Being sessile, plants are constantly exposed to changes in temperature and other abiotic stress factors. The temperature stress experienced by plants can be classified into three types: those occurring at (a) temperature below freezing (b) low temperature above freezing and (c) high temperature. The plants must adapt to them in other ways. The biological substances that are deeply related to these stresses, such as heat shock proteins, glycine betaine as a compatible solute, membrane lipids etc.and also detoxifiers of active oxygen species, contribute to temperature stress tolerance in plants. Rapid advances in Molecular Genetic approaches have enabled genes to be cloned, both from prokaryotes and directly from plants themselves, that are thought to provide the key to the mechanism of temperature adaptation (Iba et al., 2002).
The accumulation of heat shock proteins under the control of heat stress transcription factors is assumed to play a central role in the heat stress response and in acquired thermotolerance in plants (Kotak et al., 2007). The pattern of protein synthesis during cold acclimation is very dissimilar to the heat shock proteins in many ways. Different low temperature stress proteins, such as Anti-freeze proteins or thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) and cold shock domain proteins etc. are accumulated in plant cell and are frequently correlated with enhanced cold tolerance ( Guy, 1999).
The heat stress-induced dehydrin proteins (DHNs) expression and their relationship with the water relations of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves were studied to investigate the adaptation to heat stress in plants (Wahid and Close, 2007). In order to get an in vitro evidence of Hsc70 functioning as a molecular chaperone during cold stress, a cold-inducible spinach cytosolic Hsc70 was subcloned into a protein expression vector and the recombinant protein was expressed in bacterial cells. Results suggest that the molecular chaperone Hsc70 may have a functional role in plants during low temperature stress (Zhang and Guy, 2006). To analyze the least and most strongly interacting stress with Hsps and Hsfs, a transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis Hsps and Hsfs has been done (Swindell et al., 2007).
As plants receive complex of stress factors together, therefore in future research, emphasis should be placed on such cases where tolerance is attempted to different stress factors simultaneously by employing sophisticated techniques.
Biological stress is not easily defined but it implies adverse effects on an organism. Like all other living organisms, the plants are subjected to various environmental stresses such as water deficit and drought, cold, heat, salinity and air pollution etc.
The concept of stress is associated with stress tolerance. Degree of tolerance differs with different plant species.
Water Stress in Plant: Causes, Effects and ResponsesSukhveerSingh31
Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Salinity stress
Categorization of salt affected soils
CAUSES OF SALINITY IN SOIL
Salinity effects on Plants
Injuries due to salt stress
different strategies to avoid salt injury
salt tolerance
salt avoidance
salt evasion
halophytes
non halophytes
glycophytes
Breeding for salt tolerance
Plants can't move and get out of the way when water levels become difficult to handle. Flooding and soil saturation leads to a depletion of oxygen in the soil and reduction of light and carbon dioxide availability. So how do plants deal with the stress of being flooded?
This presentation based on heat shock proteins.... Which is more important in regulation of different stages of life cycle of organisms. This presentation based on my project work. Isolation of heat shock Proteins from xerophyte....
Biological stress is not easily defined but it implies adverse effects on an organism. Like all other living organisms, the plants are subjected to various environmental stresses such as water deficit and drought, cold, heat, salinity and air pollution etc.
The concept of stress is associated with stress tolerance. Degree of tolerance differs with different plant species.
Water Stress in Plant: Causes, Effects and ResponsesSukhveerSingh31
Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Salinity stress
Categorization of salt affected soils
CAUSES OF SALINITY IN SOIL
Salinity effects on Plants
Injuries due to salt stress
different strategies to avoid salt injury
salt tolerance
salt avoidance
salt evasion
halophytes
non halophytes
glycophytes
Breeding for salt tolerance
Plants can't move and get out of the way when water levels become difficult to handle. Flooding and soil saturation leads to a depletion of oxygen in the soil and reduction of light and carbon dioxide availability. So how do plants deal with the stress of being flooded?
This presentation based on heat shock proteins.... Which is more important in regulation of different stages of life cycle of organisms. This presentation based on my project work. Isolation of heat shock Proteins from xerophyte....
Mechanisms of abiotic stress such as cold drought and salt stress which takes place in plants. Molecular control activities the plant undergoes during stress.
Intrinsically disordered proteins in abiotic stress managementSukanthBS
This presentation will provide a clear understanding of what are intrinsically disordered proteins, why they are called so, what's their characteristics and their role, what's their importance in various life forms, how they help organisms in various growth conditions. in this presentation we concentrated on LEA proteins which are considered as one of the largest group of proteins under IDPs which are known to take a role in abiotic stress tolerance. we presented how they carry out this, and a few examples that carried out exhaustive research in this area.
this presentation will give you a clear understanding of INtrinsically disordered proteins for sure.
Heat stress as well as other stresses can trigger some mechanisms of defense such as the obvious gene expression that was not expressed under “normal” conditions.
The sudden changes in genotypic expression resulting in an increase in the synthesis of protein groups. These groups are called “heat-shock proteins” (Hsps), “Stress-induced proteins” or “Stress proteins”
Cellular signal transduction pathways under abiotic stressSenthil Natesan
Abiotic stresses, especially cold, salinity and drought, are the primary causes of crop loss worldwide. Plant adaptation to environmental stresses is dependent upon the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and the expression of specific stress-related genes and metabolites. Plants have stress-specific adaptive responses as well as responses which protect the plants from more than one environmental stress. There are multiple stress perception and signaling pathways, some of which are specific, but others may cross-talk at various steps (Knight & knight ,2001).Many cold induced pathways are activated to protect plants from deleterious effects of cold stress, but till date, most studied pathway is ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway (Miura and Furumoto,2013 ) . The Salt-Overly-Sensitive (SOS) pathway, identified through isolation and study of the sos1, sos2, and sos3 mutants, is essential for maintaining favorable ion ratios in the cytoplasm and for tolerance of salt stress (shi .et al ,2002). Both ABA-dependent and -independent signaling pathways appear to be involved in osmotic stress tolerance (Nakashima and shinozaki, 2013) .ROS play a dual role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses functioning as toxic by-products of stress metabolism, as well as important signal transduction molecules and the ROS signaling networks can control growth, development, and stress response ( Mahajan,s and Tuteja, 2005) .
MICROBIAL STRESS RESPONSE REGULATORY ENZYME AND THEIR PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONEDITOR IJCRCPS
Ability of adaptation according to variable environmental conditions is essential for bacterial surveillance; those don’t have ability to
face the challenge is eliminated. To counter the damaging effect of reactive oxygen species, cells have evolved anti-oxidant
defense systems, whose expression is usually induced by reactive oxygen species and/or oxidants. Bacteria survive in several
kind of environmental stress condition due to alteration in cell membrane and genetic material by fatal enzyme. Other inducers of
the general stress response might also cause transient genetic instability and so promote bacterial adaptation to stressful
environments. Regulatory mechanisms which help bacteria to maintain their balanced and rather constant cellular composition
mostly occur at the genetic level. Many studies clarified the efficacy of stress enzyme as a therapy in the treatment of many
diseases, in addition to their inclusion in cosmetic products to reduce free radical damage to skin.
Keywords: Bacterial response, Environmental stress and regulatory enzyme.
Centre of innovation, Agricultural College and Research Institute,MaduraiSenthil Natesan
Establishment Central Instrumentation facility with the cost of 6.03 crore to take up multidisciplinary research project at AC&RI,Madurai. The analytical platform includes UP-HPLC for amino acid analysis, XRF for micronutrient analysis and GC-MS for metabolic profiling. The imaging facilities like upright, inverted and Florence microscope established for imaging pathogen & Insects. The molecular biology lab with real time PCR will help for the gene expression studies.
The agriculture sector employs nearly half of the workforce in the country. However, it contributes to 17.5% of the GDP (at current prices in 2015-16).Agriculture sector’s contribution has decreased from more than 50% of GDP in the 1950s to 15.4% in 2015-16 (at constant prices). This slides discuss about Indian agriculture status and problems and solutions.
paper presented during the National seminar on Challanges and Innovative approaches in Crop Improvement at AC&RI, Madurai. during December 16-17, 2014 .Germplasm conservation in Oil Palm by Dr P. Murugesan Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research
Improvement of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Innovative ApproachesSenthil Natesan
Paper Presented during the National seminar on Challenges and Innovative approaches in crop improvement held at AC&RI, Madurai , TNAU by
Dr.P. Manivel, Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi-387310, Anand, Gujarat
Genomics platform for agriculture-CAT lectureSenthil Natesan
The popular lecture for the undergraduate students of agriculture to know about the application of biotechnology in agriculture science graduates. Some of the major break through inventions how it impact on agriculture research and development
Castor is an oilseed plant which is earning attention on researchers in recent days. Because of this, the gemplasms of ancient varieties were now recovered and grown in trial fields for getting genetically superior variety.
As a result, in Castor and Tapioca research station there a variety named YRCH (Yethapur Ricinus Communis Hybrid) with all desired traits which are essential for a plant both phenotypically and genetically was developed.
Triacylglycerols produced by plants are one of the most energy-rich and abundant forms of reduced carbon available from nature. Given their chemical similarities, plant oils represent a logical substitute for conventional diesel, a non-renewable energy source. However, as plant oils are too viscous for use in modern diesel engines, they are converted to fatty acid esters. Apart from seed oil vegetative tissue is potential source as bio mass for biofuel production, taking 15 tonnes per hectare as an average dry matter yield for a perennial grass, an oil content of 20– 25% by weight will produce about 3400 l of biodiesel (Heaton et al., 2004). There is growing interest in engineering green biomass to expand the production of plant oils as feed and biofuels. Here, we show that PHOSPHOLIPID: DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (PDAT1) is a critical enzyme involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in leaves. Overexpression of PDAT1 increases leaf TAG accumulation, leading to oil droplet overexpansion through fusion. Ectopic expression of oleosin promotes the clustering of small oil droplets. Coexpression of PDAT1 with oleosin boosts leaf TAG content by up to 6.4% of the dry weight without affecting membrane lipid composition and plant growth. PDAT1 overexpression stimulates fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and increases fatty acid flux toward the prokaryotic glycerolipid pathway (Julian at al..2013). First, an Arabidopsis thaliana gene diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) coding for a key enzyme in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, was expressed in tobacco under the control of a strong ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase small subunit promoter. This modification led to up to a 20-fold increase in TAG accumulation in tobacco leaves and translated into an overall of about a twofold increase in extracted fatty acids (FA) up to 5.8% of dry biomass in Nicotiana tabacum cv Wisconsin, and up to 6% in high-sugar tobacco variety NC-55 ( Andrianovet al 2010). Therefore Biotechnology has important and perhaps critical part to play in large-scale development of Biodiesel.
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
Genotyping by Sequencing is a robust,fast and cheap approach for high throughput marker discovery.It has applications in crop improvement programs by enhancing identification of superior genotypes.
TNAU CRMD - A Customer Relationship Management datahouse for TNAUSenthil Natesan
Every great business starts with a great relationship. Every great relationship starts with You.
The strategy for establishing, developing and maintaining these relationships is CRM. (Customer Relationship Management).
The system that support this strategy is TNAU CRMD software.
TNAU CRMD offers unrivalled flexibility to design CRM applications and processes based on our needs.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. INTRODUCTION
The overpowering pressure that affects the normal functions
of individual life or the conditions in which plants are
prevented from fully expressing their genetic potential for
growth, development, and reproduction.
(Levitt, 1980; Ernst, 1993)
3. Stress Overview
Stress
Biotic Stress Abiotic Stress
Temperature Drought Salinity Metal Stress
High Temperature Low Temperature
Chilling Freezing
7. Increase in permeability of plasmalemma
Chilling
Liquid crystalline phase Solid gel state
High saturated fatty acids in membranes More chilling
sensitivity
Depolymerisation of cortical microtubules.
8. Impact of Heat Stress on Plant Cell
Disruption of normal protein synthesis
Disruption of splicing of mRNA precursors
Cessation of pre-RNA processing
Decline in transcription by RNA polymerase I
Inhibition of chromatin assembly
11. Hsfs as Central Regulators of Heat Stress
(Bharti and Nover, 2002)
12. 1. Lea(s) – also expressed in seeds before dehydration
(protective)
2. Antifreeze proteins - (e.g., kin1 - similar to a fish
antifreeze protein), prevent ice formation
3. Other Hydrophilic proteins
4. Proteases
5. Heat shock protein
6. Regulatory proteins (transcription factors, Ca+2 binding
proteins etc.)
Appearance of many of these gene products correlate
with Cold acclimation
18. Hsp70 molecular chaperones :- Wide role in High
Temperature Stress Tolerance
Also induced at low temperature, but only limited evidences
for cold responsive Hsp70s.
Hypothesis:- Denaturation of “cold labile” proteins could
occur at low temperature and Hsp70s could bind unfolded or
non-native proteins.
The experiment aimed to test this hypothesis.
20. Subcloning of a cold inducible spinach cytosolic Hsc70 into a
protein expression vector PGex2t
Purification of recombinant Hsc70 (GSTHsc70)
Test for substrate binding activity by SBA using CMLA
(α-carboxymethylated
lactalbumin)
Radiolabelling and immunoprecipitation with the anti-
cytosolic Hsc70 Mab at low temperature
23. CMLA and CS are commonly used substrates for chaperons as
they can bind a number of divergent chaperones.
The successful binding of the spinach GST-Hsc70 fusion
protein to CMLA suggests that CMLA can be used as a model
substrate for molecular chaperone binding studies with plant
Hsc70.
Thus the results show that low temperature can cause the
denaturation of certain proteins and that spinach Hsc70 can
function as molecular chaperone at low temperature.
25. The heat shock response of Arabidopsis thaliana is dependent
upon a complex regulatory network which involves:-
◦ 21 known transcription factors
◦ 4 heat shock protein families.
The role of Hsps and Hsfs under cold and non-thermal stress
conditions is not well understood.
Aim :- To reveal the extensive overlap between heat and non-
heat stress response pathways.
26. The analysis is based on a total of 22,746 genes, representing
approx. 80% of all known Arabidopsis genes.
The abiotic stress datasets consist of gene expression
measurements performed on Arabidopsis thaliana roots and
shoots under a control and nine environmental stress
conditions viz.
◦ Cold, osmotic stress, salinity, drought, genotoxic stress,
oxidative stress, UV-B light stress, wounding and high
temperature.
28. All stress treatments interact with Hsf and Hsp response
pathways to varying extents, suggesting a cross-talk between
heat and non-heat stress regulatory networks.
These results have implications regarding the molecular basis
of cross-tolerance in plant species.
This cross-tolerance raise new questions for future
experimental studies of the Arabidopsis heat shock response
network.
30. The dehydrin proteins (DHNs) are a group of Late
Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins.
Referred to as LEA group II .
Typically accumulate in embryogenesis in response to
environmentally imposed dehydrative forces, such as drought,
salinity and freezing. (Close et al., 1997)
Thought to protect cellular membranes and organelles during
cellular dehydration induced by salinity, water deficit and low
temperature, but no report of the expression in heat stress.
31. Sugarcane has high optimum temperature for its growth, but
needs to be frequently irrigated ( Qureshi et al., 2002)
These is a correlation between changes in RH of the air and
high temperature tolerance ability of plants.
The aim of the study is to determine the short term effect of
heat stress on sugarcane to monitor:-
◦ DHNs expression
◦ Changes in leaf water relations
◦ Possible relation of DHNs expression with leaf osmotic
potential, when heat stress is the only variable .
32. Single noded sets of sugarcane sown in pots
30 days after sprouting
1/2 of the pots transferred to control condition and rest
1/2 to heat stress condition
Samples taken at 4,12,24,36,48,60 and 72 hrs after
submitting plants to heat stress
Physiological properties measured
Heat stable proteins extracted, separated by
SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted
35. Contd.
Despite well-defined humidity conditions, initial effect of heat
stress is the hampered water relations of leaves.
Increased earlier synthesis of compatible solutes and later
expression of DHNs improved the integrity of cellular
membranes and enabled the sugarcane to maintain φp.
Results further suggest that expression of DHNs is
independent of dehydration stress and have a definitive
protective role like other heat stress proteins.
37. Glycinebetaine (GB) is one of the organic compatible solutes
that can accumulate rapidly in many plants under salinity
stress, drought and low temperature (McCue and Hanson, 1990;
Rhodes and Hanson, 1993; Bohnert et al., 1995).
GB is in particular effective in protecting highly complex
proteins, such as the PSII complex, against heat-induced
inactivation (Mamedov et al., 1993; Allakhverdiev et al., 1996).
39. Aim:- To genetically engineer tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
with the ability to synthesis glycinebetaine by introducing the
BADH gene for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from spinach
(Spinacia oleracea).
The genetic engineering enabled the plants to accumulate
glycinebetaine mainly in chloroplasts and resulted in enhanced
tolerance to high temperature stress during growth of young
seedlings.
44. The study demonstrates the importance of transformation with
the BADH gene for enhancing tolerance of growth and
photosynthesis to high temperature stress because
photosynthesis is among the plant functions most sensitive to
high temperature damage.