This paper includes the design and implementation of Numerical Relay that can protect the equipment against over-voltage, over-current and under voltage. Although, every power system is subjected to faults and these faults can severe damage to the power system. Therefore, it is necessary
to observe and resolve in time to avoid a large damage such as blackouts. For this purpose, there
should be some sensing devices, which give signals to the circuit breakers for preventing of power
system damages. The multipurpose relays have much importance role in power system for sensing
and measuring the amplitude of faults. Numerical relay provides settings of over-current, overvoltage and under voltage values. Simulations have been carried out using Proteus software along
with tested on hardware with Arduino Uno Microcontroller that proves the working and operation of
numerical relay.
Fault analysis in power system using power systems computer aided designIJAAS Team
This work presents a fault analysis simulation model of an IEEE 30 bus system in a distribution network. This work annalysed the effect of fault current and fault voltage in a distribution system. A circuit breaker was introduced into the system to neutralize the effect of the fault. The system was run on a PSCAD software and results were obtained. The system was monitored based on the start time and the end time of the fault and how well the circuit breaker reacts with those times. Fault occurred from 0.100 to 0.300 seconds before it was removed. At the time fault was not applied (i.e. from 0.00 to 0.100 and from 0.300 to 0.72), the circuit breaker was close and became open when fault was applied so as to cut off current flow through the line.The result obtained gave the disruption caused by the fault and the quick response of the circuit breaker in neutralizing it. Results gotten are based on when the circuit breaker is close and no fault is applied and when the circuit breaker is open due to fault. From this work, it was obtained that circuit breakers are very essential in system protection and reliability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A transient current based micro grid connected power system protection scheme...IJECEIAES
Micro-grids comprise Distributed Energy Resources (DER’s) with low voltage distribution networks having controllable loads those can operate with different voltage levels are connected to the micro-grid and operated in grid mode or islanding mode in a coordinated way of control. DER’s provides clear environment-economical benefits for society and consumer utilities. But their development poses great technical challenges mainly protection of main and micro grid. Protection scheme must have to respond to both the main grid and micro-grid faults. If the fault is occurs on main grid, the response must isolate the DER’s from the main grid rapidly to protect the system loads. If the fault ocuurs within the micro-grid, the protection scheme must coordinate and isolates the least priority possible part of the grid to eliminate the fault. In order to deal with the bidirectional energy flow due to large numbers of micro sources new protection schemes are required. The system is simulated using MATLAB Wavelet Tool box and Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is considered. Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is used for detection, discrimination and location of faults on transmission network. This paper is discussed a transient current based micro-grid connected power system protection scheme using Wavelet Approach described on wavelet detailed-coefficients of Mother Biorthogonal 1.5 wavelet. The proposed algorithm is tested in micro-grid connected power systems environment and proved for the detection, discrimination and location of faults which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault inception angle (FIA) and fault distance of feeder line.
This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
occurring in the Industrial Power Distribution system. Many such general problems if not resolved it may
lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
Power system by simply applying the problem solving tool for every case study and finding out the root cause
of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
approach to be practiced by every day to improve the power system reliability. This paper will throw the light
and will be a guide for the Practicing Electrical Engineers to find out the solution for every problem which
they come across in their day to day maintenance activity.
Abstract-- Microgrids are miniature versions of traditional grids.
They comprise of distributed energy resources like wind turbine, Photovoltaic, Storage devices like batteries and renewable resources of power systems. They can operate in two modes, viz. Connected mode, where they are connected to the Main grid; and island mode, where they are isolated from Main grid. While microgrids offer advantages like improved reliability, stability,and efficiency; their implementation poses different technical challenges specifically for protection of microgrid. It is essential to protect a micro grid in both the grid-connected and the island mode of operation against all different types of faults. This paper gives literature review for different challenges and protection of techniques for microgrid protection.
DLPS is a kind of automatic lightning protection control system, which is applied to automatically calculate and carry out the dynamic preventive actions for a Smart Grid/power grid.
Fault analysis in power system using power systems computer aided designIJAAS Team
This work presents a fault analysis simulation model of an IEEE 30 bus system in a distribution network. This work annalysed the effect of fault current and fault voltage in a distribution system. A circuit breaker was introduced into the system to neutralize the effect of the fault. The system was run on a PSCAD software and results were obtained. The system was monitored based on the start time and the end time of the fault and how well the circuit breaker reacts with those times. Fault occurred from 0.100 to 0.300 seconds before it was removed. At the time fault was not applied (i.e. from 0.00 to 0.100 and from 0.300 to 0.72), the circuit breaker was close and became open when fault was applied so as to cut off current flow through the line.The result obtained gave the disruption caused by the fault and the quick response of the circuit breaker in neutralizing it. Results gotten are based on when the circuit breaker is close and no fault is applied and when the circuit breaker is open due to fault. From this work, it was obtained that circuit breakers are very essential in system protection and reliability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A transient current based micro grid connected power system protection scheme...IJECEIAES
Micro-grids comprise Distributed Energy Resources (DER’s) with low voltage distribution networks having controllable loads those can operate with different voltage levels are connected to the micro-grid and operated in grid mode or islanding mode in a coordinated way of control. DER’s provides clear environment-economical benefits for society and consumer utilities. But their development poses great technical challenges mainly protection of main and micro grid. Protection scheme must have to respond to both the main grid and micro-grid faults. If the fault is occurs on main grid, the response must isolate the DER’s from the main grid rapidly to protect the system loads. If the fault ocuurs within the micro-grid, the protection scheme must coordinate and isolates the least priority possible part of the grid to eliminate the fault. In order to deal with the bidirectional energy flow due to large numbers of micro sources new protection schemes are required. The system is simulated using MATLAB Wavelet Tool box and Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is considered. Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is used for detection, discrimination and location of faults on transmission network. This paper is discussed a transient current based micro-grid connected power system protection scheme using Wavelet Approach described on wavelet detailed-coefficients of Mother Biorthogonal 1.5 wavelet. The proposed algorithm is tested in micro-grid connected power systems environment and proved for the detection, discrimination and location of faults which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault inception angle (FIA) and fault distance of feeder line.
This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
occurring in the Industrial Power Distribution system. Many such general problems if not resolved it may
lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
Power system by simply applying the problem solving tool for every case study and finding out the root cause
of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
approach to be practiced by every day to improve the power system reliability. This paper will throw the light
and will be a guide for the Practicing Electrical Engineers to find out the solution for every problem which
they come across in their day to day maintenance activity.
Abstract-- Microgrids are miniature versions of traditional grids.
They comprise of distributed energy resources like wind turbine, Photovoltaic, Storage devices like batteries and renewable resources of power systems. They can operate in two modes, viz. Connected mode, where they are connected to the Main grid; and island mode, where they are isolated from Main grid. While microgrids offer advantages like improved reliability, stability,and efficiency; their implementation poses different technical challenges specifically for protection of microgrid. It is essential to protect a micro grid in both the grid-connected and the island mode of operation against all different types of faults. This paper gives literature review for different challenges and protection of techniques for microgrid protection.
DLPS is a kind of automatic lightning protection control system, which is applied to automatically calculate and carry out the dynamic preventive actions for a Smart Grid/power grid.
PROTECTION OF MICROGRID FROM HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT USING DIFFERENTIAL RELAYijiert bestjournal
As source of traditional energy is vanishes day by day,importance of microgrid increasing very effectively. In traditional generation and transmission of electrical power we have to rely on frequency and generation of power but in case of microgrid we have to depend on whether condition. Managing these systems to change of atmospheric condition becomes challenging . All study going on all over world related to microgrid protection of microgrid is one of them. Micro grids can either operate connected to the grid,or in the case of a grid fault,in an islanded mod e. Effect of high impedance fault is studied in this paper,by taking help of Matlab - Simulink�s SimPower Systems . We model a microgrid containing mix of renewable DG and one dispatch able source,we then simulate the HIF fault at one of the bus in both gri d - connect and island modes and analyze fault currents and voltage levels in order to determine how the protection scheme of the distribution network would need to be changed to facilitate microgrid functionality. We show that standard protection methods ar e insufficient and propose the use of digital relays which is different from traditional system.
Frequency Scanning Techniques for Subsynchronous Resonance Screening AnalysisHardik Parikh, E.I.T.
Abstract—Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) is a well known
phenomenon that is observed in the conventional energy
generation and wind farm sites. SSR is more prone to generation sites that are directly connected to the series compensated transmission lines. Series compensation is required to improve the voltage profile and reduce transmission losses of the transmission lines. The work presented here aims to highlight the potential causes, the system configurations and the methods that are used to identify SSR. The main focus of the poster is to outline frequency scan techniques that are based on the small
signal perturbation method. The analysis generally employs
Electro Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP). This technique
provides the spectrum of frequency response to resistance and reactance. Finally, based on that we deduce the damping
provided by the system, and thereby the SSR risk to the project.
A Novel Back Up Wide Area Protection Technique for Power Transmission Grids U...Power System Operation
Current differential protection relays are widely applied
to the protection of electrical plant due to their simplicity,
sensitivity and stability for internal and external faults. The proposed
idea has the feature of unit protection relays to protect large
power transmission grids based on phasor measurement units. The
principle of the protection scheme depends on comparing positive
sequence voltage magnitudes at each bus during fault conditions
inside a system protection center to detect the nearest bus to
the fault. Then the absolute differences of positive sequence current
angles are compared for all lines connecting to this bus to
detect the faulted line. The new technique depends on synchronized
phasor measuring technology with high speed communication
system and time transfer GPS system. The simulation of the interconnecting
system is applied on 500 kV Egyptian network using
Matlab Simulink. The new technique can successfully distinguish
between internal and external faults for interconnected lines. The
new protection scheme works as unit protection system for long
transmission lines. The time of fault detection is estimated by 5
msec for all fault conditions and the relay is evaluated as a back
up relay based on the communication speed for data transferring.
Electric fault is the main challenge in the process of providing continues electric supply. Fault can occur at anytime and anywhere. Due to the fault causes are mainly based on natural disaster or accident. Most fault occurrence hardly predicted nor avoided. Therefore, a quick response fault detection is necessary to ensure that the fault area is maintained to ensure a continuous power supply system. Hence, a system is required to detect and locate the position of the fault in the power system especially in the transmission line and distribution line. This paper will review the type of fault that possibly occurs in an electric power system, the type of fault detection and location technique that are available together with the protection device that can be utilized in the power system to protect the equipment from electric fault.
Solar PV Power Project India and International Companies Kindly go through Important and Helpful Topic.
Solar PV Power Generation is Preference Now Days by any Country for Investment in Power Generation it's Economical and Silent Green Carbon Free Power Generation System.
Installation of Solar PV Panel is Possible Pole Mounted ,Roof Top Mounted Residential and Industrial , Ground Mounted ,Canal TOP also Water Floating .
Many Solar PV Power Developers is Accepting Very Low Tariff and due to this EPC Companies ,Solar PV Panels, Invertors and Balance Of Plants Equipment's Supply ,Design ,Engineering and Installation have to work with very Low Margin.
The Maintenance of These Plant Costing is Total Depend Selection Of Component Quality ,Design ,Engineering and Professional Approach for Installation otherwise Developer will lose Revenue because of Failure or Low Generation this incurred high cost for Maintenance.
Earthing Design for Total Plant AC and DC Array , Lightning Protection (Threat Cloud Charge Strike) and Installation of Surge Protection with DC Cable and MC4 Connectors are ignorance part in projects Later Face big Problem many time lead Fire Accidents.
Selection OF Solar PV Panels Structure and Design also very important many failure showing Selection Structure Quality and Poor Installation .
Another Challenge is Cleaning of PV Panels and Monitoring of Large Installed Solar PV Panels now days recommendation Robotics Dry Cleaning of PV Panels and Inspection through DRONE .
Solar PV Plant Size is very Large and maintained by less Staff very Difficult to Control Tree Passing and Steel /Damage by un Identify Person so Industries recommend to do Installation CCTV with Day Nigh Monitoring , Fencing of Plant (PIDS), Security System added Fire Alarm and Access Controls Systems.
Networking of Solar PV Power Plant using Fiber Optics and Wireless Infra and Extending Data ,Monitoring of plant Local and Central Level .
Link Vue System Experience to Offer Design ,Engineering ,Selection of Genuine and Right Components, Supply Support for Installation and AMC if customer require .
Electrical Safety Maintenance Free Earthing , ESE Type Lightning Protection ,Surge Protection ,Industrial Out Door Plug Sockets.
LED Street Light , CCTV Camera, Fire Alarm ,Access Controls, Security Systems, PIDS .
High Energy Battery Storage Systems
MC4 Connectors with and Without Fuse ,DC Fuse 1500V-1800 V, Current 30 Amps.
Plz go through and give feedback ,Inquiry , time for Web Presentation.
useful for Solar PV Power Plant Developer, EPC and Electrical Contractors.
MNRE /SECI/NTPC/NHPC/State Renewable Departments/Smart City/Ministry of Power/REC Ltd/BHEL/CEL/REIL/RECML
Private Solar Power Leading EPC Companies.
Visit our Website www.linkvuesystem.com
Call M-9811247237 Mahesh Chandra Manav
manav.chandra@linkvuesystem.com
PROTECTION OF MICROGRID FROM HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT USING DIFFERENTIAL RELAYijiert bestjournal
As source of traditional energy is vanishes day by day,importance of microgrid increasing very effectively. In traditional generation and transmission of electrical power we have to rely on frequency and generation of power but in case of microgrid we have to depend on whether condition. Managing these systems to change of atmospheric condition becomes challenging . All study going on all over world related to microgrid protection of microgrid is one of them. Micro grids can either operate connected to the grid,or in the case of a grid fault,in an islanded mod e. Effect of high impedance fault is studied in this paper,by taking help of Matlab - Simulink�s SimPower Systems . We model a microgrid containing mix of renewable DG and one dispatch able source,we then simulate the HIF fault at one of the bus in both gri d - connect and island modes and analyze fault currents and voltage levels in order to determine how the protection scheme of the distribution network would need to be changed to facilitate microgrid functionality. We show that standard protection methods ar e insufficient and propose the use of digital relays which is different from traditional system.
Frequency Scanning Techniques for Subsynchronous Resonance Screening AnalysisHardik Parikh, E.I.T.
Abstract—Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) is a well known
phenomenon that is observed in the conventional energy
generation and wind farm sites. SSR is more prone to generation sites that are directly connected to the series compensated transmission lines. Series compensation is required to improve the voltage profile and reduce transmission losses of the transmission lines. The work presented here aims to highlight the potential causes, the system configurations and the methods that are used to identify SSR. The main focus of the poster is to outline frequency scan techniques that are based on the small
signal perturbation method. The analysis generally employs
Electro Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP). This technique
provides the spectrum of frequency response to resistance and reactance. Finally, based on that we deduce the damping
provided by the system, and thereby the SSR risk to the project.
A Novel Back Up Wide Area Protection Technique for Power Transmission Grids U...Power System Operation
Current differential protection relays are widely applied
to the protection of electrical plant due to their simplicity,
sensitivity and stability for internal and external faults. The proposed
idea has the feature of unit protection relays to protect large
power transmission grids based on phasor measurement units. The
principle of the protection scheme depends on comparing positive
sequence voltage magnitudes at each bus during fault conditions
inside a system protection center to detect the nearest bus to
the fault. Then the absolute differences of positive sequence current
angles are compared for all lines connecting to this bus to
detect the faulted line. The new technique depends on synchronized
phasor measuring technology with high speed communication
system and time transfer GPS system. The simulation of the interconnecting
system is applied on 500 kV Egyptian network using
Matlab Simulink. The new technique can successfully distinguish
between internal and external faults for interconnected lines. The
new protection scheme works as unit protection system for long
transmission lines. The time of fault detection is estimated by 5
msec for all fault conditions and the relay is evaluated as a back
up relay based on the communication speed for data transferring.
Electric fault is the main challenge in the process of providing continues electric supply. Fault can occur at anytime and anywhere. Due to the fault causes are mainly based on natural disaster or accident. Most fault occurrence hardly predicted nor avoided. Therefore, a quick response fault detection is necessary to ensure that the fault area is maintained to ensure a continuous power supply system. Hence, a system is required to detect and locate the position of the fault in the power system especially in the transmission line and distribution line. This paper will review the type of fault that possibly occurs in an electric power system, the type of fault detection and location technique that are available together with the protection device that can be utilized in the power system to protect the equipment from electric fault.
Solar PV Power Project India and International Companies Kindly go through Important and Helpful Topic.
Solar PV Power Generation is Preference Now Days by any Country for Investment in Power Generation it's Economical and Silent Green Carbon Free Power Generation System.
Installation of Solar PV Panel is Possible Pole Mounted ,Roof Top Mounted Residential and Industrial , Ground Mounted ,Canal TOP also Water Floating .
Many Solar PV Power Developers is Accepting Very Low Tariff and due to this EPC Companies ,Solar PV Panels, Invertors and Balance Of Plants Equipment's Supply ,Design ,Engineering and Installation have to work with very Low Margin.
The Maintenance of These Plant Costing is Total Depend Selection Of Component Quality ,Design ,Engineering and Professional Approach for Installation otherwise Developer will lose Revenue because of Failure or Low Generation this incurred high cost for Maintenance.
Earthing Design for Total Plant AC and DC Array , Lightning Protection (Threat Cloud Charge Strike) and Installation of Surge Protection with DC Cable and MC4 Connectors are ignorance part in projects Later Face big Problem many time lead Fire Accidents.
Selection OF Solar PV Panels Structure and Design also very important many failure showing Selection Structure Quality and Poor Installation .
Another Challenge is Cleaning of PV Panels and Monitoring of Large Installed Solar PV Panels now days recommendation Robotics Dry Cleaning of PV Panels and Inspection through DRONE .
Solar PV Plant Size is very Large and maintained by less Staff very Difficult to Control Tree Passing and Steel /Damage by un Identify Person so Industries recommend to do Installation CCTV with Day Nigh Monitoring , Fencing of Plant (PIDS), Security System added Fire Alarm and Access Controls Systems.
Networking of Solar PV Power Plant using Fiber Optics and Wireless Infra and Extending Data ,Monitoring of plant Local and Central Level .
Link Vue System Experience to Offer Design ,Engineering ,Selection of Genuine and Right Components, Supply Support for Installation and AMC if customer require .
Electrical Safety Maintenance Free Earthing , ESE Type Lightning Protection ,Surge Protection ,Industrial Out Door Plug Sockets.
LED Street Light , CCTV Camera, Fire Alarm ,Access Controls, Security Systems, PIDS .
High Energy Battery Storage Systems
MC4 Connectors with and Without Fuse ,DC Fuse 1500V-1800 V, Current 30 Amps.
Plz go through and give feedback ,Inquiry , time for Web Presentation.
useful for Solar PV Power Plant Developer, EPC and Electrical Contractors.
MNRE /SECI/NTPC/NHPC/State Renewable Departments/Smart City/Ministry of Power/REC Ltd/BHEL/CEL/REIL/RECML
Private Solar Power Leading EPC Companies.
Visit our Website www.linkvuesystem.com
Call M-9811247237 Mahesh Chandra Manav
manav.chandra@linkvuesystem.com
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL WITH SVC USING PSOKashif Mehmood
Smart grid novel growth in the arena of power, this is a new scheme and apparatus for producing and distributing
electricity. Smart grids are very important part of the electrical circuit. Distribution Management System (DMS) used by the utilities for the
state Estimation (SE). Basic application distribution control system, evaluation (SE) and the control reactive power). There SE principally
used to monitor and to control the entire distributed network. In the distribution network has a problem voltage profile. It is controlled by
distributed generators (DG), which are located in diverse positions in the system to maintain the voltage within certain limits. Validation
through the implementation on the IEEE 14-bus radial transmission system indicated that PSO is reasonable to achieve the
task. MATLAB software is used for results simulation
Short Term Load Forecasting Using Bootstrap Aggregating Based Ensemble Artifi...Kashif Mehmood
Short Term Load Forecasting (STLF) can predict load from several minutes to week plays
the vital role to address challenges such as optimal generation, economic scheduling, dispatching and
contingency analysis. This paper uses Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) technique to perform STFL but long training time and convergence issues caused by bias,
variance and less generalization ability, unable this algorithm to accurately predict future loads. This
issue can be resolved by various methods of Bootstraps Aggregating (Bagging) (like disjoint
partitions, small bags, replica small bags and disjoint bags) which helps in reducing variance and
increasing generalization ability of ANN. Moreover, it results in reducing error in the learning process
of ANN. Disjoint partition proves to be the most accurate Bagging method and combining outputs of
this method by taking mean improves the overall performance. This method of combining several
predictors known as Ensemble Artificial Neural Network (EANN) outperform the ANN and Bagging
method by further increasing the generalization ability and STLF accuracy.
Optimizing Size of Variable Renewable Energy Sources by Incorporating Energy ...Kashif Mehmood
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from
fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate
change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that
are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the
driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES.
However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings
uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy
storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation
network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs,
primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily,
weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results
substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also
reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %
Optimal Load Shedding Using an Ensemble of Artifcial Neural NetworksKashif Mehmood
Optimal load shedding is a very critical issue in power systems. It plays a vital role, especially in third world countries.
A sudden increase in load can affect the important parameters of the power system like voltage, frequency and phase angle. This
paper presents a case study of Pakistan’s power system, where the generated power, the load demand, frequency deviation and load
shedding during a 24-hour period have been provided. An artifcial neural network ensemble is aimed for optimal load shedding.
The objective of this paper is to maintain power system frequency stability by shedding an accurate amount of load. Due to its fast
convergence and improved generalization ability, the proposed algorithm helps to deal with load shedding in an efcient manner.
Comparative Performance Analysis of RPL for Low Power and Lossy Networks base...Kashif Mehmood
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an extensive
network between people-people, people-things and things-things.
With the overgrown opportunities, then it also comes with a lot of
challenges proportional to the number of connected things to the
network. The IPv6 allows us to connect a huge number of things.
For resource-constrained IoT devices, the routing issues are very
thought-provoking and for this purpose an IPv6 Routing
Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is proposed.
There are multi-HOP paths connecting nodes to the root node.
Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) is
created taking into account different parameters such as link
costs, nodes attribute and objective functions. RPL is flexible
and it can be tuned as per application demands, therefore, the
network can be optimized by using different objective functions.
This paper presents a novel energy efficient analysis of RPL by
performing a set of simulations in COOJA simulator. The
performance evaluation of RPL is compared by introducing
different Objective functions (OF) with multiple metrics for the
network.
Improved Virtual Synchronous Generator Control to Analyse and Enhance the Tra...Kashif Mehmood
In recent years, the integration of renewable energy resource (RES) into the power system is growing rapidly, and
it is necessary to analyse and evaluate the effect of RES on transient stability of the power system. In this paper, centre of
inertia (COI) concept is implemented to analyse and evaluate the integration effects of an auxiliary damping control (ADC) based
virtual synchronous generator (VSG) consisting an improved governor. The impact of VSG integration is divided into synchronous
generator (SG) linked parts and COI associated parts. Due to VSG integration into the power system, the significant elements
which disturb the COI dynamic motion and rotor dynamics of SG are examined in detail. Different cases are considered to evaluate
the effectiveness of the proposed method, i.e., VSG’s different integrating location and different power capacities. It is observed
in simulation results that COI dynamic motion and rotor dynamics of SG are positively affected by VSG integration and transient
stability improves significantly
Optimal Power Generation in Energy-Deficient Scenarios Using Bagging EnsemblesKashif Mehmood
This paper presents an improved technique for optimal power generation using ensemble
artificial neural networks (EANN). The motive for using EANN is to benefit from multiple parallel processor
computing rather than traditional serial computation to reduce bias and variance in machine learning. The
load data is obtained from the load regulation authority of Pakistan for 24 hours. The data is analyzed on an
IEEE 30-bus test system by implementing two approaches; the conventional artificial neural network (ANN)
with feed-forward back-propagation model and a Bagging algorithm. To improve the training of ANN and
authenticate its result, first the Load Flow Analysis (LFA) on IEEE 30 bus is performed using Newton
Raphson Method and then the program is developed in MATLAB using Lagrange relaxation (LR) framework
to solve a power-generator scheduling problem. The bootstraps for the EANN are obtained through a disjoint
partition Bagging algorithm to handle the fluctuating power demand and is used to forecast the power
generation. The results of MATLAB simulations are analyzed and compared along with computational
complexity, therein showing the dominance of the EANN over the traditional ANN strategy that closed
to LR
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
the need of electrical energy is essential part of
any state to stable itself as well as to promote itself. The most
reliable resources of electrical energy are Renewable
resources. In these renewable resources, Sun is the biggest
resource of energy. In active solar technique, electrical energy
is produced by the phenomenon of Photoelectric effect. The
Reliability and efficiency of solar power system can be
improved by making sure that we are using this system
properly. First of all, the main factor of solar power generation
is the efficiency of solar cell that is made of Crystalline
Silicon cell mostly. The efficiency of solar cell is not good yet,
but the capability of solar cell to produce power is excellent.
Secondly, there are many factors affecting the efficiency of
PV system during installation and maintenance. This paper
emphasizes on the efficiency of PV module affected by
direction, angle, irradiance, shade, load and temperature. This
paper describes the conceptual design of a smart battery health
monitoring system along with protection of battery from over
charging & over discharging using an embedded system. The
working mechanism of this system is based on the input
voltages to the embedded system from the battery which are
further processed using ADC to convert them into Digital
form which are then used to observe the state of battery’s
condition The deeply study of these factors is essential before
using this system and implementation of these results after
study, enhance the efficiency of this system.
Voltage-current Double Loop Control Strategy for Magnetically Controllable Re...Kashif Mehmood
Voltage regulation depending on reactive power
compensation is the main feature of the AC power supply
system. Magnetically controllable reactors (MCR) are
becoming a growing demand for this purpose. The structure
and working principles of MCR are analysed in this paper
while a simulation model is established. The reactive power
compensation strategy based on a single loop voltage control
system (SLVCS) is presented and a double loop
voltage-current control system (DLVCCS) is proposed. A
comprehensive scenario is developed to mitigate reactive power
compensation by using the proposed controls. Simulation
results substantiate that proposed controls of MCR has a faster
response in comparison to the traditional control, and it
provides the least voltage variation at the line end. It also
shows that the proposed control on MCR meet the desired
objective of the voltage regulation and provides flexibility to ac
transmission system
Effcacious pitch angle control of variable-speed wind turbine using fuzzy bas...Kashif Mehmood
The Wind energy is more reliable and speedier growing, among the renewable energy resources, due to the world
environment challenges as well as increasing demand for energy. The wind turbine system’s stability is cumbersome due to the
uneven distribution of wind. Centrifugal and gravitational loads on the blades of a wind turbine creates weariness, resultantly
decreases the power output along with the life of the equipment. Therefore, the need for a pitch angle control that can reduce
the loading effect in addition to provide maximal power output. This paper proposes the fuzzy based model-predictive controller
of pitch angle control to minimize the loading effect on wind turbine by limiting power output and rotor speed to its rated
value as well as to maximize the extracted power output as compared to other techniques. The fuzzy logic controller works
very effciently by encountering the system’s non-linearity while model predictive controller helps the system to become more
stable and effcient. The superiority of prescribed controller is verifed by comparing it with PI controller. The proposed model
has been tested in MATLAB/Simulink using a 3MW wind turbine system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. RESEARCHARTICLE
Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Protection Saleem et al.
microprocessor has led to their expanding use in digital
relaying techniques. In this thesis, the design and imple-
mentation of microprocessor based numerical relay for
multi-function protection system is done [3]. The project
utilizes knowledge and principle of overcurrent, under
voltage and overvoltage schemes.
The numeric relay in our design employs Arduino Uno
microcontroller. The instrument transformers (CT and PT)
provide stepped down phase current and voltage to micro-
controllers that display values on LCDs. The comparison
of these values is made with pickup values given by user
through keypad, and then decision is made about occur-
rence of the fault. The built-in ADC of Arduino Uno has
been used for running conversion (A/D) and comparison.
Thus, controller indicates fault occurrence by showing the
type of the fault and energizing an alarm [4]. The possible
fault conditions sensed by this design are under voltage,
over voltage and over current faults including time delay.
2. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER
SYSTEM PROTECTION
Electrical energy is produced by the electric power gener-
ation systems, which are basic foundations whose admin-
istration is crucial to the economy of a nation. Electric
power system is a collection of electric components which
are used for the continuous power supply to the consumers
through the transmission. Their main goal is to facilitate
the home and industry with the continuity of power sup-
ply. So, for continuity of reliable electric supply to meet
the demand is a difficult challenge for them. To make it
possible they have to make a strong real time estimation of
the system and coordination with the generating units. In
the result of this is the only way to deliver the electricity
to the load in secure manner. It’s had a worldwide impor-
tance for the power system network security. However, due
to deregulation, power systems are being operated closer
to their nearer load ability [3].
Usually power systems equipment is very expensive,
and in this way a power system represents a very huge
investment. As much as possible the power system must
be utilized within the applicable constrains of reliability
and security of the supply. It is necessary that power sys-
tem should operate in a safe limit for all the times without
knowing that how efficiently a power system is designed.
The occurrence of the faults in the power system can-
not be stopped. So, these faults are the main risk for the
equipment install there and for the employees which are
working over there.
As when the fault occurs so the large surge with a
high current can burn the conductors, transformers or other
machines installed there in just few seconds. Figure 1
shows that a number of components are interconnected in
the power system. So, there should be a very careful pro-
tection to save all these components.
Fig. 1. Block diagram of electrical network.
3. POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Protection equipment is a collection of protection devices.
All these components are necessary for the complete
power system protection and reliability of operation of
power system even in case of faults. There are some com-
ponents in power system protection i.e., Relays, Fuses,
CTs, PTs, and Contactors etc. [1, 3].
The specification and necessities of these components
are as follows:
1. Step down the current and voltage by using the current
and voltage transformers in electrical power system to a
save levels for the relays to deal with it.
2. Sensing of the fault by relay and sending a trip signal
to the circuit breakers.
3. Circuit breaker isolates the faulty part from the power
supply part by opening their contacts.
4. Energize batteries are used in case of high power rating
system where energy is required to open terminals in the
system.
5. In some cases, the communication channels are used to
analyze the voltage and current at remote locations of the
line to trip the equipment.
4. ATTRIBUTES OF PROTECTION SYSTEM
An efficient power system protection may have some qual-
ities in it so that if a fault occurs we can sense it properly.
Moreover a protection system should be fast to remove
faults and prevent system from large damage. Following
are the necessary requirements of an efficient protection
system.
1. Speed in power system protection plays a great role.
In automatic protection system the faults from the power
system is isolated in a very much shorter time.
2. Sensitivity is referred as the ability of protection sys-
tem to sense the minimum possible fault in a system and
isolate. The relay or scheme is said to be sensitive if the
primary operating parameter(s) is low.
3. Reliability a power system is said to be reliable when
it is able to meet the power requirements of variable load
over time without any hurdle or discontinuity.
4. Selectivity is referred as the ability of protective system
to identify the fault in exact location and isolate only the
2 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 17, 1–7, 2020
3. RESEARCHARTICLE
Saleem et al. Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Protection
Fig. 2. Cyclic development of numerical relay.
faulted part from healthy system. A protective system must
be selective for that purpose.
5. NUMERICAL RELAYS
Numerical relays have great convenience and pre-
cision for the appliances against the conventional
Fig. 3. Block diagram of a microprocessor relay.
electromechanically relays [2]. As one of the factors is the
low capital cost for these numerical relays along with min-
imum maintenance cost. Figures 2 and 3 show the devel-
opment cycle and typical block diagram of numerical relay
respectively.
The Figure 2 is flow chart of numerical relay. It shows
the working strategy of numerical relay. How operations
are performed in a cyclic manner in run times. The
Figure 3 shows the general-purpose block diagram of
numerical relay. Any numerical relay includes the above
mentioned components and working terminology [5].
6. MODELING AND WORKING OF
NUMERICAL RELAY
Numerical Relays which also known as the programmable
relays are totally microprocessor-based relays [6]. The
usage for these particular relays has much importance in
the industries. The microprocessor based relays are capa-
ble for protection against over voltage, over current, ther-
mal overload and various other faults and all this happen
by just few modifications in the program or changing the
plug setting on run time [5]. The working of the numer-
ical relays is based on the data sampling on continuous
basis. It takes the entire signal on run time through analog
to digital converter. Then the numerical relays sense the
faults and make decisions accordingly.
6.1. Overcurrent
Overcurrent occurs if current in excess of the rated cur-
rent of equipment or the ampere capacity of a conductor
flows. It may result from overload, short circuit, or ground
fault [7]. Abrupt rise in current in system is also referred
as overcurrent. Following Figure 4 show the waveform of
overcurrent surges in system.
Above mention figure there is overcurrent surge for a
small interval of time. Short time overcurrent spike is
J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 17, 1–7, 2020 3
4. RESEARCHARTICLE
Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Protection Saleem et al.
Fig. 4. Overvoltage spike in normal waveform.
referred as surge while abruptly rising of current is referred
as fault or short circuit current. Both can cause severe dam-
age to system or devices. Sometimes large current cause
burning of conductors and insulations and in severe cases
sometimes fire occurs.
6.2. Over Voltage
Overvoltage occurs in response of transients and short
duration spikes of high voltage on the supply. It causes
due to lightening strokes [8].
Also, when some unloaded transmission line is con-
nected in system overvoltage occurs and when full load
transmission line is disconnected in a system overvoltage
may occur. Overvoltage in a system can cause breakage
of insulation, rise in current, and damage of some fragile
components [9]. Figure 5 includes the overvoltage spikes
waveforms and may cause due to lighting strokes.
6.3. Under Voltage
Under Voltage condition occurs when a heavy load is sud-
denly connected to a power supply. The load starts drawing
current; this causes the voltage to temporarily drop [9].
Also when a full load transmission line is connected in
a system then temporary under voltage occurs. Following
Figure 6 show the under voltage in a system waveform.
Fig. 5. Overvoltage spike in normal waveform.
Voltageperunit
–1
0
+1
Time
Fig. 6. Under voltage waveform.
In Figure 6 voltage amplitude is decreasing with time
as a heavy load is connected in a system. Although the
voltage can be set to its original value after some cycles.
No generator or power source is ideal and voltage cannot
be kept constant in a system at all operating conditions.
7. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND HARDWARE
METHODOLOGY
In our project, we have tried to design the numeric relay
based on Arduino Uno microcontroller technology with
the provision of Over Current, Over Voltage and Under
Voltage sensing and indication including a definite time
delay. The design is thus a “Discrete time Over-current and
Over/Under voltage relay.” It is a single-phase relay hav-
ing single micro controller, controller monitors the phase
quantities (i.e., current and voltage) thus, makes the trip
decision and displays the results on LCD accordingly. The
project is divided into three main sections as under:
1. Data Acquisition.
2. Data Processing.
3. Auxiliaries.
7.1. Data Acquisition
Data Acquisition Section consists of Instrument Trans-
formers i.e., Current Transformers (C.T) and Potential
Transformers (P.T). The real-time values of high line Volt-
age and Current are stepped down with the help of P.Ts.
and C.Ts. These values are input to a half wave recti-
fier circuit which rectifies these stepped down A.C val-
ues and provides DC voltage values at output terminals
Fig. 7. Connection of arduino with keypad and LCD.
4 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 17, 1–7, 2020
5. RESEARCHARTICLE
Saleem et al. Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Protection
Potential Transformer
Fig. 8. Potential transformer.
proportional to the line voltages and currents. This is effec-
tively an Anti-aliasing filter giving smooth and clean signal
at its output. The main part of Data acquisition section
is the built-in ADC (analogue to digital converter) of
Arduino Uno microcontroller which converts analog line
current and voltage signals into digital values, stores them
in respective registers and displays them onto the LCD
connected to the microcontroller.
7.2. Data Processing
The central part of the Numeric Relay consists of
Arduino Uno Microcontroller. A keypad has been inter-
faced to microcontroller that can be used to enter the
pickup/threshold values of current for relay operation. The
values entered by keypad are displayed on a main micro-
controller and read by the controller and compared with
the pre-saved current values. The comparison algorithm
burnt in controller decides whether a fault occurred on the
system, then gives a time delay and waits for the fault
to clear out itself. The micro-controller displays the state-
ment after clearing the fault a buzzer (alarm) has also been
attached to the main micro controller that sounds imme-
diately when the fault occurs. The relay is reset to un-
faulted condition when some personnel attend the fault by
pressing any key from the keypad. The relay is reset too
Current Transformer
Fig. 9. Current transformer.
when fault clears out itself in a pre-set time. This provides
Definite Time characteristics to the relay.
Auxiliaries
1. Arduino Uno.
2. CT and PT.
3. LCD Display.
4. Numeric Keypad.
5. Buzzer/Alarm.
6. Auto Transformer for Variable Voltage Input.
7. USB interface.
8. SIMULATION OF NUMERICAL RELAY
A numerical relay consists of components that includes
LCD for display of voltage and current values, a keypad
for giving the plug setting of voltage and current, a micro-
controller for monitoring all operations and making deci-
sions and a then there are CTs and PTs for stepping down
the voltage and current magnitudes for electronic circuit
feasibility. Following Figure 7 show the block diagram of
overall numerical circuitry that includes the LCD for out-
put display of current and voltages, a keypad for run time
settings of voltage and current.
It is mandatory to simulate each and every component to
ensure the reliability of proper working of numerical relay.
LCD interfacing with controller, keypad interfacing with
J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 17, 1–7, 2020 5
6. RESEARCHARTICLE
Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Protection Saleem et al.
Fig. 10. Relay tripping circuit.
microcontroller, designing appropriate voltage signal for
microcontroller and scaling current magnitude for micro-
controller are necessary outcomes.
8.1. Designing of Voltage Signal
In numerical relays microprocessor-based circuits monitor
the voltages and currents in run time and take decisions on
the basis of these values and take actions. For this purpose,
first of all the voltage should be measure. Microprocessor
circuits samples the analogue values and read it in digital
values. In a running practical system there are high ratings
of voltages and that cannot be measure directly by elec-
tronic circuits so we need a potential transformer to step
down the high values and then convert in to digital values
for microcontroller processing. Following Figure 8 show
the potential transformer circuit.
The above circuit includes a potential transformer and
the sampling circuitry. Input voltage is scale to a particular
level for some voltage, as the voltage varies output scaled
DC voltage varies accordingly.
8.2. Designing of Current Magnitude Signal
In a practical running circuit, the current values are very
high and cannot be measured directly by some electronic
Fig. 11. Wiring diagram of the project.
circuit. That’s why we use some current transformer that
stepped down the input high current. Then we scale the
stepped down value to a particular level for some running
load current. As the load current varies the output scaled
value varies. Figure 9 shows the current transformer and
scaling value circuitry.
8.3. Relay Tripping Circuit
A relay is connected in series with load so that in case of
any fault we can disconnect the load from supply to avoid
a large damage. The relay is tripped by electronic circuit
when the electronic circuit gives only logic 0 or logic 1
functions. So, we need the following circuit in Figure 10
that can take logic zero or logic 1 function and trips the
relay.
The above circuit includes the whole circuitry that
takes logic input from microcontroller and operates
the relay. The relay needs 12 volts for its operation
while microcontroller logic 1 voltage is only of few
volts. So, to differentiate between these voltage lev-
els we have opto-coupler there. Biasing voltage applied
to relay that will be available only when output of
opto-coupler short circuit accordingly with input small
signal.
6 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 17, 1–7, 2020
7. RESEARCHARTICLE
Saleem et al. Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Protection
9. HARDWARE DEMONSTRATION OF
NUMERICAL RELAY
Following Figure 11 includes all the components in a sys-
tem for implementation of numerical relay which includes
the CT’s and PT’s connected with load. All the necessary
components are connecting the microcontroller.
10. CONCLUSION
The built-in ADC (analogue to digital converter) of each
of the Arduino Uno microcontroller which converts analog
line current and voltage signals into digital values, stores
them in respective registers and displays them onto LCD
connected to the microcontrollers. The micro-controller
displays the appropriate fault condition on an LCD includ-
ing the type of fault (i.e., O/C, OV or U.V.). A buzzer
(alarm) has also been attached to the micro-controller that
sounds immediately when the fault occurs. A definite time
delay of 1, 2 or 5 seconds can be introduced between
occurrence of fault and its indication. The relay is reset to
un-faulted condition when fault clears out itself in a pre-
set time. This provides Definite Time characteristics to the
relay.
References
1. Computational Analysis of PT/CT Contact Behavior for a Heavy
Water Reactor at High Temperature and Pressure. pp.3–8.
2. Goldfarb, G., Hard to Find Maintenance Tips for Electromechanical
Relays.
3. Jamal, H. and Waseem, M., 2018. Low-Cost Feedback Control
Thermal Protection System for 3-Phase Distribution Transformer
Using Microcontroller. 2018 IEEE International Conference on
Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE), IEEE, (24v Dc),
pp.200–204.
4. Dqg, R.L.Q. and V.R.L., 2017. UHZ: HOWRQ., pp.12–16, DOI:
10.1109/REPC.2017.15.
5. Verzosa, Q. and Lee, W.A., 2017. Testing microprocessor-
based numerical transformer differential protection. 53(1),
pp.56–64.
6. Bujanovic, T. and Ghosh, P., 2016. Adaptive Algorithm for Micropro-
cessor Based Distance Relays in Smart Grid. pp.358–364.
7. Linlin, Z., Wei, C., Tangsheng, X.U.N. and Yong, B.A.I., A Current
Differential Protection Criterion Based on Amplitude and Phase Dif-
ference of Fault Current.
8. Mostafa, Y.G., Hussien, M.S. and Elamary, N.H., 2009. Co-ordination
of Overcurrent Voltage Controlled Protection in Large Electrical Net-
works Using Particle Swarm Optimization Technique.
9. Kumar, N., Prakashverma, V., Singh, V.K., Nandi, S. and Ventru, V.,
2013. Double Relay Based Sag, Swell, Over and Under Voltage Pro-
tection and Detection Scheme. pp.1008–1012.
Received: 26 May 2019. Accepted: 11 September 2019.
J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 17, 1–7, 2020 7