Non-monetary inputs play an important role in sustainable cropping systems. Some key non-monetary inputs include tillage practices, time of sowing, plant population, choice of crops and varieties, pest management, and weed management. For example, minimum or zero tillage can reduce costs while maintaining yield through improved soil health. Proper timing and plant spacing are also crucial for optimizing yields. Selecting drought-tolerant or pest-resistant varieties suited to local conditions helps maximize productivity with fewer purchased inputs. Integrated pest management and intercropping can also control pests and weeds at low cost. Together, optimizing these non-monetary factors through agroecological practices is important for profitable and sustainable
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
Effects of crop establishment methods and irrigation schedules on productivit...fatehsekhon
Rice is the staple food for more than half of the global population. In India, it is grown on an area of about 43.97 m ha with total production and productivity of about 104.32 mt and 2.37 t/ha respectively (Anonymous 2013). In Punjab, it occupied an area of 2.82 m ha with production and productivity of 10.54 mt and 3.74 t/ha respectively and in Haryana, it was grown on an area of 1.24 m ha with production and productivity of 3.76 mt and 3.02 t/ha respectively (Anonymous 2013).
The most common practice for establishing rice in rice wheat system of indo-gangatic plains region is puddling before transplanting. Alternative to traditional method direct seeding may be adopted because it does not require that heavy amount of labour, water and capital input initially and also crop mature earlier (7-10 days) than transplanted crop allowing timely sowing of succeeding wheat crop. Recent research suggests that new methods of rice establishment, viz zero till rice, bed planting and SRI has potential to reduce cost and increase sustainability of irrigated rice culture while maintaining yield.
Irrigation plays a pivotal role in increasing productivity of rice. The efficiency and productivity of irrigation water is quite low owing to percolation losses and high water requirement. There is an urgent need to save water and increase its efficiency in rice production. Various agronomic practice like proper land levelling, proper transplanting time, selection of suitable variety and increasing interval between successive irrigation can play a lead role in water saving and to obtain sustainable yield of the crop. The sustainability of rice production in north-west India is threatened by scarcity of water. So there is need to increase water use efficiency in rice production.
Gangwar and Singh (2010) resulted that among different crop establishment methods, highest yield and yield attributing characters of rice was obtained with drum seeding wet bed method. Gill et al (2006) revealed that dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, effective tillers and grain yield were significantly more in direct seeding than transplanted rice. Water productivity in direct seeded rice was higher as compared to transplanted rice clearly showing the more water use efficiency in DSR. Jagtap et al (2013) concluded that the crop established by transplanting recorded significantly higher growth as well as yield attributes resulting in to significantly more grain and straw yield. Grain yield found to be highest in Japanese manual transplanted rice followed by dry drilling (30 kg/ha), dry drilling (15 kg/ha) and drum seeding (Dixit et al 2010). Singh et al (2005) found that mechanical transplanting of rice resulted in highest grain and straw yield which was at par with manual transplanting but significantly higher than both direct seeding methods.
By Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman (Wheat Research Centre, BARI)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
"Zero tillage a profitable resource saving technology in india and global content".
presented by
Sunil Kumar
M.Sc. Agronomy
Department of agronomy forages and grassland management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. India
Presenter: Ma Jun,
Sichuan Agricultural University
Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification, Exchanging Experience in
China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and InternationallyOrganized and
hosted by the China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), with support from The
Asia Foundation.
Hangzhou, China, February 28-March 2, 2010
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. Role of non-monetary inputs in
Sustainable cropping Systems
Presented by:-
P. Sri Ranjitha,
RAD/11- 04
2. What is Sustainable Agriculture?
Sustainable agriculture is a profitable way of producing high quality food and
fiber that:
Protects and renews the natural environment,
Builds local economies, and
Enhances the quality of life of farmers and farm workers.
Source: Cooperative Development Institute
3. “Non monetary inputs are defined as those cultural operations which
help to achieve high yield at no extra cost & whose cost does not
change with the level of output”
Some of the non-monetary inputs in crop production are:-
- Tillage
- Time of Sowing
- Plant population
- Choice of crops & Varieties
- Plant protection
- Weed management
Source: Farming system
4. Tillage
In sequential cropping
• When cropping intensity is increased - less time between two crops - affect
the intensity of tillage.
• For triple crop rotation, i.e.,
Eg. Sorghum (Feb – May) – 100 days
Ragi (May – August) – 90 days 360 days
Cotton (August – January) – 170 days
Very little time is left for land preparation for ragi and cotton.
• Land shaping of succeeding crop may not be possible before sowing &
have to be done late
Eg. Rice-fallow pulse/cotton
• Increase in cost of cultivation
Source: Jayanthi et al.,2008
5. • Minimum tillage - Restricting the number of tillage operations to the
minimum possible required level. Seed zone is tilled intensively.
• Zero tillage - Succeeding crop is sown, without any preparatory cultivation
in the stubbles of the previous crop.
6. In case of minimum or no tillage
Temperature is a few degrees lower than in open/ conventional
method.
E.g. In Sorghum, at 5 cm depth after 2 weeks after planting
temperature is
Conventional- 410C ; No tillage- 310C
Prevents surface encrustation owing to good seedling emergence
E.g. Planting Cotton in finger millet stubbles in the northern
districts of Tamil Nadu.
Cost reduction & time saving can be achieved.
Source: Jayanthi et al.,2008
7. Off season tillage
Land shaping after crop establishment
Eg. Cotton sown in ragi stubbles, ridges
& earthing up operations are carried
out at first top dressing of nitrogen
at 30-35 DAS.
Using labour saving implements.
8. Yield and economics of maize and wheat as influenced by different tillage practices in
maize – wheat cropping rotation
Tillage practice Grain yield (t/ha) Biological yield (t/ha) B:C ratio
2008-09 2009-10 2008-09 2009-10
Maize
Zero tillage 2.62 2.82 7.89 8.76 1.14
Conventional tillage 3.20 2.91 9.39 10.70 0.73
SEm 0.10 0.12 0.49 0.74 0.08
CD (P=0.05) 0.35 0.40 1.55 NS 0.35
Wheat
Zero tillage 3.04 3.09 11.94 10.27 2.81
Conventional tillage 4.04 4.09 14.64 14.37 2.25
SEm 0.06 0.10 0.37 0.78 0.17
CD (P=0.05) 0.21 0.36 1.27 2.70 0.77
Source: Singh et al.,2011
9. Influence of different treatments on yield structures & yield of Sunflower for
two seasons (2004 & 2005)
Treatments Crop Heads per m 2 Seeds/ Head 1000 seed wt Seed Yield
emergence (g) (kg ha -1 )
rate (%)
Complete 90.5a 7.0a 823.0b 58.1a 3394a
residue
removal
Residue 90.0a 6.7a 839.0ab 57.3a 3755a
burning
Residue
incorporated
(%)
25 90.8a 7.1a 863.0a 56.8a 3796a
50 80.6b 5.9b 870.3a 54.8a 3745a
75 70.06c 5.3b 777.0a 48.6b 3340b
100 70.0b 5.2b 715.0d 41.9c 3323b
Source: Bahrani et al., 2009
10. SOWING
Sowing Time:
Optimum time of sowing / planting
E.g. Cotton – August 15th
Turmeric – End of May
Any fluctuation in optimum sowing time results in drastic yield reduction.
E.g. Wheat.
Correct age of seedlings should be used for transplanting
E.g. Ragi/ sorghum – 16 to 18 days
11. The most common causes of late wheat planting following rice harvest.
Source: Hobbs et al
12. Depth of Sowing / Planting:
Sowing should be done at optimum depth
E.g. Rice – 4 to 5 cm
Ragi – 2 to 3 cm
Sorghum – 3 to 4 cm
Cotton, maize, groundnut – 5 to 7 cm
In Kharif, sowing should be shallow and in Rabi deeper except pre sowing
irrigation.
13. Mean values for some agronomic traits in rapeseed grown at 4 different
sowing times in 2 seasons
Parameters Plant height Beginning of Duration of Seed Yield
(cm) flowering (day) flowering (day) (kg/ha)
Season (S)
S1 (2005-06) 109.1b 38.3a 26.3b 197.5a
S2 (2006-07) 120.2a 35.2b 28.7a 167.1b
LSD 0.05 4.2 0.5 0.7 11.2
Sowing time (ST)
ST1 (Oct 10) 121.4a 31.9d 27.9b 2437.5a
ST2(Oct 20) 114.5b 34.2c 26.7c 2298.8a
ST3(Oct 30) 117.6ab 38.2b 28.9a 1526.6b
ST4(Nov 10) 105.2c 42.9a 26.4c 1027.4c
LSD 0.05 5.7 0.7 0.9 14.9
Source: Turhan et al.,2011
14. Faba bean yield (kg/ha) and yield components as affected by planting dates
grown under rainfed conditions of Jordan during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005
seasons
Treatment Grain yield Pod Grain yield Pod
(kg/ha) no./plant (kg/ha) no./plant
2003-2004 2004-2005
D1 1369a 8.3a 247a 3.7a
D2 1115b 4.8b 163b 3.4a
D3 531c 5.3b - -
Means within each column, followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% probability
level
Source: Thalji et al.,2006
15. Effect of seeding depth on the yield and yield attributes of wheat
Source : M Arifin
16. Effect of planting dates and intercropping systems on Pod yield (t/ha) of Okra
and tuber yield (t/ha) Sweet potato
Planting dates Okra Yield (t/ha) Tuber Yield (t/ha)
2009 2010 2009 2010
Sole Crop
12th July 5.1 5.3 16.5 15.0
26th July 4.5 4.2 13.5 13.0
9th August 4.1 4.0 10.7 11.2
Sweet potato -Okra
12th July 4.7 4.5 13.6 13.1
26th July 4.4 4.2 13.1 12.0
9th August 3.9 3.7 12.8 11.0
LSD (P≤0.05) 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.3
CV (%) 4.2 7.0 15.4 12.6
Source: M. O. Ijoyah et al.,2011
17. Plant population
Spacing and Plant Population:
Optimum plant population.
E.g. Soybean – 3.33 lakhs/ha
Practicing paired row/ Skip row planting
E.g. Rainfed groundnut – 20/50 cm
Sorghum 45 x 15 cm (or) 60/30 x 15 cm
Uniform row planting with a replacement of main crop rows by intercrop
rows
Eg. Sorghum + Black gram at 2:1 ratio
18. Effects of density on the seed yield of soybean
intercropped with sorghum
P – Population density of Soybean
P1-0.5m 0.1m, P2-0.5 m 0.06m and P3-0.5m 0.05m
Source: O. M. Egbe, 2010
19. Effect of different cropping system on forage yield (t.ha-1)
Cropping Systems Forage yield
Cp 6.13c
M1 10.47a
M2 11.13a
M3 10.16a
C 8.7b
LSD at 0.05% 1.44
Different letters indicate significance at P ≤ 0.0 Cp: sole cow pea; M 1: alternate-
row intercrop; M 2: within-row intercrop; M 3: mixed intercrop; C: sole maize
Source: Eskandari et al.,2009
20. Choice of Crops & Varieties
Selection of crop depends on a no. of factors
1. Depends on
- allelopathic effect. Eg. Sorghum after sunflower
- depletion of nutrients i.e., rooting depth
2. Irrigation water availability
Eg. Rice- Cotton/gingelly
Rice- Black gram
3. Influenced by the timing of the rainfall.
For example, winter wheat is more suited to regions with higher winter rainfall
while areas with summer wet seasons may be more suited to summer growing
crops such as sorghum, sunflower or cotton.
4. Vegetables deserve their place in cropping systems
21. For Inter cropping situation :-
a) Cereals- Sorghum + Pigeon pea
Maize + Bean
Pearl millet + Castor/ Groundnut/ Black gram
b) Pulses- Red gram + Ground nut
Red gram + Black gram/ Soybean
c) Cotton- Cotton + Green gram/ Black gram/ Groundnut/ Cluster bean/ Onion
d) Sugarcane- Sugarcane + Black gram/ Soybean
Sugarcane + Green manure- Dhaincha
e) Dry lands – Pigeon pea + Green gram/ Bajra/ Sorghum/ Groundnut
22. For Sequential cropping situation:-
a. Wetlands – Rice- Rice
b. Irrigated uplands – Maize- Wheat
Green gram- Maize – Wheat
c. Dry lands – Sorghum- Safflower/ Horse gram
Pearl millet- Cowpea/Black gram
Selection of varieties – Region/season/duration
• Low temperature – MDU 2 rice
• Saline soil – CO 43 rice
• Rice fallow – Black gram T9
Cotton MCU 9
23. Pest management
Seed treatment
E.g. Carbendazim @ 1gm/kg seed
Raising disease tolerant varieties
E.g. Rice variety Vijetha is tolerant against blast
Time of sowing
E.g. Early sowing of maize controlled Fusarium
spp. related diseases (ear, stalk & root rot)
in MBCSs.
Practicing crop rotation
- Cereals – legumes etc.
24. Non host plants in mixtures emit chemicals/ odours that affect the pests there by
protecting host plants.
E.g. Volatiles released from Mustard have a inhibitory effect on Groundnut stem rot
pathogens – Sclerotium rolfsii.
IPM / IPDM
Alteration in micro climate
E.g. Sorghum + pulses reduced
the early shoot borer
incidence
25. Population of DBM on cabbage intercropped with
selected crops
Source: Talekar et al
27. Weed management
Weeding during critical crop weed competition period
- Maize – 10-35 DAS
- Sugarcane- 21-90 DAP
Depends on growth habit of intercrop
E.g. Greengram/Cowpea in Sorghum
Cowpea in Banana
Pre-emergence herbicide with little residual effect
E.g. Butachlor- Maize + Green gram
Trifluralin – Maize + Groundnut
Line sowing/ planting for inter cultivation
28. Effect of different cropping systems on dry wt of weed (kg/ha)
Cropping C I1 I2 I3 M LSD at
System 0.05%
Weeds dry 106.23b 96.85a 97.51a 97.65a 116.23c 6.22
wt.
C: Sole Cow pea; I 1: Alternate-row intercrop; I 2: Within row intercrop;
I 3: Mixed intercrop; M: sole maize
Source: Eskandari et al.,2011
29. Weed biomass in sole- cropped barley and barley intercropped with red clover.
Asterisks indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05).
Source : Liebman et al.,2001
30. Some practical low cost technologies:
Mulching and irrigation in tea is a practical example for low cost
technology. The mulching was done with coir pith. Instead of that mulch
crops are grown in the field and then cut and incorporated it as mulch and
then tea plantation is taken up.
Usage of Neem leaves for cereal storage is another low cost technology.
Sun drying is a common low non monetary input which has got lot of
prospects in the processing industry also.
Use of biofertilizer like Azospirillium for cereals, millets, cotton, sesame
and Rhizobium for pulses.
