Congestionin Data Networks
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The document discusses congestion in data networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the number of packets being transmitted approaches the network's handling capacity. This can cause packets to be lost if buffers fill up. Mechanisms for congestion control include backpressure from congested nodes to slow down incoming traffic, choke packets sent to sources to cut back transmission, and implicit or explicit signaling of congestion levels to sources. Frame relay and ATM networks employ various techniques for traffic management, policing, and scheduling to control congestion and meet quality of service guarantees for different connections.
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This document discusses various network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, extended star, and hybrid topologies. It also distinguishes between physical and logical topologies. A physical topology refers to the actual layout and wiring of the network, while logical topology refers to how data is transmitted through the network. For example, while a network may have a star-shaped physical topology with cables connecting devices to a central hub, the hub may use a logical bus or ring topology to transmit data internally.
OSI layers
This document discusses reference models for computer networks, including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides details on each of the seven layers of the OSI model, including the layer name and number, example protocols, and key functions. It notes that the OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization while TCP/IP was initially designed by the U.S. Department of Defense. It concludes that it will use the hybrid reference model as the framework.
Network topology
Network topology refers to the arrangement of elements like nodes, links, etc. in a computer or biological network. There are two types of network topologies - physical and logical. Physical topology refers to the physical layout and connections between devices, while logical topology shows how data flows regardless of physical design. There are eight basic network topologies - point-to-point, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, hybrid, and daisy chain. Each topology has different characteristics that make it suitable for different network setups and needs.
HIGH SPEED NETWORKS
This document provides an overview of high speed networks including Frame Relay networks, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), ATM protocol architecture, logical connections, cells, service categories, and high speed LANs. It discusses the architecture, user data transfer, and call control of Frame Relay networks. For ATM, it describes the protocol model, logical connections, cells, adaptation layer, and service categories. It also provides an introduction to emerging high speed LAN technologies.
Network Security
A talk about network security and the whole security process, covering prevention, detection, and response. Presented by Jonathan Weiss at the Juniter Workend 2005.
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CCNxCon2012: Session 3: Content-centric VANETs: routing and transport issues
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Similar to Congestionin Data Networks
Wmcn ch.3
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Wireless Mobile Computer Networks" by William Stallings. It discusses different types of communication networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs. It also covers circuit switching versus packet switching, components of public telecommunications networks, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), and examples of ATM service categories.
13 atm
ATM uses fixed-sized cells to transfer data over both virtual channel connections (VCCs) and virtual path connections (VPCs). It supports multiple service categories including constant bit rate, variable bit rate, available bit rate and unspecified bit rate. The ATM protocol architecture defines layers for the user plane, control plane, and management plane. It uses the ATM adaptation layer to map data from upper layer services into ATM cells for transmission over the ATM layer and physical layer.
Chapter#3
This document discusses different types of communication networks including traditional and high-speed LANs and WANs, as well as MANs. It describes key characteristics of these networks such as speed, distance, scope, and data rates. The document also covers switching techniques used in networks including circuit switching, packet switching, and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate how these different switching techniques work.
Impact of Satellite Networks on Transport Layer Protocols
This document discusses various enhancements to TCP performance over satellite networks. It outlines TCP operation and issues with satellite characteristics like long delay and high error rates. It proposes techniques like slow start enhancements with larger initial windows and faster termination. It also discusses loss recovery enhancements using selective acknowledgements and fast retransmit, and congestion avoidance enhancements using explicit congestion notification and detecting corruption losses.
komdat1
The document discusses several topics related to data communication protocols and architectures:
1. A simplified model of data communication includes elements like the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
2. Key communication tasks involve flow control, error detection, security, message formatting, and more.
3. Protocols help break down the complex task of data communication into layers, with each layer providing functions for the layer above and relying on the layer below.
4. Characteristics of protocols include whether they are direct or indirect, monolithic or structured, symmetric or asymmetric, and standardized or non-standard.
komdat1
The document discusses several topics related to data communication protocols and architectures:
1. A simplified model of data communication includes elements like the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
2. Key communication tasks involve flow control, error detection, security, message formatting, and more.
3. Modern communication systems strive for reliability and efficiency by stripping out unnecessary overhead and error control.
4. Protocols like Frame Relay and ATM aim to balance overhead with performance at varying data rates.
Circuit Packet
Circuit switching and packet switching are the two main switching technologies used in communications networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations for the duration of the connection. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted individually over a network and reassembled at the destination. It provides more efficient use of network bandwidth than circuit switching.
Chapter 13
- This chapter discusses switching and VLANs, including Fast Ethernet, full- and half-duplex Ethernet operations, LAN switching methods like cut-through and store-and-forward, and the Spanning Tree Protocol. It also defines virtual LANs (VLANs) and how they segment networks logically without changing the physical configuration. VLAN trunking protocols are used to communicate VLAN information between switches.
Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks: A survey
Congestion is a major problem in almost all kinds of wireless networks such as mobile ad-hoc networks; wireless
sensor networks (WSNs). There are variety of applications of WSN such as defense, temperature monitoring,
health monitoring. Congestion occurs in the sensor network because of limited resources such as low processing
power of the sensor node. As all the sensor nodes are battery powered. Hence, congestion in the sensor network
results in waste of energy of sensor nodes. All the layers of protocol suite of the network can be involved in the
congestion control process. This paper gives a brief idea about various congestion control methods. In some of
the schemes, cross-layer design is applied for better results.
HIGH SPEED NETWORKS
This document discusses integrated services architecture (ISA) and differentiated services (DS) for providing quality of service (QoS) in computer networks. It describes the components and functions of ISA, including reservation protocol, admission control, routing, queuing disciplines, and services. It also covers traffic classification, scheduling, and dropping policies implemented in routers. Random early detection (RED) is presented as a proactive packet discard mechanism for congestion management. Differentiated services is introduced as a simpler alternative to ISA that uses traffic classes in packet headers to provide different performance levels.
S dutta
ATM is a connection-oriented multi-service network architecture that can carry voice, data and video simultaneously over the same network. It uses fixed-length cells consisting of a 5-byte header and 48-byte payload. Virtual connections called virtual channel connections (VCC) and virtual path connections (VPC) establish logical connections between end users for transmitting data through the network. ATM provides quality of service guarantees and efficient traffic management through these virtual connections and different service categories like constant bit rate, variable bit rate, available bit rate and unspecified bit rate.
high speed network notes for both cse and ece students
This document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology. It covers 10 modules that describe the concepts and components of ATM. Module 1 discusses how ATM was developed for Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) to support different types of services. Module 2 covers ATM concepts like virtual circuits and fixed size cells. Module 3 presents the ATM protocol reference model and the layers of ATM including the adaptation, ATM, and physical layers.
Protocols for Fast Delivery of Large Data Volumes
Protocols for Fast Delivery of Large Data Volumes. Latency-Bandwidth tradeoff in Internet. TCP, Parallel TCP, Overlay Networks
INTRODUCTION TO BASICS OF DATA COMMUNICATION"S
This document summarizes key concepts in data and computer communications:
1) A communications model outlines the basic process of data transmission from a source, through a transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and to a destination, with tasks like flow control, error detection, and routing.
2) Networking allows connection of devices that are too far apart for direct point-to-point communication, through local area networks within buildings and wide area networks across large geographical areas.
3) Wide area networks rely on circuit switching, packet switching, and transmission technologies like frame relay and asynchronous transfer mode to connect distant locations.
Efficient and Fair Bandwidth Allocation AQM Scheme for Wireless Networks
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks are considered nowadays as one of the potential areas in research and development. The traffic management’s schemes that have been used at the fusion points between the different wireless networks are classical and conventional. This paper is focused on developing a novel scheme to overcome the problem of traffic congestion in the fusion point router interconnected the heterogeneous wireless networks. The paper proposed an EF-AQM algorithm which provides an efficient and fair allocation of bandwidth among different established flows. Finally, the proposed scheme developed, tested and validated through a set of experiments to demonstrate the relative merits and capabilities of a proposed scheme
A THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS OF TCP IN ADHOC NETWORKS
This document analyzes the throughput of TCP in mobile ad hoc networks through simulations. It finds that TCP throughput decreases initially as the number of hops increases, then stabilizes at higher hop counts. This is due to hidden terminal problems at low hops. The number of retransmissions increases with payloads and flows due to buffering and congestion. TCP performance degrades in wireless networks because it cannot differentiate between congestion and non-congestion packet losses. Mobility, interference, and dynamic topology changes specific to wireless networks cause unnecessary triggering of TCP congestion control mechanisms.
A throughput analysis of tcp in adhoc networks
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection oriented end-end reliable byte stream
transport layer protocol. It is widely used in the Internet.TCP is fine tuned to perform well in
wired networks. However the performance degrades in mobile ad hoc networks. This is due to
the characteristics specific to wireless networks, such as signal fading, mobility, unavailability
of routes. This leads to loss of packets which may arise either from congestion or due to other
non-congestion events. However TCP assumes every loss as loss due to congestion and invokes
the congestion control procedures. TCP reduces congestion window in response, causing unnecessary
degradation in throughput. In mobile ad hoc networks multi-hop path forwarding further
worsens the packet loss and throughput. To understand the TCP behavior and improve the
TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks considerable research has been carried out. As
the research is still active in this area a comprehensive and in-depth study on the TCP throughput
and the various parameters that degrade the performance of TCP have been analyzed. The
analysis is done using simulations in Qualnet 5.0
10 circuit-packet
This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching approaches in computer networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated path but can waste bandwidth if no data is being sent. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and can make more efficient use of bandwidth. The document also describes protocols like X.25 and Frame Relay, noting how Frame Relay simplified X.25 by removing flow and error control to reduce overhead.
10 Circuit Packet
This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching approaches in computer networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated path but wastes bandwidth when no data is being sent. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and can make more efficient use of bandwidth. The document also describes protocols like X.25 that were used for packet switched networks and Frame Relay, which was designed to reduce overhead and improve performance compared to X.25.
III_UNIT.ppt
The document discusses the data link layer and framing. It begins by introducing the data link layer and its functions, including providing services to the network layer like unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, and acknowledged connection-oriented services. It then discusses framing, including defining frames, problems with framing, parts of a frame, and types of framing. Error control and flow control are also summarized as important functions of the data link layer to ensure reliable data transfer.
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Impact of Satellite Networks on Transport Layer Protocols
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Fiber optics technology uses thin glass fibers to carry signals in the form of light over long distances. Optical fibers have a core that light travels through surrounded by cladding. They transmit data using total internal reflection. Fiber optics development accelerated in the 1980s when it became the backbone of long-distance phone networks due to its thinness, low cost, high bandwidth, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are now widely used for telecommunications, local networks, cable TV, and other applications.
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- SMTP is heavily used for simple text email delivery over TCP/IP. MIME allows delivery of other data types like voice, images and video.
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Nf Sp4
NFS (Network File System) allows hosts to mount remote file systems and access them locally. There are three versions of NFS in use (v2, v3, v4). NFS implements a client-server model and uses RPC (Remote Procedure Call) to make file operations on remote servers appear local. NFS aims to support UNIX file semantics over the network in a stateless manner for scalability.
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Thesis11
This document discusses traditional communication architectures for multiprocessor systems and proposes that Active Messages is a better communication architecture. It analyzes three traditional low-level communication layers - message passing, message driven, and shared memory - and argues that they are best viewed as communication models implemented on top of a general-purpose communication architecture like Active Messages, rather than as architectures themselves. The document provides an example implementation of the send and receive communication model using Active Messages on the CM-5 to demonstrate how it can be implemented efficiently while gaining flexibility.
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There are several types of satellites used for communication, including low earth orbit (LEO), medium earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites. GEOs orbit at an altitude of about 23,000 miles above the equator, allowing them to remain stationary and provide coverage to wide areas of the earth. Early communication satellites experimented with bouncing signals off the moon, while later satellites like Telstar and Syncom 2 allowed for live transmissions. Modern satellites use techniques like reaction wheel stabilization, solar power, and antenna arrays that can direct multiple beams to support growing satellite communication networks.
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The document discusses various topics related to transmission media and the physical layer of the OSI model. It describes guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also discusses unguided transmission using radio waves and microwaves. It explains how signals are transmitted over different media and modulation techniques. It provides details on telephone systems, multiplexing, and how fiber optic networks have replaced older copper networks.
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This document provides an overview of principles of communication. It discusses key components of a communication system including the transmitter, communication channel, and receiver. It describes different forms of modulation used in analog and digital communication systems, including amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and pulse modulation. It also discusses antennas, communication channels, receivers, and applications of communication systems like data transmission, fax, radio, television, and satellite communication.
Ch5
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Sad Lec3
The document discusses various techniques for requirements discovery in systems analysis, including sampling documentation, observation, questionnaires, and interviews. It provides tips for conducting interviews effectively such as preparing questions in advance, actively listening, and obtaining permission before observing processes. Observation methods include both official, announced observation as well as unofficial observation through documentation. Questionnaires can be designed with predefined response options or as free-form responses.
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Chapter01 1
This chapter discusses systems analysis and design as a disciplined approach to developing information systems. It describes the roles and responsibilities in systems development, including systems analysts, programmers, and management. It also outlines the skills required for systems analysts and discusses different types of information systems. Finally, it introduces the systems development life cycle as a structured process and some alternative development approaches.
Chap9
The document discusses various terms and concepts related to satellite communications. It describes different types of satellites based on coverage area, service provided, and orbit. It also defines terms like earth stations, uplinks, downlinks, transponders, elevation angles, and coverage angles. Finally, it discusses concepts like frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), different satellite orbits like GEO, LEO and MEO, and factors that affect satellite link performance.
Satellite Bands
The document summarizes three common frequency bands used in satellite communication: C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. C-band uses frequencies between 3.7 to 6.425 GHz and is used by many commercial satellites. Ku-band uses frequencies between 11.7 to 14.5 GHz and is primarily used for satellite communications and television broadcasting from remote locations. Ka-band has the highest frequency range of 26.5 to 40 GHz and is used by communications satellites and military targeting radars.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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