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The document summarizes the design and implementation of the Sun Network File System (NFS). NFS was the first commercially successful network file system, developed by Sun Microsystems to provide transparent access to files across a network. Key aspects of NFS included being stateless for robustness, maintaining UNIX semantics, and using RPC and XDR for the protocol. Performance was improved through client caching, larger packets, and attribute caching.
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Fiber optics technology uses thin glass fibers to carry signals in the form of light over long distances. Optical fibers have a core that light travels through surrounded by cladding. They transmit data using total internal reflection. Fiber optics development accelerated in the 1980s when it became the backbone of long-distance phone networks due to its thinness, low cost, high bandwidth, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are now widely used for telecommunications, local networks, cable TV, and other applications.
Distributedapplications
The document discusses distributed applications and protocols for electronic mail and network management. It provides an overview of SMTP for electronic mail delivery and SNMP for network management. SMTP uses TCP/IP to deliver simple text messages and attachments using extensions. SNMP is used for automatic network management and includes management stations, agents, MIBs, and request/response protocols to monitor networks.
Dictributed application by Waqas
Distributed Applications
- SMTP is heavily used for simple text email delivery over TCP/IP. MIME allows delivery of other data types like voice, images and video.
- SMTP uses the envelope of an email message to route it, not looking at the contents. A mail message consists of a header and body.
- An SMTP sender takes a message from a queue and transmits it to the proper destination host via SMTP transactions over TCP connections.
Congestionin Data Networks
The document discusses congestion in data networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the number of packets being transmitted approaches the network's handling capacity. This can cause packets to be lost if buffers fill up. Mechanisms for congestion control include backpressure from congested nodes to slow down incoming traffic, choke packets sent to sources to cut back transmission, and implicit or explicit signaling of congestion levels to sources. Frame relay and ATM networks employ various techniques for traffic management, policing, and scheduling to control congestion and meet quality of service guarantees for different connections.
Circuit Packet
Circuit switching and packet switching are the two main switching technologies used in communications networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations for the duration of the connection. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted individually over a network and reassembled at the destination. It provides more efficient use of network bandwidth than circuit switching.
Chap24
The document discusses various topics related to congestion control and quality of service in computer networks. It defines congestion and explains congestion control techniques like open-loop prevention using policies around retransmission, windows, acknowledgements, and admission. It also covers closed-loop removal techniques like back pressure, choke points, and implicit/explicit signaling. Quality of service techniques like scheduling, shaping, and reservation are explained. Integrated services and differentiated services models for providing QoS in IP networks are summarized.
Ad Hoc
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
10 Circuit Packet
This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching approaches in computer networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated path but wastes bandwidth when no data is being sent. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and can make more efficient use of bandwidth. The document also describes protocols like X.25 that were used for packet switched networks and Frame Relay, which was designed to reduce overhead and improve performance compared to X.25.
Vfs
The document describes the Linux Virtual File System (VFS) which provides a standard interface for file access across different file systems by handling file system calls and interacting with individual file systems. It discusses the key data structures in VFS including inodes, dentries, superblocks and the methods involved for operations like lookups, permission checks, attribute retrieval. The VFS acts as an abstraction layer that allows file operations to work consistently regardless of the underlying file system type.
Thesis11
This document discusses traditional communication architectures for multiprocessor systems and proposes that Active Messages is a better communication architecture. It analyzes three traditional low-level communication layers - message passing, message driven, and shared memory - and argues that they are best viewed as communication models implemented on top of a general-purpose communication architecture like Active Messages, rather than as architectures themselves. The document provides an example implementation of the send and receive communication model using Active Messages on the CM-5 to demonstrate how it can be implemented efficiently while gaining flexibility.
Satellites
There are several types of satellites used for communication, including low earth orbit (LEO), medium earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites. GEOs orbit at an altitude of about 23,000 miles above the equator, allowing them to remain stationary and provide coverage to wide areas of the earth. Early communication satellites experimented with bouncing signals off the moon, while later satellites like Telstar and Syncom 2 allowed for live transmissions. Modern satellites use techniques like reaction wheel stabilization, solar power, and antenna arrays that can direct multiple beams to support growing satellite communication networks.
Lecture3 Physical Layer
The document discusses various topics related to transmission media and the physical layer of the OSI model. It describes guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also discusses unguided transmission using radio waves and microwaves. It explains how signals are transmitted over different media and modulation techniques. It provides details on telephone systems, multiplexing, and how fiber optic networks have replaced older copper networks.
Communications
This document provides an overview of principles of communication. It discusses key components of a communication system including the transmitter, communication channel, and receiver. It describes different forms of modulation used in analog and digital communication systems, including amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and pulse modulation. It also discusses antennas, communication channels, receivers, and applications of communication systems like data transmission, fax, radio, television, and satellite communication.
Ch5
The document discusses different types of multiplexing techniques used to share transmission mediums. It describes frequency division multiplexing which assigns different non-overlapping frequency ranges to signals transmitted simultaneously. It also describes synchronous and statistical time division multiplexing which divide transmission time among users in a continuous or variable manner. Finally, it briefly mentions wavelength division multiplexing which assigns different wavelengths to signals on fiber optics and code division multiplexing used in mobile communications.
Sad Lec3
The document discusses various techniques for requirements discovery in systems analysis, including sampling documentation, observation, questionnaires, and interviews. It provides tips for conducting interviews effectively such as preparing questions in advance, actively listening, and obtaining permission before observing processes. Observation methods include both official, announced observation as well as unofficial observation through documentation. Questionnaires can be designed with predefined response options or as free-form responses.
Lect2
Object Oriented Programming Lecture 2 discusses delegation, which refers to delegating responsibility in inheritance. When a derived class lacks an attribute, it delegates responsibility to one of its base classes. In delegation systems, each object has a delegate list instead of a parent list, and delegation emphasizes message passing where an object delegates responsibility for messages it cannot handle to delegate objects that potentially can.
Object oriented programming by Waqas
Object Oriented Programming Lecture 2 discusses delegation, which refers to delegating responsibility in inheritance. When a derived class lacks an attribute, it delegates responsibility to one of its base classes. In delegation systems, each object has a delegate list instead of a parent list, and delegation emphasizes message passing where an object delegates responsibility for messages it cannot handle to delegate objects that potentially can.
Chapter01 1
This chapter discusses systems analysis and design as a disciplined approach to developing information systems. It describes the roles and responsibilities in systems development, including systems analysts, programmers, and management. It also outlines the skills required for systems analysts and discusses different types of information systems. Finally, it introduces the systems development life cycle as a structured process and some alternative development approaches.
Chap9
The document discusses various terms and concepts related to satellite communications. It describes different types of satellites based on coverage area, service provided, and orbit. It also defines terms like earth stations, uplinks, downlinks, transponders, elevation angles, and coverage angles. Finally, it discusses concepts like frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), different satellite orbits like GEO, LEO and MEO, and factors that affect satellite link performance.
Satellite Bands
The document summarizes three common frequency bands used in satellite communication: C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. C-band uses frequencies between 3.7 to 6.425 GHz and is used by many commercial satellites. Ku-band uses frequencies between 11.7 to 14.5 GHz and is primarily used for satellite communications and television broadcasting from remote locations. Ka-band has the highest frequency range of 26.5 to 40 GHz and is used by communications satellites and military targeting radars.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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- 1. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUN NETWORK FILESYSTEM R. Sandberg, D. Goldberg S. Kleinman, D. Walsh, R. Lyon Sun Microsystems
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