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Dear students get fully solved assignments
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or
Call us at : 08263069601
The document describes application layer protocols and services including:
- Application layer protocols provide end-user applications with network services and include HTTP, DNS, DHCP, SMTP/POP, and Telnet.
- Peer-to-peer applications allow devices to act as both clients and servers to share resources without a dedicated server.
- Common application layer functions are establishing communication rules, structuring message formats, and defining interactions with lower layers.
The document outlines a syllabus for a computer networks course taught by Usha Barad. The syllabus covers 5 topics: 1) introduction to computer networks and the Internet, 2) application layer, 3) transport layer, 4) network layer, and 5) link layer and local area networks. It also lists recommended reference books for the course.
The application layer allows users to interface with networks through application layer protocols like HTTP, SMTP, POP3, FTP, Telnet, and DHCP. It provides the interface between applications on different ends of a network. Common application layer protocols include DNS for mapping domain names to IP addresses, HTTP for transferring web page data, and SMTP/POP3 for sending and receiving email messages. The client/server and peer-to-peer models describe how requests are made and fulfilled over the application layer.
DNS maps domain names to IP addresses by using a distributed database and servers. It translates human-friendly domain names like www.example.com to numerical IP addresses like 192.0.2.1 that computers use to locate each other on the network. The DNS database contains resource records that associate domain names with IP addresses and other information. Name servers query the DNS database to resolve domain names and return IP addresses to applications and users.
The document discusses application layer architectures and protocols. It describes host-based, client-based, and client-server architectures and how functions are distributed in each. Popular applications like the World Wide Web and email are then explained, including how protocols like HTTP and SMTP enable them. Key application layer standards and their roles are defined.
HTTP is an application layer protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents across the internet. It uses a request-response model where clients make requests which are serviced by HTTP servers. Common HTTP request methods include GET, POST, PUT and DELETE. A GET request retrieves a resource from the server, while POST submits data to be processed. The HTTP protocol defines the format of requests and responses, including request headers, response status codes and more. Other application layer protocols discussed include SMTP for email transmission and POP3 for retrieving emails from a server.
The document discusses several topics related to computer networks including DHCP, DNS, Telnet, SSH, FTP, HTTP, and electronic mail protocols. It describes how DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. It also explains the domain name system (DNS), which maps human-friendly domain names to IP addresses and vice versa, allowing computers to connect to other computers using names instead of numeric IP addresses. Additional sections cover protocols for remote login (Telnet, SSH), file transfer (FTP), web protocols (HTTP, URLs, cookies), and electronic mail (SMTP, POP, IMAP, MIME).
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The document describes application layer protocols and services including:
- Application layer protocols provide end-user applications with network services and include HTTP, DNS, DHCP, SMTP/POP, and Telnet.
- Peer-to-peer applications allow devices to act as both clients and servers to share resources without a dedicated server.
- Common application layer functions are establishing communication rules, structuring message formats, and defining interactions with lower layers.
The document outlines a syllabus for a computer networks course taught by Usha Barad. The syllabus covers 5 topics: 1) introduction to computer networks and the Internet, 2) application layer, 3) transport layer, 4) network layer, and 5) link layer and local area networks. It also lists recommended reference books for the course.
The application layer allows users to interface with networks through application layer protocols like HTTP, SMTP, POP3, FTP, Telnet, and DHCP. It provides the interface between applications on different ends of a network. Common application layer protocols include DNS for mapping domain names to IP addresses, HTTP for transferring web page data, and SMTP/POP3 for sending and receiving email messages. The client/server and peer-to-peer models describe how requests are made and fulfilled over the application layer.
DNS maps domain names to IP addresses by using a distributed database and servers. It translates human-friendly domain names like www.example.com to numerical IP addresses like 192.0.2.1 that computers use to locate each other on the network. The DNS database contains resource records that associate domain names with IP addresses and other information. Name servers query the DNS database to resolve domain names and return IP addresses to applications and users.
The document discusses application layer architectures and protocols. It describes host-based, client-based, and client-server architectures and how functions are distributed in each. Popular applications like the World Wide Web and email are then explained, including how protocols like HTTP and SMTP enable them. Key application layer standards and their roles are defined.
HTTP is an application layer protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents across the internet. It uses a request-response model where clients make requests which are serviced by HTTP servers. Common HTTP request methods include GET, POST, PUT and DELETE. A GET request retrieves a resource from the server, while POST submits data to be processed. The HTTP protocol defines the format of requests and responses, including request headers, response status codes and more. Other application layer protocols discussed include SMTP for email transmission and POP3 for retrieving emails from a server.
The document discusses several topics related to computer networks including DHCP, DNS, Telnet, SSH, FTP, HTTP, and electronic mail protocols. It describes how DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. It also explains the domain name system (DNS), which maps human-friendly domain names to IP addresses and vice versa, allowing computers to connect to other computers using names instead of numeric IP addresses. Additional sections cover protocols for remote login (Telnet, SSH), file transfer (FTP), web protocols (HTTP, URLs, cookies), and electronic mail (SMTP, POP, IMAP, MIME).
The document discusses computer networks and email. It describes how DNS works by converting domain names to IP addresses so humans can access websites using names instead of numbers. It then explains the basic architecture of email, including common email providers and protocols like SMTP, POP, and IMAP. SMTP is used to transfer messages between servers, while POP and IMAP deal with receiving and accessing emails from the server. The document also provides details on email message format, with the header containing sender/recipient info and the body containing the actual content.
The document discusses the layers of the internet protocol stack and IP addressing. It explains the four layers - application, host-to-host, internet, and network interface layer. Each layer has specific protocols that define how data is transmitted and received. The layers work together to enable communication between devices on the internet. IP addresses identify devices and are organized into classes A, B, and C depending on network size.
This document discusses the application layer of computer networking. It covers several key topics:
1. DNS is used to translate domain names to IP addresses in a hierarchical structure.
2. Email systems use protocols like SMTP for message transfer and POP3 for users to retrieve messages from their email server.
3. The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the HTTP protocol. Web browsers use URLs to fetch and display web pages from servers.
The application layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model. It provides services to software applications and users including email, file transfer, web access, and directory services. Domain Name Service (DNS) translates human-friendly domain names to IP addresses, allowing applications and users to access resources by name. Electronic mail systems use SMTP for message transfer between mail servers and access protocols like POP and IMAP for users to retrieve messages from their mailboxes on servers. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) underlies the World Wide Web, with clients making requests from and servers responding with web pages and other objects. While the application layer enables useful services, special client software or proxy servers may be required, and intensive processing is needed for applications
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 10Nil Menon
The document discusses the application layer of the OSI model and common application layer protocols. It describes how protocols like HTTP, SMTP, POP, FTP, and SMB allow end-user applications to transfer files, emails and web pages across the network. DNS and DHCP are also covered as they provide important network services like translating domain names to IP addresses and assigning IP configuration to devices.
DNS translates domain names like www.google.com to IP addresses so that internet resources can be accessed in a meaningful way independent of location. HTTP defines how web pages are requested and transmitted between browsers and servers, such as when typing a website domain into the browser address bar. FTP and SMTP are protocols for transferring files and email messages between servers.
The presentation layer is responsible for data representation, compression, encryption and formatting for transmission between applications. It encodes application data into messages and decodes received messages. Common data representations include ASN.1 and XDR. Lossy and lossless compression techniques are used to reduce file sizes. Encryption transforms plaintext into ciphertext using keys to protect confidentiality during transmission.
The document discusses the application layer in the OSI model and DNS. It explains that the application layer provides services to end users through programs and interacts directly with them. It also describes DNS, including that it translates user-friendly domain names to IP addresses, allowing users to access resources by name instead of numerical address. DNS uses a hierarchical name space with domains, zones, primary/secondary name servers, and root servers to distribute its database around the network.
A MS Windows network drive is a drive letter assigned locally to a shared network filespace resource on a LAN. This drive letter allows access to the shared filespace and makes it appear as a local drive, but it is only valid from the machine that mapped the drive letter and has no relevance outside the LAN. Other users on the network may have the same drive letter mapped to different filestores.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it works to translate domain names to IP addresses. It explains the hierarchical structure of domain names from top-level domains down to subdomains. It also describes how DNS servers store and retrieve resource records containing IP address mappings for domain names. Finally, it provides examples of common resource record types used in the DNS.
Module 1
Data communication components : Physical media, Packet switching, Circuit switching, Delay, loss and throughput,
Network topology, Protocols and standards, OSI model, Connecting LAN and virtual LAN
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
This document provides information about getting fully solved assignments. It instructs students to send their semester and specialization name to the email address or call the phone number provided to receive solved assignments. It then provides sample questions and answers covering various topics like color models, file formats, calligraphy, and use of text in multimedia applications. The answers define and describe terms like HSB color model, RGB model, CMYK model, L*a*b model, Photoshop file format, EPS file format, PCX file format, and calligraphy.
Un emprendedor es alguien que ve más allá de las expectativas del mercado y desarrolla ideas de la mejor manera posible. Las 10 características principales de un emprendedor son la pasión, la visión, el liderazgo, la persistencia, la determinación, la organización, la confianza, la audacia, la creatividad y el trabajo en equipo.
The document contains a schedule for dance classes at a dance school in Siam Square, Bangkok. It lists the days of the week and times for various dance styles like hip hop, jazz, dancehall, R&B, EDM, and K-pop taught by different instructors. Contact information is provided at the top with the dance school name, Facebook page, address in Siam Square, and phone numbers. The schedule is repeated twice in the document.
The document discusses computer networks and email. It describes how DNS works by converting domain names to IP addresses so humans can access websites using names instead of numbers. It then explains the basic architecture of email, including common email providers and protocols like SMTP, POP, and IMAP. SMTP is used to transfer messages between servers, while POP and IMAP deal with receiving and accessing emails from the server. The document also provides details on email message format, with the header containing sender/recipient info and the body containing the actual content.
The document discusses the layers of the internet protocol stack and IP addressing. It explains the four layers - application, host-to-host, internet, and network interface layer. Each layer has specific protocols that define how data is transmitted and received. The layers work together to enable communication between devices on the internet. IP addresses identify devices and are organized into classes A, B, and C depending on network size.
This document discusses the application layer of computer networking. It covers several key topics:
1. DNS is used to translate domain names to IP addresses in a hierarchical structure.
2. Email systems use protocols like SMTP for message transfer and POP3 for users to retrieve messages from their email server.
3. The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the HTTP protocol. Web browsers use URLs to fetch and display web pages from servers.
The application layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model. It provides services to software applications and users including email, file transfer, web access, and directory services. Domain Name Service (DNS) translates human-friendly domain names to IP addresses, allowing applications and users to access resources by name. Electronic mail systems use SMTP for message transfer between mail servers and access protocols like POP and IMAP for users to retrieve messages from their mailboxes on servers. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) underlies the World Wide Web, with clients making requests from and servers responding with web pages and other objects. While the application layer enables useful services, special client software or proxy servers may be required, and intensive processing is needed for applications
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 10Nil Menon
The document discusses the application layer of the OSI model and common application layer protocols. It describes how protocols like HTTP, SMTP, POP, FTP, and SMB allow end-user applications to transfer files, emails and web pages across the network. DNS and DHCP are also covered as they provide important network services like translating domain names to IP addresses and assigning IP configuration to devices.
DNS translates domain names like www.google.com to IP addresses so that internet resources can be accessed in a meaningful way independent of location. HTTP defines how web pages are requested and transmitted between browsers and servers, such as when typing a website domain into the browser address bar. FTP and SMTP are protocols for transferring files and email messages between servers.
The presentation layer is responsible for data representation, compression, encryption and formatting for transmission between applications. It encodes application data into messages and decodes received messages. Common data representations include ASN.1 and XDR. Lossy and lossless compression techniques are used to reduce file sizes. Encryption transforms plaintext into ciphertext using keys to protect confidentiality during transmission.
The document discusses the application layer in the OSI model and DNS. It explains that the application layer provides services to end users through programs and interacts directly with them. It also describes DNS, including that it translates user-friendly domain names to IP addresses, allowing users to access resources by name instead of numerical address. DNS uses a hierarchical name space with domains, zones, primary/secondary name servers, and root servers to distribute its database around the network.
A MS Windows network drive is a drive letter assigned locally to a shared network filespace resource on a LAN. This drive letter allows access to the shared filespace and makes it appear as a local drive, but it is only valid from the machine that mapped the drive letter and has no relevance outside the LAN. Other users on the network may have the same drive letter mapped to different filestores.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it works to translate domain names to IP addresses. It explains the hierarchical structure of domain names from top-level domains down to subdomains. It also describes how DNS servers store and retrieve resource records containing IP address mappings for domain names. Finally, it provides examples of common resource record types used in the DNS.
Module 1
Data communication components : Physical media, Packet switching, Circuit switching, Delay, loss and throughput,
Network topology, Protocols and standards, OSI model, Connecting LAN and virtual LAN
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
This document provides information about getting fully solved assignments. It instructs students to send their semester and specialization name to the email address or call the phone number provided to receive solved assignments. It then provides sample questions and answers covering various topics like color models, file formats, calligraphy, and use of text in multimedia applications. The answers define and describe terms like HSB color model, RGB model, CMYK model, L*a*b model, Photoshop file format, EPS file format, PCX file format, and calligraphy.
Un emprendedor es alguien que ve más allá de las expectativas del mercado y desarrolla ideas de la mejor manera posible. Las 10 características principales de un emprendedor son la pasión, la visión, el liderazgo, la persistencia, la determinación, la organización, la confianza, la audacia, la creatividad y el trabajo en equipo.
The document contains a schedule for dance classes at a dance school in Siam Square, Bangkok. It lists the days of the week and times for various dance styles like hip hop, jazz, dancehall, R&B, EDM, and K-pop taught by different instructors. Contact information is provided at the top with the dance school name, Facebook page, address in Siam Square, and phone numbers. The schedule is repeated twice in the document.
Este documento discute cómo las herramientas tecnológicas pueden utilizarse como estrategia pedagógica para mejorar la comprensión lectora de los estudiantes. Propone crear espacios donde el uso de las TIC sea el centro para acercar a los estudiantes a la lectura y fortalecer esta habilidad. Algunas herramientas mencionadas son Gcomprix, Cuentos digitalizados, Jclick y Cebran, las cuales ofrecen actividades educativas como rompecabezas y asociaciones para apoyar el
Llb ii cl u 4 winding up and corporate liabilityRai University
The document summarizes key aspects of winding up and corporate liability under Indian company law. It discusses the three methods of winding up a company: compulsory by court order, voluntary by members/creditors, and voluntary with court supervision. Compulsory winding up can be initiated for reasons like insolvency or shareholder complaint. Voluntary winding up is initiated by shareholder or creditor resolution. The roles of liquidators and official liquidators in managing the process are also outlined, along with distribution of assets according to priority of claims. Consequences of winding up include transfer restrictions and notice of discharge for officers.
Road show yamaha 2015 - Nguyễn Kim Thủ ĐứcHoàng Tuấn
The document reports on a Yamaha roadshow event that took place from January 23rd to February 1st, 2015 at the Nguyễn Kim Thủ Đức venue in Ho Chi Minh City. The roadshow promoted Yamaha karaoke and audio/visual equipment to mass audiences in January and February 2015. The event was organized by Vietsky Events Company.
1. O documento discute a importância da educação na formação do ser humano e da sociedade.
2. A educação é essencial para transmitir os valores e o legado cultural entre gerações e garantir a sobrevivência do grupo.
3. As novas tendências pedagógicas estão colocando em risco a verdadeira educação e a formação das novas gerações.
The document discusses mitochondria and mitochondrial diseases. It notes that mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and contain four compartments. Mitochondria participate in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. Mitochondrial DNA is more susceptible to mutations than nuclear DNA due to lack of histones and DNA repair mechanisms. Mitochondrial diseases can arise from defects in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA and can affect multiple organ systems. The diseases are often inherited maternally and can involve varying levels of heteroplasmy. Diagnosis may involve muscle biopsy and genetic testing. Specific mitochondrial diseases discussed include MELAS and MNGIE.
Researchers at Boston Children's Hospital have developed lipidic oxygen-containing microparticles (LOMs) that can be injected intravenously to rapidly oxygenate the blood. The LOMs are composed of oxygen gas encapsulated in a lipid layer averaging 2-4 micrometers in size. When injected into the bloodstream of rabbits with low blood oxygen, the LOMs restored oxygen saturation to near-normal levels within seconds. The researchers hope these injectable oxygen microparticles could stabilize patients in emergency situations until more definitive treatments can be administered.
The document describes the author's experiences with indirect communication and responses over several years from 2010-2014. It provides examples where the author made comments or posts that received indirect responses that seemed targeted towards them, such as receiving a threatening comment on Facebook in 2010 and overhearing students making an indirect remark about them in 2011. The author developed the "Volcanic Eruption Communication Model" based on their observations that not all messages are directly sent or received, and that indirect responses can occur, especially to explosive messages aimed at superiors.
El documento habla sobre el software libre y sus ventajas en la educación. Explica que el software libre otorga libertades a los usuarios como usar, estudiar, modificar y distribuir el programa. En la educación, permite que los estudiantes aprendan sobre cómo funcionan los ordenadores y el software de manera más efectiva. Además, compartir el software libre entre compañeros facilita el aprendizaje colaborativo.
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This document provides an overview of networking and internet concepts including:
1) Network classifications such as LAN, MAN, and WAN and topologies like ring, bus, star, and hub. 2) Protocols for connecting networks including TCP/IP, token ring, CSMA/CD, and protocols for interprocess communication. 3) Internet architecture including domains, gateways, IP addresses, and DNS. 4) Applications and technologies on the internet like email, file transfer, web browsers, HTML, and security issues.
The document provides an overview of fundamental internet concepts including:
1. It begins with a brief history of the internet starting in 1969 with ARPAnet and the conversion to TCP/IP in 1984 which marked the beginning of the modern internet.
2. Key terms and protocols that underpin internet functionality are defined, including the internet, URLs, HTTP, DNS, TCP/IP and IP addresses.
3. The layers of the OSI model are summarized with an explanation of how data is transmitted from the physical layer up to the application layer.
The document discusses the history and architecture of the Internet and World Wide Web. It describes how the Internet allows communication through standardized protocols and IP addressing. The World Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 using hypertext and HTML. Information is transmitted from browsers to servers through protocols like HTTP and routers direct traffic based on IP addresses. Organizations like ISOC, IETF, and W3C work to manage standards and evolution of the Internet infrastructure.
application layer protocol for iot.pptxaravind Guru
The document discusses various application layer protocols in the OSI model. It begins with an overview of the OSI model and encapsulation process. It then discusses considerations for application protocol design. The main part of the document describes six important application layer protocols: HTTP for web browsing, DNS for domain name resolution, FTP for file transfer, Telnet for remote terminal access, DHCP for dynamic IP address allocation, and SMTP for email. It concludes with a summary of these protocols and references for further information.
This document provides information about getting fully solved assignments. It instructs students to send their semester and specialization name via email or call a phone number to receive solved assignments. It then provides a sample assignment for BSc NT Semester IV covering topics like TCP, IP, UDP, FTP, HTTP, DHTML, event-driven programming, XMLHttpRequest object properties, PHP arrays, and application objects in less than 3 sentences.
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This document discusses various application layer protocols. It begins with an agenda that lists OSI models, encapsulation processes, application protocol design, and specific protocols including HTTP, DNS, FTP, Telnet, DHCP, and SMTP. For each protocol, it provides details on how the protocol functions, message formats, and roles of clients and servers. The document is intended to describe key application layer protocols and their basic operations.
The document discusses the Internet and how it connects computers worldwide. It describes the Internet as a network of networks that connects millions of computers. It discusses how individuals and organizations can access the Internet through schools, businesses, Internet service providers or by connecting their personal computers. It also summarizes the basic functions and uses of the Internet, how files and information are transmitted over the Internet using protocols like TCP/IP, and how domain names and IP addresses work to locate computers and resources on the World Wide Web.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts in Java. It discusses socket programming, client-server models, Internet addressing using IPv4 and IPv6, common network ports, proxy servers, and the core Java networking classes like InetAddress and URLConnection that support network communication. The document serves as an introduction to networking basics and how Java implements network functionality through its java.net package.
HTTP and other application layer protocols overview.HTML basics for creating web pages. Describing the main elements of HTML and its attributes. The main types of HTML lists and building tables using Html. The form input types and its methods, image maps , and most form elements are explained with examples.
The document summarizes various application layer protocols including DNS, DHCP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, POP, IMAP. It describes the functions of DNS in translating domain names to IP addresses. It explains the DHCP client-server model and the exchange of request and response packets. It provides an overview of HTTP and HTTPS for accessing web pages and securing communications. It also briefly outlines other protocols like FTP for file transfer, SMTP for email transmission, and POP and IMAP for retrieving emails from servers.
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The document discusses the key components and protocols that make up the internet. It explains that hardware components like routers, servers, and transmission lines physically connect devices, while protocols like TCP, IP, HTTP allow them to communicate and transfer data. It describes how a browser uses the URL to locate a server via its IP address with help from DNS servers, then loads a webpage by sending HTTP requests and receiving the HTML file from the server.
The document discusses several key application layer protocols:
1. HTTP is used to transfer web pages over the internet using requests and responses between clients and servers. It operates over TCP port 80.
2. DNS is used to translate between hostnames and IP addresses in a hierarchical system of top-level and subdomain names. It allows humans to use easy-to-remember names.
3. FTP establishes two TCP connections to transfer files between a client and server, using different ports for control commands and the file data. It allows downloading and uploading of files.
The document discusses several key application layer protocols:
1. HTTP is used to transfer web pages over the internet using requests and responses between clients and servers. It operates over TCP port 80.
2. DNS is used to translate between hostnames and IP addresses in a hierarchical system of top-level and subdomain names. DNS servers handle requests to map names to addresses.
3. FTP uses two TCP connections to transfer files between clients and servers - one for commands and one for the actual data transfer. Clients can download or upload files from/to servers.
1. The document covers topics related to networking protocols including DNS, email protocols (SMTP, POP, IMAP, MIME), TELNET, and FTP.
2. DNS is used to map domain names to IP addresses to allow users to access websites and servers using easy-to-remember names. Email protocols like SMTP, POP, and IMAP are used to send and retrieve email messages. TELNET allows users to remotely login to servers, and FTP is used for file transfer between systems.
3. The document provides details on how each protocol works, including the client-server architecture and ports used. It explains concepts like domain name resolution, email delivery and access, and remote login processes.
The document provides an overview of the Internet and the World Wide Web. It describes how the Internet is a worldwide collection of connected networks and computers. It then explains how the World Wide Web, which is accessed via the Internet, allows for hyperlinking between web pages through HTML. It also provides details on how to access the Internet, use web browsers, conduct searches, and includes some basics on e-commerce and web page creation.
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ASSIGNMENT
PROGRAM BSc IT
SEMESTER 3
SUBJECT CODE & NAME BT0076, TCP/IP
CREDIT 4
BK ID B0965
MAX.MARKS 60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately
of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
1 Define frame relay. Describe its format with diagram.
Answer: Frame relay is a packet-switching technology that provides dynamic bandwidth assignments.
Frame relay systems are a simple bearer (transport only) technology and do not offer advanced error
protection or retransmission. Frame relay were developed in the 1980s as a result of improved digital
network transmission quality that reduced the need for error protection. Frame relay systems offer
dynamic data transmission rates through the use of varying frame sizes.
This figure shows a frame relay system. This diagram shows a local area network (LAN) in San Francisco
is connected to a LAN in New York. A virtual path
2 Define ports and explain the two types of ports.
Answer: An interface on a computer to which you can connect a device. Personal computers have
various types of ports. Internally, there are several ports for connecting disk drives, display screens, and
keyboards. Externally, personal computers have ports for connecting modems, printers, mice, and other
peripheral devices.
2. Almost all personal computers come with a serial RS
3Write note on:
(a)The Hierarchical Namespace
Answer: The DNS hierarchical namespace is a map of how DNS servers determine what IP address to
connect to given a URL.
Registrars: Registrars, such as VeriSign, the operator of the .com and .net top-level domains, let any
company, organization, or private individual register a TLD for any number of years. The domain name is
then added to the Whois directory, and may point to a specific DNS server, which translates the domain
name into an IP address.
Map: Domain names are read from right
(b) Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs)
Answer: A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is the complete domain name for a specific computer, or
host, on the Internet. The FQDN consists of two parts: the hostname and the domain name. For
example, an FQDN for a hypothetical mail server might be mymail.somecollege.edu. The hostname is
mymail, and the host is located within the domain somecollege.edu.
In this example, .edu is the top-level domain (TLD). This is similar to the root directory on a typical
workstation, where all other directories (or folders) originate. (Within the .edu TLD, Indiana University
Bloomington has been
4 Define Telnet and explain its operation.
Answer: Telnet is an application protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a
bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal connection. User
data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection
over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
Telnet was developed in
5 Define and explain Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4). Describe Fundamental IMAP4
Electronic Mail Models.
Answer: IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a standard protocol for accessing e-mail from your
local server. IMAP (the latest version is IMAP Version 4) is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is
received and held for you by your Internet server. You (or your e-mail client) can view just the heading
and the sender of the letter and then decide whether to download the mail. You can also create and
manipulate multiple folders or mailboxes on the server, delete messages, or search for certain parts or
an entire note. IMAP requires continual access
3. 6 Give an overview of HTTP operation.
Answer: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative,
hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide
Web.
Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is
the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.
The standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and
the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for
Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defined HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP
most commonly used today. In June 2014, RFC 2616 was retired and HTTP/1.1 was redefined by RFCs
7230, 7231, 7232, 7233, 7234, and 7235.[2] HTTP/2 is currently in draft form.
Technical overview: HTTP functions as a request
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