This document summarizes research on the impacts of late sowing and heat/drought stress on wheat crops in Nepal. It finds that late sowing, which is common due to the rice-wheat cropping system, reduces wheat yields significantly. Heat and drought stress during flowering and grain filling also limit yields. The document outlines several mitigation strategies, including advancing the planting date using no-till methods, growing early maturing varieties, using mulching and irrigation scheduling, and developing heat/drought tolerant wheat varieties.
“Seed priming is a controlled hydration technique in which seeds are soaked in water or low osmotic potential solution to a point where germination related metabolic activities begin in the seeds but radical emergence does not occur.”
Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food needs for ever increasing population in developing countries. On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a very serious constraint not only to human health as well economic development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed. Besides, the micronutrient deficiencies are becoming increasingly common in agriculture as a result of higher levels of removal by ever-more-productive crops combined with breeding for higher yields, at the expense of micronutrient acquisition efficiency (Havlinet al., 2014).Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as well.
Abiotic stress management for sustainable agriculturejayanta thokdar
Stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits normal functioning in plants. An average of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by abiotic factors. To attain sustainability various crop management and breeding methods are employed to reduce impact of stress. Understand more about abiotic stress not only change our understanding of current environment, but also bring a plenty of benefits like improving sustainable agriculture and human beings living standards.
Climate change effect on abiotic stress in fruit crops Parshant Bakshi
A change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
“Seed priming is a controlled hydration technique in which seeds are soaked in water or low osmotic potential solution to a point where germination related metabolic activities begin in the seeds but radical emergence does not occur.”
Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food needs for ever increasing population in developing countries. On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a very serious constraint not only to human health as well economic development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed. Besides, the micronutrient deficiencies are becoming increasingly common in agriculture as a result of higher levels of removal by ever-more-productive crops combined with breeding for higher yields, at the expense of micronutrient acquisition efficiency (Havlinet al., 2014).Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as well.
Abiotic stress management for sustainable agriculturejayanta thokdar
Stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits normal functioning in plants. An average of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by abiotic factors. To attain sustainability various crop management and breeding methods are employed to reduce impact of stress. Understand more about abiotic stress not only change our understanding of current environment, but also bring a plenty of benefits like improving sustainable agriculture and human beings living standards.
Climate change effect on abiotic stress in fruit crops Parshant Bakshi
A change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Mechanisms of adaptation to drought and waterlogging in Brachiaria grassesCIAT
Drought and waterlogging are major abiotic stresses that limit the productivity of Brachiaria forage grasses. Little attention has been given to separate productivity under drought or waterlogging, from coping mechanisms in Brachiaria forage grasses. Wide phenotypic variation exists among Brachiaria grasses to cope with these stresses. This presentation will cover : 1) the current knowledge of morpho-physiological mechanisms and functional adaptations of Brachiaria spp cultivars to cope with these stresses and 2) the use of sensors and digital image analysis for the non-destructive and automated analysis of Brachiaria growth and performance at different time scales.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation.
Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively costeffective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients.
This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Liquid organic fertilizers: Nutrient rich material is soaked in water for several days or weeks to undergo fermentation. Frequent stirring encourages microbial activity in liquid manures. The resulting liquid can either be used as a foliar fertilizer or applied to the soil.
This topic gives the wide range in understanding the advances for managing the abiotic stress that occurs in the pulse crops like pigeonpea,mungbean,chickpea etc.
Being sessile, plants are constantly exposed to changes in temperature and other abiotic stress factors. The temperature stress experienced by plants can be classified into three types: those occurring at (a) temperature below freezing (b) low temperature above freezing and (c) high temperature. The plants must adapt to them in other ways. The biological substances that are deeply related to these stresses, such as heat shock proteins, glycine betaine as a compatible solute, membrane lipids etc.and also detoxifiers of active oxygen species, contribute to temperature stress tolerance in plants. Rapid advances in Molecular Genetic approaches have enabled genes to be cloned, both from prokaryotes and directly from plants themselves, that are thought to provide the key to the mechanism of temperature adaptation (Iba et al., 2002).
The accumulation of heat shock proteins under the control of heat stress transcription factors is assumed to play a central role in the heat stress response and in acquired thermotolerance in plants (Kotak et al., 2007). The pattern of protein synthesis during cold acclimation is very dissimilar to the heat shock proteins in many ways. Different low temperature stress proteins, such as Anti-freeze proteins or thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) and cold shock domain proteins etc. are accumulated in plant cell and are frequently correlated with enhanced cold tolerance ( Guy, 1999).
The heat stress-induced dehydrin proteins (DHNs) expression and their relationship with the water relations of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves were studied to investigate the adaptation to heat stress in plants (Wahid and Close, 2007). In order to get an in vitro evidence of Hsc70 functioning as a molecular chaperone during cold stress, a cold-inducible spinach cytosolic Hsc70 was subcloned into a protein expression vector and the recombinant protein was expressed in bacterial cells. Results suggest that the molecular chaperone Hsc70 may have a functional role in plants during low temperature stress (Zhang and Guy, 2006). To analyze the least and most strongly interacting stress with Hsps and Hsfs, a transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis Hsps and Hsfs has been done (Swindell et al., 2007).
As plants receive complex of stress factors together, therefore in future research, emphasis should be placed on such cases where tolerance is attempted to different stress factors simultaneously by employing sophisticated techniques.
Mechanisms of adaptation to drought and waterlogging in Brachiaria grassesCIAT
Drought and waterlogging are major abiotic stresses that limit the productivity of Brachiaria forage grasses. Little attention has been given to separate productivity under drought or waterlogging, from coping mechanisms in Brachiaria forage grasses. Wide phenotypic variation exists among Brachiaria grasses to cope with these stresses. This presentation will cover : 1) the current knowledge of morpho-physiological mechanisms and functional adaptations of Brachiaria spp cultivars to cope with these stresses and 2) the use of sensors and digital image analysis for the non-destructive and automated analysis of Brachiaria growth and performance at different time scales.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation.
Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively costeffective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients.
This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Liquid organic fertilizers: Nutrient rich material is soaked in water for several days or weeks to undergo fermentation. Frequent stirring encourages microbial activity in liquid manures. The resulting liquid can either be used as a foliar fertilizer or applied to the soil.
This topic gives the wide range in understanding the advances for managing the abiotic stress that occurs in the pulse crops like pigeonpea,mungbean,chickpea etc.
Being sessile, plants are constantly exposed to changes in temperature and other abiotic stress factors. The temperature stress experienced by plants can be classified into three types: those occurring at (a) temperature below freezing (b) low temperature above freezing and (c) high temperature. The plants must adapt to them in other ways. The biological substances that are deeply related to these stresses, such as heat shock proteins, glycine betaine as a compatible solute, membrane lipids etc.and also detoxifiers of active oxygen species, contribute to temperature stress tolerance in plants. Rapid advances in Molecular Genetic approaches have enabled genes to be cloned, both from prokaryotes and directly from plants themselves, that are thought to provide the key to the mechanism of temperature adaptation (Iba et al., 2002).
The accumulation of heat shock proteins under the control of heat stress transcription factors is assumed to play a central role in the heat stress response and in acquired thermotolerance in plants (Kotak et al., 2007). The pattern of protein synthesis during cold acclimation is very dissimilar to the heat shock proteins in many ways. Different low temperature stress proteins, such as Anti-freeze proteins or thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) and cold shock domain proteins etc. are accumulated in plant cell and are frequently correlated with enhanced cold tolerance ( Guy, 1999).
The heat stress-induced dehydrin proteins (DHNs) expression and their relationship with the water relations of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves were studied to investigate the adaptation to heat stress in plants (Wahid and Close, 2007). In order to get an in vitro evidence of Hsc70 functioning as a molecular chaperone during cold stress, a cold-inducible spinach cytosolic Hsc70 was subcloned into a protein expression vector and the recombinant protein was expressed in bacterial cells. Results suggest that the molecular chaperone Hsc70 may have a functional role in plants during low temperature stress (Zhang and Guy, 2006). To analyze the least and most strongly interacting stress with Hsps and Hsfs, a transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis Hsps and Hsfs has been done (Swindell et al., 2007).
As plants receive complex of stress factors together, therefore in future research, emphasis should be placed on such cases where tolerance is attempted to different stress factors simultaneously by employing sophisticated techniques.
Level Slicing and Map Calculation studied here. Done using GRASS GIS software, an open source resource. This is the second part of the laboratory series on GRASS GIS.
Greg Butler is the research and development manager for South Australian No-Till Farmers Association (SANTFA). Kym Fromm invited Greg to talk to the Climate Champions during the February Climate Champions tour of SA.
Developing and Delivering Zinc Wheat: The Role of Wheat in Reducing Hidden Hu...CIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Dr. Wolfgang Pfeiffer (HarvestPlus, Colombia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Climate resilient wheat varieties introduced through international collaborat...ExternalEvents
ICARDA has been working in the Central Asia region since 2000 in collaboration with i.e. the Regional Forum of the CAC countries (CACAARI). Wheat production, in particular winter wheat, is highly vulnerable to e.g. salinity, drought as well as yellow rust disease epidemics pose threat to wheat production and food security in Central Asia. Among others, improved wheat varieties have been identified, which are resistent to yellow rust.
Effect of heat and drought stress in chickpea on expression of resistance to ...ICRISAT
Global warming and climate change will trigger major changes in geographical distribution of insect pests, herbivore plant interactions and efficacy of crop protection technologies (Sharma 2014). Chemical composition of plants will change in direct response to global warming and climate change, affecting plant damage and growth and development of insect pests.
Effect of different Mulching Materials on the Yield of Quality Protein Maize ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Field research was conducted on the effects of different mulching materials on the yield of Quantity protein maize which include polythene sheet, dry grasses and control. The different mulching materials were tested on nine (9) ridges each measuring 10m. The research was laid out in a completely randomized block design each treatment replicated three times. The parameters measured include weight of cobs, weight of 100grain, and total grain, there was no statistical difference in the weight cobs among all the treatments, similarly, there was also no statistical different in the weight of 100 grain. As far the weight of grain per 5m 2 there was a significant difference among the treatments with polythene sheet covered plots that have 0.25kg, however, the grass-mulched plots 0.16kg was statistically similar to the control plots 0.15kg. And finally for store weight observed per 5m 2 , polythene sheet covered plots were significantly higher than grass-mulched plots which are also significantly different to control plots with the values of 1.23kg, 1.21kg and 0.71kg respectively.
Effect of application of “Grinophyll” on Growth and Yield of RiceAI Publications
The present investigation entitled “effect of application of “Grinophyll” on growth and yield of rice was carried out during kharif season of the year 2021 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa farm, At-Nare, Tal-Wada, Dist- Palghar, Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design. The three treatments (Control, Grinophyll @ 4ml, and Grinophyll @6ml per 15 liters of water) were replicated twice times on four varieties of rice namely Dandi, Gurjari, Jaya, and GAR-13. The plant population per meter square (34.5), plant height (105.9 cm), number of tillers per plant (13.7), number of panicles per plant (13), number of panicles per square meter (442) and length of panicle (25.8 cm) was recorded maximum with application of Grinophyll @ 6 ml /15 liters of water on rice cv. “GAR-13”. The highest number of seeds per panicle (203.5), test weight (34.1 g), grain yield (57.45 q/ha) and straw yield (85.08 q/ha) was found with application of Grinophyll @ 6 ml / 15 liters of water.The data clearly revealed that, the yield obtained with treatment Grinophyll @ 6 ml / 15 liters of water on rice cv. “GAR 13” was significantly higher than all other treatments and also for growth parameters.
Presenter: Zhu Defeng
Slides from a powerpoint presentation made to a workshop on SRI, held at the World Rice Research Conference, Tsukuba, Japan, November 7, 2004
Audience: World Rice Research Conference, Japan
Subject Country: China
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
Rice Drying, Storage and Processing: Effects of Post-Harvest Operations on Gr...YasirAbbas348011
Various post-harvest processes of rice are commonly employed, especially during the
off-season, to ensure its consumption feasibility, which often affect the grain quality. Different forms of
drying, storage and processing of rice are evaluated to identify their effects on grain quality. Microwave
drying has emerged as an alternative to the widely-used intermittent-drying and fixed-bed-dryer methods
of drying paddy rice. Control of drying-air temperatures (between 40 ºC and 60 ºC) according to the rice
variety can improve quality, especially for exotic varieties. Keeping stored grain in hygroscopic balance,
with water content between 11% to 15%, at temperatures between 16 ºC and 20 ºC and with intergranular
relative humidity near 60%, allows 12 months of storage in a controlled environment without significant
deterioration. Other innovations, notably the application of artificial refrigeration to grain stored in bulk in
vertical cylindrical silos and the use of impermeable packaging for storage, ensure the conservation of
grain mass. The different stages and equipments used to obtain polished, brown and parboiled rice result
in significant changes in the nutritional value of rice because of the removal of the outermost layers of the
grains. Polishing reduces the nutritional value and physical homogeneity of rice. Brown rice retains more
bioactive compounds and nutrients because it does not lose the outer layer of the grains in the polishing
processes. Parboiled rice, although less nutritious than brown rice, has better grain integrity and milling
yield and less loss of nutrients than white rice.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
Influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to determine influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on yield and Gross Monetary Value (GMV) of sorghum. The treatments were included two legume crops, two time of planting, three planting patterns of legumes and sole crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replication. Sorghum/soybean cropping system reduced sorghum grain yield by 23.9% where as sorghum/cowpea reduced by grain yield by 40.3%. The highest LER (1.55) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/soybean and sorghum/cowpea intercropping system. Highest gross monetary benefit (20561 Ethiopian birr) accrued from planting two rows of cowpea with the first weeding of sorghum in between the two rows of sorghum. However, it was at par with simultaneous planting of cowpea in double alternate plants within sorghum plants along with two rows of cowpea in between sorghum rows and two rows of soybean planted in between two rows of sorghum with first weeding of sorghum. Legumes crop soybean and cowpea should involved in sorghum cropping either simultaneously planting or sowing at first weeding or hoeing of sorghum.
Effect of conservation agriculture on soil moisture content and biomass water...Innspub Net
One of the important principles of Conservation Agriculture is the permanent soil cover with crop residues which enhances soil and water productivity that leads to improved agricultural productivity. The effect of crop residues on soil moisture content, relative growth rate and biomass water productivity were examined in a completely randomized design at the University of Reading, Berkshire district, England. Straw treatment was significant on moisture content and water use efficiency at (p< 0.01) respectively while there is no significant difference on mean relative growth rate and dry final biomass weights. The study concluded that soil moisture content is conserved with increased use of crop residues as soil cover. The study therefore recommended that project based research on Conservation Agriculture should be carried out by governments and NGO’s that will involve farmers; also they should provide support for the knowledge diffusion of Conservation Agriculture to local farmers since it will improve yield and productivity. Extension agents and other agencies that work with farmers should also be properly trained to be able to disseminate this technology to farmers.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. RAMESH ACHARYA
AGR-05M-2013
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY UNIVERSITY
A graduate Seminar On
Drought and heat stress in late sown
wheat and mitigation strategies
3. INTRODUCTION
Wheat is the major cereal crop of
world.
89 nations have 2.5 million wheat
consumers worldwide (CIMMYT,2013)
Wheat is grown on 215 million
hectare of land each year which is
equivalent to Greenland
(CIMMYT,2013)
Used for
food
65%
Used in
animal
feed
17%
Used in
industries
including
biofuel
12%
others
6%
2013/14
Source: FAO statUse of wheat grain for 2013/14
Source:
CIMMYT
4. Of the total cereal production area,
wheat occupies 22.58%
(MOAC,2014)
Of the total cereal production,
wheat occupies 20.13%.
(MOAC,2014)
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13
Total cereal area(Ha)
Total wheat area(ha)
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13
Total cereal production (mt)
Total wheat production (mt)
o In Nepal, 84% of wheat area comes under Rice –wheat system (Timsina &
Conner,2001) which is 0.6 Mha (Timsina et al.,2007)
o There are 35 improved wheat cultivars, 40 landraces and 10 wild relatives of
wheat in Nepal (Joshi et al., 2006)
o The productivity of wheat in Nepal is 2.29 t/ha which is much less than
average productivity of world (MOAC,2014)
5. Contd.
Lack of
irrigation
Major yield
limiting factors
Late planting
due to longer
window period
after rice
harvest
Use of late
maturing rice
varieties
Lack of wise
use of plant
nutrients
Abiotic
stress
Heat stress
Drought
stress
Frost stress
Biotic stress
Plant
diseases
Insects
6. Results and Discussions
Importance of sowing date
Early sowing provides longer period of maturation, earlier flowering and
higher yield potential (Coventry et al.,??).
Wheat in Nepal is generally sown in November to late December and
harvested in March/April (Joshi et al.,2006).
Timely planting of wheat is often delayed by tillage and yield potential is
also reduced. This is due to rice crop vacating the field late (Hobbs et
al.,2005; Gupta et al.,2010).
With delay in sowing time from 1st fortnight of November to 1st fortnight of
December, a decline in yield at 32 kg/ha /day is reported (Tripati et
al.,2005).
A yield loss of 1-1.5% for delay of each day after the optimum sowing date
of Nov 15 in wheat crop is recorded (Hobbs et al.,2005).
7. Contd..
Effect of sowing date on grain
yield of wheat
Effect of sowing date on grain
yield and biomass
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Grain yield Biomass yield
7.56
32.6
5.49
26.6
Yieldint/ha
Optimum sowing Late sowing
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
21st
Nov
5th Dec 19th
dec
2nd Jan
4.62
3.71
3.31 3.16
Yieldint/ha
Date of sowing of wheat
2009/10 2010/11
Source: Aslani et al., 2011 , Iran
8. Contd..
Grain Yield of different varieties
affected by sowing date, Rampur
,Chitwan
Straw yield of different varieties
affected by sowing date, Rampur ,
Chitwan
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
5-Nov 20-Nov 5-Dec 20-Dec
Grain yield on different dates in
t/hec
yieldint/ha
NL 297 BL 1443
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5-Nov 20-Nov 5-Dec 20-Dec
straw yield on Dates of sowing
yieldint/ha
Gautam NL 297
Source: Nabaraj Acharya, 2008
9. Effect of sowing time on grain filling rate, yield per
panicle and plant height on five cultivars named Seri I-
84, Hartog, Bhrikuti, Gautam, Nl-2800
Normal
sowing ( 22nd
November)
Late sowing
( 2nd January)
Mean Plan0t
height (cm)
69.25 57.58
Seed filling
rate (mg/day)
0.71 0.75
Yield per
panicle(gm)
1.37 0.908
Source:
P.R.Timsina,2008
10. Effect of sowing on Days to Booting, Days to Heading,
Flag leaf duration, Days to maturity and Grain filling
duration assessed on 5 varieties on Rampur, Chitwan
Normal
sowing
(22nd
November)
Late sowing
(2nd January)
Days to
booting
57.73 51.79
Days to
heading
68.86 63.00
Flag leaf
duration
59.13 44.60
Days to
maturity
122.40 103.26
Grain filling
duration
53.56 39.53
Source: P.R.Timsina, 2009
11. Contd…
How terminal moisture stress limits the
yield?
Many Scientists and researchers have reported of this drop in
grain and biomass yield is due to exposure of plant to
terminal heat and drought stress.
Terminal stress is the moisture stress mainly during dry
seasons on heavy soil, where plants are grown on stored
moisture and matures on progressively depleting moisture
profile(Ludlow & Muchow,1988).
Nirman et al., 2013 simulated and concluded that yields of
rainfed wheat was lower (1.7 t/ha) due to water stress during
the post anthesis phase resulting in early senescence during
dry years.
And wheat in case of Nepal is sown after rice and it grows
and survives on the residual soil moisture and late monsoon
rain or winter rain (Nirman et al.,2013) which is only 20% of
the annual rainfall (Malla, 2008).
As 0.8 tons of water is required to produce 1 kg of wheat
grain (Wani GM,2011),Wheat production falls short of
moisture.
12. How water affects the grain yield?
Water
Water lost
Runoff
Deep drainage
Soil
Evaporation
Water stored
in soil
Water not
extracted by crop
Plant survival
Water use efficiency
Partitioning efficiency
Water used by crop
Dry matter
production
Fig: Schematic Diagram between water and grain yield
Source: Ludlow & Muchow
13. Effect of terminal heat stress on
yield Terminal heat stress is due to mean daily temp exceeding 17.50C in
the coolest month in wheat growing region(Fischer & Byerlee,
1991).
Increase in temperature reduces crop duration, increase crop
respiration rates, reduces crop yield , increased sterility that reduced
the no. of grains formed, inhibit sucrose assimilation in grain, affect
survival and distribution of pest populations (Hundal & Kaur,2007).Change in
Temperature
Decrease in
yield
Place of
experiment
Source
1-3°C in
maximum temp
8-31% Nepal Pandey et
al.,2007
1°C in mean
temperature
5% Australia Tashiro &
Wardlow, 1989
2°C in mean
seasonal
temperature
50% Australia Foster et al.,2011
Rise in night
temperature
5.8% India Gupta et al.,2010
14. Contd..
Rane et al.,2002 reported that thirty million hectares of crop was
affected by terminal heat stress in temperate growing regions.
In wheat, the grain filling duration continued to decrease at
temperatures above 26.7 °C.
Similarly heat induced spikelet sterility and increased in the
respiration losses from the crops during the grain filling also caused
by rising temperatures (Timsina and Humphrey,2006).
Heat stress affects the grain set if occurred during flowering and
terminal heat stress reduces number of grains, weight of grain and
grain filling duration (Chenu et al.,; Wall et al., ;Aggrawal
&Kalra,1994).
Wheat crop experiment conducted in open top chamber in NARC
showed that decrease in the growth stage like spike initiation,
heading, flowering, milking and physiological maturity by 14, 5, 9, 6
and 14 days respectively due to increase in
temperature(Malla,2008).
15. How heat stress affects on wheat plant?
Wheat organ Effect on wheat plant
Spikes o Kernel abortion at supra-optimal
temperature
For photosynthetic
canopy
o Photo-inhibition due to excess light
o Impaired metabolism
Stems o Hydraulic resistance to high
transpiration rate is likely to become
rate limiting
Roots o Limited capacity for water uptake to
match evaporative demand at high
vapor pressure deficit may cause
stomatal closure
Source: Cossani and Reynolds,2012
16. Reduction (%) in various wheat traits under
drought and
heat stress conditions
Trait Drought stress Heat stress
Plant height 11.6 6.5
Productive tillers 19.7 -31.1
Days to heading 6.2 10.1
Days to anthesis 3.8 10.1
Days to maturity 4.5 10.7
Grain filling duration 6.7 11.3
No of grains per spike 4.4 3.3
Grain weight per spike 3.7 16.8
Thousand grain weight -1.1 14.1
Grain yield 29.1 26.4
Source: Sarren et al., 2014
17. Mitigation strategies
Advancing in plant date
No-till method
A yield increase up to 41% is recorded by zero till plot over
conventional tilled due to 24 days earlier in planting date(Hobbs &
Gupta, 2003).
Planting the wheat in advance using zero-till ,sowing of the varieties
that can either adapt or escape terminal stress, using of crop
residues./mulching, wise use of irrigation (irrigation scheduling) and
plant nutrients (site specific nutrient management) are suggested as
possible solutions for combating the terminal stress in wheat production
(Jat et al.,2009).
Use of early maturing rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping system.
Cultivar choices
Use of varieties that can either tolerate heat, avoid heat or escape
drought/heat.
Early maturing varieties –Adoption of early maturing varieties showed
10% yield advantage over long duration varieties(Joshi et al.,2012).
18. Effect of conservation practices on crop yields,
water saving and water productivity
Cultivation
Practices
Location
/
Country
Yield gain
over
conventional
practices
(kg/ha)
Water
saving over
convention
al practices
(ha-cm)
Increase in
water
productivit
y (kg/m3
)
Source
No till Karnal,
India
140-400 2-4 0.10-0.21 Malik et
al.,2005
No till Meerut,
India
610 2.2 0.28 Gathala et
al.,2010
No till with
surface
residue
Karnal,
India
500 6.1 0.24 Gathala et
al.,2010
No till with
surface
residue
Meerut,
India
410 1.0 0.13 Jat et
al.,2010
Source: Chauhan et al.,2012
19. Contd..
An experiment conducted at 14 sites of various countries , Nepal(1), India
(6), Bangladesh (2), Pakistan (1)and Mexico(4), by CEISA as Heat trial-
Early maturity trial during 2009-10 showed superiority (>10%) of 10% lines
over local checks.
Stay green varieties- As there is positive association between duration of
photosynthetically active leaf area and grain yield, identification of
molecular markers for stay green trait can further open doors to fight heat
stress( Singh et al., 2012).
Using varieties with higher water-use efficiency.
Using varieties with heat tolerance traits as membrane thermostablity,
stomatal conductance and heat shock proteins (Slafer &
Whitechurch,2001).
Use of mulching-decreases evaporation and increases water availability
Irrigation management –wise use of irrigation by scheduling on critical
stages
Balanced plant nutrition
20. Conclusion
Late planting of wheat is one of the major cause for exposure
of wheat plants to terminal heat and drought stress.
Terminal stress of heat and drought affects on wheat
phenology and all yield attributing traits resulting in significant
drop in biomass and grain yield.
Use of better cultivation practice (Zero-tillage) with retention
of crop residues/mulching, selection of early maturing
varieties with better management practices and breeding
works over identification of molecular markers for heat and
drought tolerance is the future to solve the above mentioned
stress.
