Specific learning difficulties, and hence dyslexia, are often accompanied by difficulties with a similar neurological difference, such as attention disorder, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. A mild but definite under-functioning in the neurotransmission is the common background. The environment plays a decisive, important, role in the development of these specialties. The term dyslexia simply means “reading disorder”, but there are very different types of it. You can determine the type of a person's dyslexia if we to identify the stage at which there was a problem acquiring reading.

1. NEUROLOGICALLY BASED
ACHIEVEMENT
DIFFICULTIES
Understanding and identifying
Dr. Éva Gyarmathy
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology
of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Congress on Dyslexia Bucharest
INCLUTECH

2. Intelligence independent
Culture dependent
NEUROLOGICALLY BASED
ACHIEVEMENT
DIFFICULTIES
Attention deficit
disorder
Specific
learning
difficulties
Hyperactivity
disorder
dysgraphia
dyscalculia
dyslexia
1/7

3. Acquiring of reading
1. Logographic level
2. Alphabetic level
3. Orthographic level
the stage of recognizing and
storing whole words as images
the stage building on letter-to-
sound correspondences
the stage where combinations of
letters and greater units are
recognized
2/7

4. Levels of reading
• The text above can only be read by those at the
orthographic stage of reading.
• An individual at the alphabetic stage will read
nonsensical groups of letters.
• An individual at the logographic level is unable
to spell out even the nonsensical groups of
letters.
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at an Elingsh uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer
in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is
that the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a
toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae
we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe.
3/7

5. Acquiring of reading
and dyslexia
1. Logographic level
2. Alphabetic level
3. Orthographic level
Deep dyslexia
Surface dyslexia
Comprehension difficulties
4/7

6. The improper communication between the two brain
hemispheres occurs surface dyslexia
The sequential information processing and the
processing of the details is not working well enough5/7

7. One or more from the areas listed below can be poor
and cause the difficulties in case of the surface dyslexia
The sequential information processing and the
processing of the details is not working well enough
• auditory processing
• visual processing
• orientation
• motor abilities
• sequential processing
6/7

8. A weakness can cause more types of specific learning
difficulties, like certain types of dyscalculia and
dysgraphia, too
The sequential information processing and the
processing of the details is not working well enough
• auditory processing
• visual processing
• orientation
• motor abilities
• sequential processing
7/7

9. http://www.slideshare.net/gyarme/presentations
http://www.diszlexia.hu/English.html
gyarmathy.eva@gmail.com
Further information:
Inclusion with Alternative Media
Free course is available
http://moodle.tmpk.uni-obuda.hu
INCLUTECH

10. http://www.slideshare.net/gyarme/presentations
http://www.diszlexia.hu/English.html
gyarmathy.eva@gmail.com
Further information:
Inclusion with Alternative Media
Free course is available
http://moodle.tmpk.uni-obuda.hu
INCLUTECH