so that they can get away from the system to avoid getting sudden electric shock. Also the major faults on distribution systems are asymmetrical faults so it is necessary to identify and detect the asymmetrical faults before Re-energizing the feeder. The detection and classification of different asymmetrical faults is also explained in this paper. For the determination of the faults we are analyzing the voltage and current signals of the downstream feeder. The fault detection algorithm and control strategies of thyristors are also described for different faults and analyzed by using computer simulation in MATLAB. Keywords: Fault Detection, Fault Classification, De-Energized Distribution Feeder
The document describes a shock proof wiring system that uses an isolation transformer to convert a standard wiring system into a shockproof system. It discusses how isolation transformers work to isolate the wiring circuit from the ground, preventing electric shocks even if a person touches a live wire. The system aims to provide protection from electrical shocks by disconnecting the circuit path between the electricity source earth and the person touching a wire. It works by installing a single-phase isolation transformer that has an ungrounded secondary winding, so the output is isolated from the earth. This isolation prevents current from flowing from the source through a person to the earth if they touch a live wire, eliminating the risk of electric shock.
This document describes the development of a shock proof wiring system. The system uses an isolation transformer to disconnect the earthing circuit between the power station and a home, eliminating the path for electric current to flow through the body in the event of contact with a live wire. By isolating the earthing at the secondary side of the transformer, the system converts a general wiring system into a shockproof one where contact with a single live wire would not result in electric shock. The document discusses electric shocks, earthing concepts, and provides diagrams of the typical electric path in a home wiring system versus the isolated path using the proposed shockproof system.
IRJET-Review on Power Quality Enhancement in weak Power Grids by Integration ...IRJET Journal
Prathmesh Mayekar, Mahesh Wagh, Nilkanth Shinde "Review on Power Quality Enhancement in weak Power Grids by Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
During Last decade power quality problems has become more complex at all level of power system. With the increased use of sophisticated electronics, high efficiency variable speed drive, power electronic controllers and also more & more non-linear loads, Power Quality has become an increasing concern to utilities and customers. The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. This paper deals with the issues of low power quality in weak power grids. Initially the various power quality issues are discussed with their definition or occurrence and then finally the solution to mitigate this power quality issues are discussed. The innovative solutions like integration of renewable energy systems along with energy storage to enhance power quality by interfacing with custom power devices are explained in detail. Nearly all sorts of solution for mitigating power quality issue require some sort of DC source for providing active power, which can be supplied by renewable energy source. Also the various energy storage systems are studied.
Synchronous generators require certain protection against loss of excitation because it can lead to harmful effect to a generator and main grid. Systems of powers are evolving with applications of new techniques to increase reliability and security, at the meantime techniques upgradation is being existed to save financial cost of a different component of power system, which affect protection ways this report discuss the way of loss of excitation protection scheme for an increase in a synchronous generator. It is obvious that when direct axis synchronous reactance has a high value, the coordination among loss of excitation protection and excitation control is not effective. This lead to restricting absorption capability of the reactive power generator. This report also reviews the suitable philosophy for setting the limiters of excitation and discusses its effect on loss of excitation protection and system performance. A protection scheme is developed to allow for utilization of machine capability and power swing blocking is developed to increase the reliability when power swing is stable.
IRJET - Overview of Smart Tower Technology for Transmission LinesIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of smart tower technology for transmission lines. It discusses how current fault location methods can take hours to locate faults on transmission lines. The proposed system uses sensors, a microcontroller, and GSM module to more quickly detect faults, determine the type of fault, and send an alert with the fault location. It would reduce outage time by expediting the response of repair crews. The system could be applied to transmission lines, textile mills, and other industrial settings where quick fault detection is important. It presents several fault location methods and highlights impedance-based and traveling wave-based approaches as most common.
This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
occurring in the Industrial Power Distribution system. Many such general problems if not resolved it may
lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
Power system by simply applying the problem solving tool for every case study and finding out the root cause
of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
approach to be practiced by every day to improve the power system reliability. This paper will throw the light
and will be a guide for the Practicing Electrical Engineers to find out the solution for every problem which
they come across in their day to day maintenance activity.
A Review of power quality problems, standards and solutionsIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of power quality problems, related standards, and solutions. It discusses the various types of power quality issues utilities and customers may face, such as voltage fluctuations, sags, swells, interruptions, harmonics, unbalance, surges, spikes, frequency variations, brownouts, and blackouts. It also outlines several relevant international standards for power quality from organizations like IEEE and IEC. These standards establish limits and guidelines for issues like harmonics, grounding, reliability, and power quality monitoring. Finally, the document lists some potential solutions to power quality problems, such as surge suppressors, voltage regulators, power conditioners, and uninterruptible power supplies.
This document discusses electrical safety in hospitals. It covers various electrical hazards like electric shocks and equipment failures. It discusses physiological effects of electricity on patients and how electrical safety depends on factors like frequency, skin resistance, and leakage current. The document also covers protective circuits and standards like ground fault interrupters. It describes classifications for medical devices and hospital areas based on electrical risk. Power distribution systems in hospitals are also discussed along with references.
Fault analysis in power system using power systems computer aided designIJAAS Team
This work presents a fault analysis simulation model of an IEEE 30 bus system in a distribution network. This work annalysed the effect of fault current and fault voltage in a distribution system. A circuit breaker was introduced into the system to neutralize the effect of the fault. The system was run on a PSCAD software and results were obtained. The system was monitored based on the start time and the end time of the fault and how well the circuit breaker reacts with those times. Fault occurred from 0.100 to 0.300 seconds before it was removed. At the time fault was not applied (i.e. from 0.00 to 0.100 and from 0.300 to 0.72), the circuit breaker was close and became open when fault was applied so as to cut off current flow through the line.The result obtained gave the disruption caused by the fault and the quick response of the circuit breaker in neutralizing it. Results gotten are based on when the circuit breaker is close and no fault is applied and when the circuit breaker is open due to fault. From this work, it was obtained that circuit breakers are very essential in system protection and reliability.
This document contains a 20 question multiple choice questionnaire about electrical maintenance. The questions cover topics like the definition of electrical maintenance, electrical hazards, safety signs, fundamentals of maintenance like keeping equipment tight and dry, causes of electrical system failure, preventive maintenance steps and terms, and inspection methods. The questions test knowledge of maintenance, safety, and inspection processes for electrical equipment.
The document discusses coordination between the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the IEEE regarding medical body area network (MBAN) standards. ETSI sets telecommunications standards in Europe and has several committees working on wireless medical applications and short range devices, including those for medical implants. The document provides an overview of ETSI's structure and committees, European regulations for radio spectrum use by medical devices, and considerations for power management in medical implants to ensure battery life is not negatively impacted by interference.
FAULT DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF INDUCTION MACHINE WITH ON-LINE PARAMETER PR...Sheikh R Manihar Ahmed
1. The document discusses a fault detection and diagnosis system for induction machines. It includes a microcontroller, sensors, ADC, and LCD display.
2. The system works by setting threshold values for parameters like temperature and current. It then continuously monitors these parameters and compares them to the thresholds.
3. If a parameter exceeds its threshold, the system isolates the specific fault, displays it on the LCD, and triggers an alarm. The user can acknowledge the fault to stop the alarm.
An automated Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD) is a small battery powered electrical
impulse generator, implanted in patients who are in the risk of sudden cardiac death or ventricular tachycardia,
and is programmed to detect the cardiac arrhythmia. Components of AICD are Leads, Electrode and
Generator[1]. The electric shock is created by the generator carried by leads and delivered with the electrodes.
The generator is of the size of 2 inches approximately, and 3 ounces weight. Working of AICD includes
rectification of arrhythmia by means of pacing Cardioversion defibrillation. Current devices have appreciable
functions including diagnosis, stored electro-grams and verification of shock appropriations and battery
longevity upto 6 yrs. Here using mutual inductance
[2] functions carried out with the help of a transcutaneous
transformer and storing electric charge through magnetic field absolute longevity of the battery could be
reached. Since, battery longevity has been tremendously increased the recurrence of surgery can be prevented.
Thus, our device will bring remarkable revolution in cardiology by saving human lives from arrhythmia and
periodical replacement of the device
The power supply system is completely hooked into three major parts. First one is generation, second one is
transmission and the last one is distribution of electricity supply at the range of 415V to 400V approx. But while
the fault occurs it affects other lines additionally, and this causes difficulties for local people and additionally
perturb the flow of current in different areas. This eccentric and perturbed supply of nuisance is very
hazardous as it cannot be ceased when it comes to equal distribution of electricity. The area suffering from
faults and the other both get affected. So to stop all these we have implemented this project of Coordination of
over current relay utilising optimisation technique. We have utilised crow search algorithms with Kennedy as
swarm perspicacity algorithms which are very auxiliary in storing excess electricity supply and can be used
when needed. With the avail of this we can renovate the potency supply and this will conclusively implement
our main objective of this project.
FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION LINEJournal For Research
This document summarizes a journal article that proposes using fuzzy logic to diagnose faults on three-phase transmission lines. It begins with an abstract of the journal article, which describes using fuzzy logic as an intelligent technique to quickly and accurately identify the type of fault that occurs on a transmission system. It then provides background on transmission line faults, fault types, and challenges with transmission line protection. The document outlines the proposed fuzzy logic approach, including defining fault types as fuzzy sets and developing if-then rules to relate transmission line voltages and currents to faults. Simulation results are presented showing the fuzzy logic approach can identify different fault types based on the current responses. The conclusion is that the proposed fuzzy logic method allows for fast and reliable fault detection on transmission
IRJET - Influence of Power Quality Issues on Renewable Energy SourcesIRJET Journal
This document discusses power quality issues related to renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems. It focuses on voltage dips and swells, which are among the most severe issues for sensitive loads. The influence of voltage dips on PV inverters is investigated through Matlab/Simulink simulations. Power quality problems from renewable sources include voltage fluctuations due to intermittent power output, harmonics injection from inverter switching, and voltage imbalances from uneven power generation or load distribution. Possible mitigation techniques include passive, active and hybrid power filters to address issues like harmonics and compensate for reactive power, load balancing and voltage sags/swells.
This document is an assignment from the BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MESRA RANCHI submitted by student ADITYA NARAYAN SINGH from the DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS. The assignment is for the subject ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS and was submitted on 15 APRIL 2021.
This document summarizes research on using the WAD (Wavelet Analysis, Dyadic Transformation, and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) technique to detect faults in electric motors for the purpose of automatic speed control. The researchers designed hardware with a MEMS vibration sensor and microcontroller to acquire motor vibration signals. They then used MATLAB to process the signals using WAD. Results showed WAD could accurately detect faults by identifying error frequencies. Specifically, ANFIS provided more accurate fault identification than wavelet or dyadic transforms alone, reducing error by 30-40%. The research aims to help prevent motor faults from disrupting industrial processes through automatic speed control based on fault detection.
Power Quality Improvement in Off-Grid Renewable Energy Based Power System usi...ijtsrd
This document discusses power quality improvement in off-grid renewable energy-based power systems using different control methods. It begins by introducing challenges in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into off-grid power systems. It then classifies power quality improvement strategies into three levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Each control level aims to ensure reliable operation of the off-grid power system. The document also reviews various control strategies and trends for off-grid power systems.
Standard safetyhighvoltageinstallationsonboardshipsspecialeditionmarch2012Igor Tabulynsky
This document discusses high voltage system safety requirements for training and working on ships. It states that high voltage training is now required under STCW for engineers working with electrical systems over 1,000 volts. The training covers operational safety, maintenance, fault isolation, and testing procedures. Access to high voltage equipment must be strictly controlled through risk assessments and permit to work systems. Working with high voltages poses serious electric shock dangers that can cause injury or death. Proper precautions and insulations are required.
IRJET- Overhead Line Protection with Automatic Switch by using PLC AutomationIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to automatically protect overhead transmission lines from overload faults using a PLC-controlled air break switch. The system monitors current on the line using a sensor and can open the switch if overload is detected. This allows faulty sections to be isolated without interrupting the whole line. The automatic switch provides remote operation and is more reliable than conventional manual switches. It aims to quickly detect and resolve overload problems through automation using a PLC to control the switch based on current readings.
Asymmetrical fault detection in de energized distribution feedereSAT Journals
Abstract After maintenance or repairing of the de-energized distribution feeder there is need of safely energizing of feeder for the utility’s safety. The safely energizing can be done by determining the fault exists on the distribution system before energizing the system again. The fault detection in de-energized distribution feeder is more difficult than the energized distribution feeder since it requires the system level voltage production and execution to the downstream. Here we implemented an asymmetrical fault detection method to detect the fault before re-energizing the distribution feeder. A controllable signal is feed into de-energized distribution feeder using a thyristor based device to generate the electrical response. The strength of signal can be adjusted from low to high to detect low impedance fault at the beginning, since the maximum faults on distribution system are low impedance faults. A low strength signal may act as an alarm to the personnel or animal in contact with the live part of the system so that they can get away from the system to avoid getting sudden electric shock. Also the major faults on distribution systems are asymmetrical faults so it is necessary to identify and detect the asymmetrical faults before Re-energizing the feeder. The detection and classification of different asymmetrical faults is also explained in this paper. For the determination of the faults we are analyzing the voltage and current signals of the downstream feeder. The fault detection algorithm and control strategies of thyristors are also described for different faults and analyzed by using computer simulation in MATLAB. Keywords: Fault Detection, Fault Classification, De-Energized Distribution Feeder
The document describes a shock proof wiring system that uses an isolation transformer to convert a standard wiring system into a shockproof system. It discusses how isolation transformers work to isolate the wiring circuit from the ground, preventing electric shocks even if a person touches a live wire. The system aims to provide protection from electrical shocks by disconnecting the circuit path between the electricity source earth and the person touching a wire. It works by installing a single-phase isolation transformer that has an ungrounded secondary winding, so the output is isolated from the earth. This isolation prevents current from flowing from the source through a person to the earth if they touch a live wire, eliminating the risk of electric shock.
This document describes the development of a shock proof wiring system. The system uses an isolation transformer to disconnect the earthing circuit between the power station and a home, eliminating the path for electric current to flow through the body in the event of contact with a live wire. By isolating the earthing at the secondary side of the transformer, the system converts a general wiring system into a shockproof one where contact with a single live wire would not result in electric shock. The document discusses electric shocks, earthing concepts, and provides diagrams of the typical electric path in a home wiring system versus the isolated path using the proposed shockproof system.
Protecting the wind energy system from a short circuit (requirements - challe...IRJET Journal
This document discusses short circuit faults in wind energy systems and their protection challenges. It describes the components of a wind power system and classifications of wind turbines by generator type. Short circuits are one of the most common fault types and can damage equipment. Protective devices like fuses, relays, and circuit breakers are used to isolate faults. However, the variable and intermittent nature of wind power poses challenges for protection coordination and settings. Adaptive differential protection and adaptive overcurrent protection are presented as solutions to overcome these challenges. Artificial intelligence techniques may also help protect networks in the future.
Switchgear and Protection Engineering Lecture 01.pptxLoitaFredy
This document provides an introduction to power system protection. It discusses the basic concepts, including the need for protection systems to isolate faulty sections of a power network quickly in order to minimize damage. The key requirements of protection systems are selectivity, speed, sensitivity, reliability, simplicity and economy. Protection is achieved through devices like circuit breakers, current transformers, voltage transformers and protective relays. Zones of protection are established for different system elements, and both primary and backup protection schemes are required.
25 9757 transmission paper id 0025 (ed l)IAESIJEECS
Transmission line is the most important part of the power system. Transmission lines a principal amount of power. The requirement of power and its allegiance has grown up exponentially over the modern era, and the major role of a transmission line is to transmit electric power from the source area to the distribution network. The exploded between limited production, and a tremendous claim has grown the focus on minimizing power losses. Losses like transmission loss and also conjecture factors as like as physical losses to various technical losses, Another thing is the primary factor it has a reactive power and voltage deviation are momentous in the long-range transmission power line. In essentially, fault analysis is a very focusing issue in power system engineering to clear fault in short time and re-establish power system as quickly as possible on very minimum interruption. However, the fault detection that interrupts the transmission line is itself challenging task to investigate fault as well as improving the reliability of the system. The transmission line is susceptible given all parameters that connect the whole power system. This paper presents a review of transmission line fault detection.
- The document discusses protective relaying principles and applications, focusing on protective relays used to protect electric power systems.
- Protective relays are electric devices that detect abnormal or dangerous conditions on power systems and initiate a response, such as opening a circuit breaker. They work with circuit breakers, which provide the physical disconnect from the system when a fault is detected.
- The document reviews common types of protective relays, including electromechanical and solid-state designs, and examples of their application in substations. Protective relaying is important for maintaining service continuity and minimizing outage times when faults occur on power systems.
Fault analysis on three phase system by auto reclosing mechanismeSAT Journals
The document discusses fault analysis on a three phase power system using an auto-reclosing mechanism. It describes different types of faults that can occur such as line-to-ground, line-to-line, and three phase faults. The auto-reclosing mechanism uses a timer IC to open the circuit breaker during a fault and then reclose it after a short delay if the fault is temporary, or keep it open for permanent faults. Simulation results show the mechanism can distinguish between temporary and permanent faults for different fault scenarios. The auto-reclosing helps reduce outage time due to temporary faults and maintain power supply continuity.
Electrical maintenance is important for safety, reliability, and cost savings. It involves regularly inspecting, testing, and repairing electrical equipment to prevent failures, accidents, and costly downtime. An effective preventative electrical maintenance program can reduce hazards, save lives, and minimize unexpected issues by catching small problems before they worsen and cause damage."
An electrical substation uses components like circuit breakers, busbars, and insulators to control the transmission, transformation, and distribution of power. There are two main types of substation insulation systems: air insulated (AIS) and gas insulated (GIS). AIS uses air as insulation between live components, while GIS uses sulfur hexafluoride gas to insulate live components within a sealed metal enclosure. GIS systems require less space than AIS but have higher installation costs. Protective devices in substations include circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches, and surge arresters, which work to isolate faulty sections of the electrical network to prevent damage.
IRJET - Transmission Line Fault Classification using DWTIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to classify faults on transmission lines based on voltage and current signals.
2) A simulation is conducted using PSCAD software to test DWT fault classification on different fault types (A-G, B-G, A-B, etc.).
3) The results show that DWT can effectively detect and classify faults by analyzing the energy of approximation coefficients from current signals and comparing them to an adaptive threshold.
Monitoring of power transformers using thermal model and permission time of ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the problem of increasing the reliability of electricity supply to consumers. Uninterrupted power supply to electricity consumers depends on the reliability of power supply system in general and power transformers in particular, the accident rate of which is quite high. The causes of the problem are the location of transformer substations at a considerable distance from the service centers, their spreading out over a large area, missing information about the current modes of their operation and so on. One of the ways to solve this problem is development and implementation a system for continuous diagnostics of power transformers. Failure analysis of power transformer based on fault tree is considered, the diagnostic parameters are determined. The insulation wear rate and permission operating time under overload have been defined with help of equivalent heat circuit. It is proposed to use a permission time as a parameter to diagnose the operation mode and increase the efficiency of maintenance of substations through remote monitoring based on the global service mobile (GSM) network. Remote diagnostics allows to receive an information about emergency situation timely. It helps to reduce operating costs, to ensure the reliability and quality of electricity supply for consumers.
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRY APPLICA...IRJET Journal
This document discusses short circuit analysis of an electrical distribution system for industrial applications using ETAP software. It provides background on short circuit analysis, including the importance of determining short circuit currents to select properly rated circuit breakers and protective devices. The document describes different types of faults that can occur, including symmetrical and asymmetrical faults. It also outlines the methodology for calculating short circuit currents, including collecting impedance data, combining source impedances, and calculating currents based on Ohm's law. The goals of short circuit analysis are to ensure equipment can withstand fault levels and to inform protective relay coordination.
This document discusses fundamentals of power system protection. It explains that protection systems aim to detect faults automatically and isolate faulty equipment to limit damage. Faults can occur due to insulation failure, overheating, or mechanical damage. The main types of faults are short circuits, open circuits, and complex faults. Protection systems must be selective, stable, sensitive, speedy, and reliable. They use current transformers, voltage transformers, relays, circuit breakers, and communication links. Zones of protection are established for selectivity. Primary protection aims to clear faults, while backup protection operates if primary protection fails. Local and remote backup protection are described. Case studies demonstrate examples of primary and backup protection operation.
An efficient and improved model for power theft detection in PakistanjournalBEEI
This paper describes an improved model for the monitoring of power used by a party such as household users and different industries in Pakistan. The power theft detection was done using the intelligent internet of things (IoT) service system for calculating the user's power simultaneously. The power meter catches a theft detection device that is instantly transmitted to the central system which compares both the data by means of microcontroller and if there is any difference found, it informs the power utility about the hooking, meter relief or theft activities happen. Information of the theft detection through the global mobile communications system is transmitted and notified theft is displayed on the terminal monitor or won. As a result, although consumers continue to use excess fuel, the customer's power supply is cut in the electricity boards segment. The general radio package module system sends central circuit and meter data via an internet protocol address to a web server. GSM's IoT based perception is used to monitor the power supply and billing information calculated with a microcontroller continuously with the determination of the electricity table area. With this unit, the duplicate user can be located at the rear of the electricity office with the power meter status.
This paper suggests the theory of distance protection criteria in power distribution systems for power plant generation. Multi-developed countries have energy power plants that placed in remote areas which are far from the grid line. Hence, they should be coupled to the low power transportation systems necessarily. While higher-rating relays are adopted to preserve feeders at power substations, fuses are merely obtainable outside on feeder channel. The safe system process, space protection is dispatched to save feeders. In this review, feeders with distance relays are equipped, together with over-current protection relays and fuses. Energy power plant having distance protection system is designed the implemented system was a 6-MW unit of compressed power energy reproduction. The sample feeder was shortened to be equal four-bus experiment feeder for transmitting resolution. The fault currents have chances adopted to form protecting regions of distance relays. Protection of the power line through the designed power plants for distance relaying can decrease problem in relay location because of the impedance-based location of the distance relay.
IRJET- Embedded System based Multi-Source Leakage Current Protection for Low ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the development of a microcontroller-based residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) that can detect faults even when the main power supply fails and a backup inverter is providing power.
2. Conventional RCCBs only protect against faults in the main power supply and not the backup inverter. This leaves users at risk of electric shock if a fault occurs when the inverter is operating.
3. The proposed microcontroller-based RCCB aims to address this issue by detecting faults under any power conditions, whether the main supply or backup inverter is providing power, in order to protect users.
FEEDER PROTECTION SYSTEM FROM EARTH FAULT, SHORT CIRCUIT AND OVERLOAD FAULTSIRJET Journal
This document describes a feeder protection system designed to protect a bus bar from overload faults, short circuits, and earth faults. The system uses an Arduino microcontroller along with current sensors to monitor current flowing through the feeder. If an overload, short circuit, or earth fault is detected based on the current readings, the Arduino will trigger relays to disconnect the faulty section of the feeder. The system provides automatic protection of feeders from different fault conditions while allowing for automatic reconnection if a temporary fault clears. The goal is to design a low-cost and reliable protection system for electrical power distribution feeders.
Islanding Detection and Controlled Islanding in Emerging Power Systems Key Is...IRJET Journal
This document discusses islanding detection and controlled islanding in power systems. It describes key issues like unintentional islanding caused by faults or disturbances that can lead to instability. Various islanding detection techniques are classified as remote/central or local. Remote techniques include system state monitoring, transfer trip schemes, and intertripping which require communication but provide accurate detection. Local techniques monitor voltage, frequency, current, and harmonics at the distributed generator connection point. Passive local techniques like under/over voltage/frequency detection are simple but have a no detection zone issue. The document also discusses controlled islanding schemes that aim to separate a grid into stable islands with balanced generation and load during disturbances.
Similar to 26 9758 fault paper id 0026 (ed l) (20)
This document describes an electronic doorbell system that uses a keypad and GSM for home security. The system consists of a doorbell connected to a microcontroller that triggers a GSM module to send an SMS to the homeowner when the doorbell is pressed. The homeowner can then respond via button press to open the door, or a message will be displayed if they do not respond. An authorized person can enter a password on the keypad, and if multiple wrong passwords are entered, a message will be sent to the homeowner about a potential burglary attempt. The system aims to provide notification to homeowners and prevent unauthorized access through use of passwords and messaging capabilities.
Augmented reality, the new age technology, has widespread applications in every field imaginable. This technology has proven to be an inflection point in numerous verticals, improving lives and improving performance. In this paper, we explore the various possible applications of Augmented Reality (AR) in the field of Medicine. The objective of using AR in medicine or generally in any field is the fact that, AR helps in motivating the user, making sessions interactive and assist in faster learning. In this paper, we discuss about the applicability of AR in the field of medical diagnosis. Augmented reality technology reinforces remote collaboration, allowing doctors to diagnose patients from a different locality. Additionally, we believe that a much more pronounced effect can be achieved by bringing together the cutting edge technology of AR and the lifesaving field of Medical sciences. AR is a mechanism that could be applied in the learning process too. Similarly, virtual reality could be used in the field where more of practical experience is needed such as driving, sports, neonatal care training.
Image fusion is a sub field of image processing in which more than one images are fused to create an image where all the objects are in focus. The process of image fusion is performed for multi-sensor and multi-focus images of the same scene. Multi-sensor images of the same scene are captured by different sensors whereas multi-focus images are captured by the same sensor. In multi-focus images, the objects in the scene which are closer to the camera are in focus and the farther objects get blurred. Contrary to it, when the farther objects are focused then closer objects get blurred in the image. To achieve an image where all the objects are in focus, the process of images fusion is performed either in spatial domain or in transformed domain. In recent times, the applications of image processing have grown immensely. Usually due to limited depth of field of optical lenses especially with greater focal length, it becomes impossible to obtain an image where all the objects are in focus. Thus, it plays an important role to perform other tasks of image processing such as image segmentation, edge detection, stereo matching and image enhancement. Hence, a novel feature-level multi-focus image fusion technique has been proposed which fuses multi-focus images. Thus, the results of extensive experimentation performed to highlight the efficiency and utility of the proposed technique is presented. The proposed work further explores comparison between fuzzy based image fusion and neuro fuzzy fusion technique along with quality evaluation indices.
Graphs have become the dominant life-form of many tasks as they advance a
structure to represent many tasks and the corresponding relations. A powerful
role of networks/graphs is to bridge local feats that exist in vertices as they
blossom into patterns that help explain how nodal relations and their edges
impacts a complex effect that ripple via a graph. User cluster are formed as a
result of interactions between entities. Many users can hardly categorize their
contact into groups today such as “family”, “friends”, “colleagues” etc. Thus,
the need to analyze such user social graph via implicit clusters, enables the
dynamism in contact management. Study seeks to implement this dynamism
via a comparative study of deep neural network and friend suggest algorithm.
We analyze a user’s implicit social graph and seek to automatically create
custom contact groups using metrics that classify such contacts based on a
user’s affinity to contacts. Experimental results demonstrate the importance
of both the implicit group relationships and the interaction-based affinity in
suggesting friends.
This paper projects Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. Proposed GOA approach is based on the chirping characteristics of Gryllidae. In common, male Gryllidae chirp, on the other hand some female Gryllidae also do as well. Male Gryllidae draw the females by this sound which they produce. Moreover, they caution the other Gryllidae against dangers with this sound. The hearing organs of the Gryllidae are housed in an expansion of their forelegs. Through this, they bias to the produced fluttering sounds. Proposed Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show that the projected algorithms reduced the real power loss considerably.
In the wake of the sudden replacement of wood and kerosene by gas cookers for several purposes in Nigeria, gas leakage has caused several damages in our homes, Laboratories among others. installation of a gas leakage detection device was globally inspired to eliminate accidents related to gas leakage. We present an alternative approach to developing a device that can automatically detect and control gas leakages and also monitor temperature. The system detects the leakage of the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) using a gas sensor, then triggred the control system response which employs ventilator system, Mobile phone alert and alarm when the LPG concentration in the air exceeds a certain level. The performance of two gas sensors (MQ5 and MQ6) were tested for a guided decision. Also, when the temperature of the environment poses a danger, LED (indicator), buzzer and LCD (16x2) display was used to indicate temperature and gas leakage status in degree Celsius and PPM respectively. Attension was given to the response time of the control system, which was ascertained that this system significantly increases the chances and efficiency of eliminating gas leakage related accident.
Feature selection problem is one of the main important problems in the text and data mining domain. This paper presents a comparative study of feature selection methods for Arabic text classification. Five of the feature selection methods were selected: ICHI square, CHI square, Information Gain, Mutual Information and Wrapper. It was tested with five classification algorithms: Bayes Net, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Networks. In addition, Data Collection was used in Arabic consisting of 9055 documents, which were compared by four criteria: Precision, Recall, F-measure and Time to build model. The results showed that the improved ICHI feature selection got almost all the best results in comparison with other methods.
The document proposes the Gentoo Penguin Algorithm (GPA) to solve the optimal reactive power problem. The goal is to minimize real power loss. GPA is inspired by the natural behaviors of Gentoo penguins. In GPA, penguin positions represent potential solutions. Penguins move toward other penguins with lower "cost" or higher heat concentration, representing better solutions. Cost is defined by heat concentration and distance between penguins. Heat radiation decreases with distance. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 57 bus system and reduces real power loss effectively compared to other methods.
08 20272 academic insight on applicationIAESIJEECS
This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.There was an expressive quantitative-qualitative research, which a common investigation form was used in.The dialogue item was also applied to discover if the contributors asserted the media-based attitude supplements their learning of academic English writing classes or not.Data recounted academic” insights toward using Skype as a sustaining implement for lessons releasing based on chosen variables: their occupation, year of education, and knowledge with Skype discovered that there were no important statistical differences in the use of Skype units because of medical academics major knowledge. There are statistically important differences in using Skype units. The findings also, disclosed that there are statistically significant differences in using Skype units due to the practice with Skype variable, in favors of academics with no Skype use practice. Skype instrument as an instructive media is a positive medium to be employed to supply academic medical writing data and assist education. Academics who do not have enough time to contribute in classes believe comfortable using the Skype-based attitude in scientific writing. They who took part in the course claimed that their approval of this media is due to learning academic innovative medical writing.
Cloud computing has sweeping impact on the human productivity. Today it’s used for Computing, Storage, Predictions and Intelligent Decision Making, among others. Intelligent Decision-Making using Machine Learning has pushed for the Cloud Services to be even more fast, robust and accurate. Security remains one of the major concerns which affect the cloud computing growth however there exist various research challenges in cloud computing adoption such as lack of well managed service level agreement (SLA), frequent disconnections, resource scarcity, interoperability, privacy, and reliability. Tremendous amount of work still needs to be done to explore the security challenges arising due to widespread usage of cloud deployment using Containers. We also discuss Impact of Cloud Computing and Cloud Standards. Hence in this research paper, a detailed survey of cloud computing, concepts, architectural principles, key services, and implementation, design and deployment challenges of cloud computing are discussed in detail and important future research directions in the era of Machine Learning and Data Science have been identified.
Notary is an official authorized to make an authentic deed regarding all deeds, agreements and stipulations required by a general rule. Activities carried out at the notary office such as recording client data and file data still use traditional systems that tend to be manual. The problem that occurs is the inefficiency in data processing and providing information to clients. Clients have difficulty getting information related to the progress of documents that are being taken care of at the notary's office. The client must take the time to arrive to the notary's office repeatedly to check the progress of the work of the document file. The purpose of this study is to facilitate clients in obtaining information about the progress of the work in progress, and make it easier for employees to process incoming documents by implementing an administrative system. This system was developed with the waterfall system development method and uses the Multi-Channel Access Technology integrated in the website to simplify the process of delivering information and requesting information from clients and to clients with Telegram and SMS Gateway. Clients will come to the office only when there is a notification from the system via Telegram or SMS notifying that the client must come directly to the notary's office, thus leading to an efficient time and avoiding excessive transportation costs. The overall functional system can function properly based on the results of alpha testing. The results of beta testing conducted by distributing the system feasibility test questionnaire to end users, get a percentage of 96% of users agree the system is feasible to be implemented.
In this work Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) is proposed to solve the optimal reactive power problem. In the projected Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) in order to avoid the searching agents from trapping into the local optimal the converging towards global optimal is divided based on two different conditions. In the proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) omega tundra wolf has been taken as searching agent as an alternative of indebted to pursue the first three most excellent candidates. Escalating the searching agents’ numbers will perk up the exploration capability of the Tundra wolf wolves in an extensive range. Proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduced the real power loss effectively.
In this work Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. PPS algorithm has been modeled based on the motion of the particles in the exploration space. Normally the movement of the particle is based on gradient and swarming motion. Particles are permitted to progress in steady velocity in gradient-based progress, but when the outcome is poor when compared to previous upshot, immediately particle rapidity will be upturned with semi of the magnitude and it will help to reach local optimal solution and it is expressed as wavering movement. In standard IEEE 14, 30, 57,118,300 bus systems Proposed Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm is evaluated and simulation results show the PPS reduced the power loss efficiently.
In this paper, Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA) has been intermingled with Harmony Search (HS) algorithm for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. MBA is based on explosion of landmines and HS is based on Creativeness progression of musicians-both are hybridized to solve the problem. In MBA Initial distance of shrapnel pieces are reduced gradually to allow the mine bombs search the probable global minimum location in order to amplify the global explore capability. Harmony search (HS) imitates the music creativity process where the musicians supervise their instruments’ pitch by searching for a best state of harmony. Hybridization of Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) improves the search effectively in the solution space. Mine blast algorithm improves the exploration and harmony search algorithm augments the exploitation. At first the proposed algorithm starts with exploration & gradually it moves to the phase of exploitation. Proposed Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) has been tested on standard IEEE 14, 300 bus test systems. Real power loss has been reduced considerably by the proposed algorithm. Then Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) tested in IEEE 30, bus system (with considering voltage stability index)- real power loss minimization, voltage deviation minimization, and voltage stability index enhancement has been attained.
Artificial Neural Networks have proved their efficiency in a large number of research domains. In this paper, we have applied Artificial Neural Networks on Arabic text to prove correct language modeling, text generation, and missing text prediction. In one hand, we have adapted Recurrent Neural Networks architectures to model Arabic language in order to generate correct Arabic sequences. In the other hand, Convolutional Neural Networks have been parameterized, basing on some specific features of Arabic, to predict missing text in Arabic documents. We have demonstrated the power of our adapted models in generating and predicting correct Arabic text comparing to the standard model. The model had been trained and tested on known free Arabic datasets. Results have been promising with sufficient accuracy.
In the present-day communications speech signals get contaminated due to
various sorts of noises that degrade the speech quality and adversely impacts
speech recognition performance. To overcome these issues, a novel approach
for speech enhancement using Modified Wiener filtering is developed and
power spectrum computation is applied for degraded signal to obtain the
noise characteristics from a noisy spectrum. In next phase, MMSE technique
is applied where Gaussian distribution of each signal i.e. original and noisy
signal is analyzed. The Gaussian distribution provides spectrum estimation
and spectral coefficient parameters which can be used for probabilistic model
formulation. Moreover, a-priori-SNR computation is also incorporated for
coefficient updation and noise presence estimation which operates similar to
the conventional VAD. However, conventional VAD scheme is based on the
hard threshold which is not capable to derive satisfactory performance and a
soft-decision based threshold is developed for improving the performance of
speech enhancement. An extensive simulation study is carried out using
MATLAB simulation tool on NOIZEUS speech database and a comparative
study is presented where proposed approach is proved better in comparison
with existing technique.
Previous research work has highlighted that neuro-signals of Alzheimer’s disease patients are least complex and have low synchronization as compared to that of healthy and normal subjects. The changes in EEG signals of Alzheimer’s subjects start at early stage but are not clinically observed and detected. To detect these abnormalities, three synchrony measures and wavelet-based features have been computed and studied on experimental database. After computing these synchrony measures and wavelet features, it is observed that Phase Synchrony and Coherence based features are able to distinguish between Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy subjects. Support Vector Machine classifier is used for classification giving 94% accuracy on experimental database used. Combining, these synchrony features and other such relevant features can yield a reliable system for diagnosing the Alzheimer’s disease.
Attenuation correction designed for PET/MR hybrid imaging frameworks along with portion making arrangements used for MR-based radiation treatment remain testing because of lacking high-energy photon weakening data. We present a new method so as to uses the learned nonlinear neighborhood descriptors also highlight coordinating toward foresee pseudo-CT pictures starting T1w along with T2w MRI information. The nonlinear neighborhood descriptors are acquired through anticipating the direct descriptors interested in the nonlinear high-dimensional space utilizing an unequivocal constituent guide also low-position guess through regulated complex regularization. The nearby neighbors of every near descriptor inside the data MR pictures are looked during an obliged spatial extent of the MR pictures among the training dataset. By that point, the pseudo-CT patches are evaluated through k-closest neighbor relapse. The planned procedure designed for pseudo-CT forecast is quantitatively broke downward on top of a dataset comprising of coordinated mind MRI along with CT pictures on or after 13 subjects.
The cognitive radio prototype performance is to alleviate the scarcity of spectral resources for wireless communication through intelligent sensing and quick resource allocation techniques. Secondary users (SU’s) actively obtain the spectrum access opportunity by supporting primary users (PU’s) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In present generation, spectrum access is endowed through cooperative communication-based link-level frame-based cooperative (LLC) principle. In this SUs independently act as conveyors for PUs to achieve spectrum access opportunities. Unfortunately, this LLC approach cannot fully exploit spectrum access opportunities to enhance the throughput of CRNs and fails to motivate PUs to join the spectrum sharing processes. Therefore, to overcome this con, network level cooperative (NLC) principle was used, where SUs are integrated mutually to collaborate with PUs session by session, instead of frame based cooperation for spectrum access opportunities. NLC approach has justified the challenges facing in LLC approach. In this paper we make a survey of some models that have been proposed to tackle the problem of LLC. We show the relevant aspects of each model, in order to characterize the parameters that we should take in account to achieve a spectrum access opportunity.
In this paper, the author provides insights and lessons that can be learned from colleagues at American universities about their online education experiences. The literature review and previous studies of online educations gains are explored and summarized in this research. Emerging trends in online education are discussed in detail, and strategies to implement these trends are explained. The author provides several tools and strategies that enable universities to ensure the quality of online education. At the end of this research paper, the researcher provides examples from Arab universities who have successfully implemented online education and expanded their impact on the society. This research provides a strategy and a model that can be used by universities in the Middle East as a roadmap to implement online education in their regions.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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transmission system consists of a transmission tower and an overhead cable that used to
transmit electricity from one location to another location. The electric power from the generation
system will be stepped up by using a transformer and then transmit to the other location by
using the transmission line to reduce the losses while transmitting the electric power. In the
distribution system, the electricity is distributed to the consumer by step down the voltage levels
received from the transmission line. The consumer such as industry, commercial building and
residential is connected to the distribution system. In the electrical system, many protections
devices are required to be installed in the system to prevent interruption of power supply on the
consumer side. There are various types of protection device can be used to protect the
electrical power system such as relay, fuse and circuit breaker. These protective devices are
usually embedded in the electrical power system.
2.1. Importance of Protection System in Electrical Power System
Protection system is a system that is used to protect or isolate a system or device from
fault. A protection system is required to protect the overall system from having damage caused
by fault or disturbance. This disturbance can interrupt the electrical power being transmitted to
the consumer side. Disturbance or fault can be occurred due to many factors such as a lightning
strike, overvoltage, power system components failure and human fault [5]. Protection system
operates as to prevent the fault from flowing through the system by disconnecting the electrical
system from the fault. However, the protection system cannot use to solve the fault, but it can
be utilized to detect and partially separate the system from fault. Thus, it can prevent electrical
system equipment from having damage and consumer does not require to spend more money
on replacing the damaged equipment. Moreover, protection system also helps to protect user at
fault. Sometimes short circuit can occur on electrical equipment. To protection system installed
on the equipment, the short circuit can be avoided by giving electrical shock on the human body
or the worst case may cause fatal. Beside of protective device, there are few methods can be
used to detect a fault occurs in a power system. This method is known as fault location
detection technique [6]. This method can be used to identify the location of the fault so that fast
action can be taken to fix the fault.
2.2. Type of Fault in Electrical Power System
Fault can occur at any part of the electrical power system. These faults may cause by
nature, electrical equipment or human. Fault also knew as an abnormal condition in a system,
which causes failure in an electrical device. Power system fault is classified into four types
which are shunt fault, series fault, symmetrical fault and unsymmetrical fault [7-9]. These faults
commonly occur in the transmission system and distribution system.
2.3. Series Fault in Electrical Power System
Series fault knew as open circuit fault is a fault that occurs when there is a failure of one
or more conductor cables [7, 8]. This fault can be due to the cable jointing failure, broken fuse or
conductors. This fault is also known as unbalance fault which means there is a difference in
impedance which is the impedance become very large value on each phase or conductors.
There are three types of series fault can be occurring in the electrical power system which is
single phase open circuit fault, two-phase open circuit fault and three phase open circuit fault.
For single phase fault current, only one phase is in open circuit condition and can be occurring
at any phase. For two-phase open circuit faults, open circuit occurs at any two-phase or
conductor only. While for three-phase opens circuit faults, all the three phases are in open
circuit condition. In a transmission line system, conductors can be in open circuit fault condition
when there is broken or damage on the conductors.
2.4. Shunt Fault in Electrical Power System
Shunt fault also known as short circuit fault is a type of fault that occurs when there is
an unwanted connection between phase and phase conductor or phase and ground conductor
(short circuit connection) in an electrical power system [7]. This type of fault can cause damage
to the electrical equipment due to the high current produced during a fault. There are few factors
which lead to shunt faults such as broken insulation and falling tree. There are four fault
categories of shunt fault which are single phase to ground fault (SPG), phase to phase fault
(PP), double phase to ground fault (DPG) and three phases to ground fault (TPG). This type of
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fault frequently occurs in the distribution system. The highest percentage fault is a single phase
to ground fault with the percentage of 70% of total fault and follow by phase to phase fault with
a percentage of 15% of total fault [10].
2.5. Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Fault in Electrical Power System
Series faults and shunt fault can be categorized into symmetrical fault and
unsymmetrical faults. The symmetrical fault is also known as balance fault and usually occur
when all phases conductor is connected together (short circuit) with or without ground. Usually,
this type of fault takes place in the three-phase system only [11, 12]. The unsymmetrical fault is
the most common fault occurs in the electrical power system. This fault also known as
unbalance fault. This fault occurs when there is unbalance current flow in the system due to
high current flow in any phase conductor in the system[13]. Examples of unsymmetrical fault are
single phase line to ground fault, double phase to ground fault and phase to phase fault [14].
2.6. Effect of Fault on Electrical Power System
Fault usually occurs in power generation, transmission, and distribution system. It may
affect the performance of the overall system. For example, a short circuit fault or shunt fault may
cause high current flow in the system. Thus it will cause damage to the electrical power system
and the connected equipment [15]. Fault also can cause the overall operation to miss operation.
Furthermore, high current or voltage produced by the fault may cause damage to the conductor
insulation. Fault also can be harmful to human and may cause fatal. Spark or arc produce from
fault may lead to an explosion or fire in electrical equipment [16]. For example, if a voltage is
flowing through a transformer more than the transformer voltage rating, the transformer can be
exploded and damage. As a result, the equipment is in maintenance status or even damage.
Neither one possibility requires a high cost to fix the problem. Furthermore, the electrical power
system equipment is very expensive, and the fault may cause financial loss. Moreover, a fault
can cause an interruption in transmitting power supply to the consumer and may interrupt the
production of an industry. Therefore, action should be taken to prevent faults from occurring and
isolate the existing system from being affected by the fault. Applying a protection system such
as relay, circuit breaker and fuse may help in preventing faults from damaging the connected
equipment. Application of fault location detection method also can assist in finding the fault
source location and fasten the troubleshooting process.
3. Conventional Fault Location Technique
Fault commonly occurs in the distribution part of the electrical power system. Most of
them are caused by certain natural phenomena such as wind or thunderstorm which will cause
incidence such as trees knocking down the transmission line after stroke by lightning [17].
Therefore, to maintain the continuity of power supply the zone affected by the fault should be
isolated. Hence, identity fault location is the priority task. The conventional method that is
available and applied today is traveling wave based method and impedance based method. The
review of these methods is presented in the following section.
3.1. Traveling Wave Method
Fault location using traveling wave technology is applied in the transmission line
system. It can be done by using the time taken for a pulse wave to travel to and from fault point
to the fix reference point where the measurement is taken [18].
Figure 1. Wave traveling method [19]
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Wave traveling method is as shown in Figure 1. Record nodes the point where the
pulse wave is going to be transmitted. It is also the point where the pulse will be reflected too.
Therefore, the sum of the period for the pulse wave to travel to the fault and reflect on the
record node will be measured to identify the location of the fault occurrence of the transmission
system.
The advantage of this method is that the load variance, series capacitor bank, and high
grounding resistance will not affect the location technique. There are two types of traveling wave
based fault locator method which is the single terminal locations as explained earlier and
another type which is the double terminal location [20]. Unlike single terminal location technique,
there are no needs of considering the follow-up signal. Both sides of the line end must be
installed with the data acquisition which must be synchronized with the GPS clock to each other
[21]. The disadvantage of wave traveling method is that the equipment and devices used in the
technique are very expensive such as GPS and transient waveform capturing sensors.
3.2. Impedance Based Method
In an electrical power system, the appearance impedance is sensitive to small load
variation. As the distribution generation varies, the impedance varies as well [22]. This method
proposed by Motazavi in [23] for reverse power flow detection. A fault can be identified by
observing the reduction in voltage within an operation and then applied in the calculation of
impedance of the electric power system [24]. Figure 3 shows the simple circuit of impedance
based method. The important measurement in finding the distance of the fault from the
measurement node, 𝑓𝑑 is the value of impedance per unit of the line of the distribution system.
Figure 3. Impedance Based Method
Many other approaches can be used to calculate the distance such as in [25] uses the
conversion of the estimated apparent reactance of line to the distance required for the location
estimation. Another technique used Thevenin equivalent method to calculate the fault voltage
and current to locate the fault. The advantage of impedance based method is that it is cheaper
compared to traveling wave method as it only requires measurement data of the distribution
line. As a result, the accuracy of the method is based on the data taken from the system. The
data needs to be frequently recorded as a purpose of monitoring the electric power system.
However, there are some disadvantages of using impedance based method. The first one is
that the inaccuracy of the fault location detection might be due to the changes of the traction line
structure. Besides that, accuracy is also influenced by the transition resistance and harmonic.
3.3. Artificial Fault Location Technique
To fulfill the demand of consumer, more advanced and accurate techniques are needed
to adapt to the new complex distribution system. Artificial intelligence is applied to resolve
complex type distribution system. In this paper, there will be two types of artificial intelligence
that is reviewed which is the fuzzy logic and the neural network.
3.3.1. Fuzzy logic
In some electric power systems, the conventional algorithm is not suitable to produce
the information and location for the maintenance operation. It will be more appropriate to
implement the fuzzy-based approached as mention in [26, 27]. This method concept is to
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produce numbers of fuzzy rules for each type of fault available. This not only enables the
system to detect and locate the fault but also identifies the type of fault that occurred. The
advantages of fuzzy-based approach are that it is flexible in the aspect of the input value and
measurement accuracy. This is because the measurement accuracy depends on the rules
determined in the designing process of the fuzzy logic system. The more solid the membership
function of the fuzzy logic system, the more accurate the system. In the situation where the
measurement is inaccurate, the fuzzy sets provide more information as a single input can use
multiple membership degrees to be used in the calculation for a higher accuracy. One of an
example of a fuzzy logic application with solid membership function was simulated in [28] where
the system is capable of detecting and classifying all types of shunt faults accurately. Other than
that, the system is immune to the variation in resistance of the fault, interception angle and
location of the fault.
3.3.2. Neural network
System fault is the greatest threat to the electrical power system, especially in electrical
supply. This is because faults consist of many types and are unavoidable. Therefore, a system
that can detect and classified the fault occurrence is needed to protect the equipment in the
electric power system. Due to an increasingly sophisticated electric power system, the
procedure to deal with fault and the possibility of detecting a fault is the system becomes more
complicated. Therefore, artificial neural network is one of the solutions to solve the protection
issues as it can be trained especially with the ability to train with off-line data [29]. To detect
fault location, the artificial neural network needs to be trained with parameters or input such as
voltage phase (𝑉) and the angle (∅) from the measurement node. Similar to other fault detection
and location method artificial neural network also use two approaches in finding the fault
location in the transmission line which is the one-end measurement and two-end measurement.
Other than detecting the fault location in the transmission line, the artificial neural network also
applied in the location or detection of high impedance fault in the distribution system. The
drawback of the application of artificial neural network in fault locating is that designing the
system is time to consume as the system needed to be trained using large size of data to
ensure an accurate output of the system. However, it is proven in [30] that the result of
simulation of fault detection using the artificial neural network is reliable as the system's
operating time is 13ms after fault occurrence.
3.4. Fault Protection Device in Electrical Power System
There are four conventional types of protection device used in the electrical power
system which is fuse, circuit breaker, relay and lightning arrestor. This protective device is used
to protect the electrical power system from fault.
3.4.1. Fuse
Fuse is a type of protective device used to disconnect the fault from the power system.
The structure of fuse consists of a thin copper wire located inside a cylinder tube with two metal
contacts. The copper wire will break down when a high current produce from fault is flowing
through it [31]. Once the copper wire has broken, the power system will be in open circuit
condition and isolated from the fault. Fuse can be used for many applications such as electrical
machine protection, conductor wire, and electrical equipment. However, fuse required to be
replaced manually once broken. Fuse can be divided into few categories which are low voltage
fuse and high voltage fuse. Low voltage fuse usually uses for the industrial and domestic
application. While high voltage fuses use is for high voltage applications such as transmission
system or substation.
3.4.2. Circuit Breaker
Circuit breaker is a switch that is used to interrupt the flow of current in the electrical
system. The current flow is interrupted when the circuit breaker changes the condition of the
system from a close circuit into an open circuit. Circuit breaker usually combines with a relay
which relay will give a command to the circuit breaker to open the circuit. Circuit breaker is very
important in the electrical power system which helps in protecting the electrical equipment from
affected by the fault current [32]. There are a few examples of circuit breaker used in the
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electrical power system which is air circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker
and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker.
3.4.3. Protective Relay
Protection relay is types of protection device that use voltage or current as the input
source and perform trip when only the fault is meet the characteristic of the relay. Relay
structure consists of a magnetic coil and a contact. This contact has two condition which is
normally open (NO) and normally close (NC) condition. When fault occurs, fault current will flow
through the relay coil and energized the coil to produce a magnetic field so that the switch
inside relay could operate. There a various type of relay used in electrical power systems such
as overcurrent relay, differential relay and directional relay [33].
3.4.4. Lightning Arrestor
Lightning arrestor is a protection device used to protect electrical equipment from a
lightning strike [34]. Usually, the lightning arrestor is made of metal rod installed on the top of a
building. The rod is connected directly to the ground through the wire to give a safe path for
lightning to be discharged directly to the ground without affecting the system or any equipment.
Lightning arrestor is used at the substation system. Lightning is very dangerous because it
carries a very high voltage and current which can cause severe damage to the electrical power
system equipment and interrupt the process of transmitting power to the consumer.
4. Conclusion
This paper discusses type of fault occurs in the electrical power system and technique
used to locate the fault and also the general protection device used to isolate the electrical
system at fault. In general, there are a few types of fault that frequently occur in the electrical
power system which is series fault, shunt fault, symmetrical fault and unsymmetrical fault. Shunt
fault is divided into several types which is a single phase to ground fault (SPG), phase to phase
fault (PP), double phase to ground fault (DPG) and three phases to ground fault (TPG). This
type of fault frequently occurs in the transmission system and distribution system, and it
happens because of wind, lightning, fall tree and poor condition of the insulator.
Fault is a very serious matter in the electrical power system which it can damage the
electrical equipment and interrupt the entire power system. Fault location technique and
protection device are a method that can be used in electrical power system to determine the
location of the fault and prevent faults from damaging the electrical equipment. Fault location
technique can be classified into two which is conventional fault location technique and artificial
fault location technique. There are two methods used in conventional fault locating technique
which is traveling wave method and impedance based method. For artificial fault location
technique, there are two methods used which is a fuzzy logic method and a neural network
method. The conventional method is simple and more time efficient. However, this method
might be not accurate for a large power system. Artificial method has very high accuracy
compared to the conventional method. Another option to prevent fault is by using a protective
device such as fuse, circuit breaker, protection relay and lightning arrestor.
As a summary, there are many methods and technique can be used to locate the fault
in the electrical power system. Each type of technique has their advantage and disadvantage.
Applying fault location technique in the electrical power system can fasten the process to
identify the location of a fault. Application of protective device also helps in isolating the
electrical power system from a fault so that the overall system can be protected from fault.
Therefore, fault location technique and protection device is an essential thing in the electrical
power system to ensure the overall system is operating in a good performance.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MOHE),
and the Office for Research, Innovation, Commercialization, Consultancy Management
(ORICC), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) for financially supporting this research
under the FRGS grant No. 1529 and IGSP U667.
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