Distillation, or classical distillation, is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products. Early evidence of distillation was found on Akkadian tablets dated c. 1200 BCE describing perfumery operations. The tablets provided textual evidence that an early primitive form of distillation was known to the Babylonians of ancient Mesopotamia.[8] Early evidence of distillation was also found related to alchemists working in Alexandria in Roman Egypt in the 1st century CE.

1. P. R. Pote Patil College of Pharmacy, Amravati.

2.  What is Distillation
 Binary Mixture
 Applications

3.  Vapor-liquid equilibrium relationship
 Ideal Solution
 Raoult’s Law
 Daltons Law
 Real solution
 Volatility
 Relative volatality

4.  Still
 Condenser
Vaporizing Chamber
Size
Thermometer
Lab Scale
Material
Purpose
Water circulation
Choice of condensor
Characteristics
Types of condenser

5.  Receiver
Collection
Types of receiver
Simple flask
Modified flask

6.  Differential distillation
 Principle
 Application
VP= AP
Higher the RV better the separation

7.  Construction
 Procedure
Distillation flask with side arm
Condenser
Receiver
Material

8.  Construction
 Working
Material
Thermometer
Steam

9.  Liquid is distilled at temp lower than its boiling point

10. What is steam distillation.
Principle:
Applications:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Liquid boil when sum of VP= AP
Ex. Water and Turpentine
Separation of immiscible liquid.
Extraction of volatile oils
Distillation of camphor
Purification of high boiling point liquid.
Preparation of aromatic water.
Separation without decomposition
and loss of aroma.
Distillation of low volatile
Not suitable when immiscible liquid react with each other.

11.  Assembly of apparatus:
 Procedure:
Metallic steam can with two holes
One is for safety tube and another is bent
tube
Criteria for both tubes
Delivery Tube
Condenser
Non aq. liquid filled in flask with small qty of water
Filled steam can with water
Heat steam can and flask
Steam carries volatile liq. and passes into condenser
Condensed liq. Is collected in receiver

12.  Construction
 Working:
Jacketed still with perforated plate.
Manholes for charging and discharging
Florentine receiver

13.  What is molecular distillation
 Short path distillation
 Principle: subs to be distilled in molecular distillation have
very low VP
 Applications:
 Theory