Mixing is a general term that includes stirring, beating, blending, binding, creaming, whipping, and folding. In mixing, two or more ingredients are evenly dispersed in one another until they become one product.
Industrial pharmacy
Mixing
Introduction
Importance of mixing
Types of mixtures
Fluid mixing, its mechanisms and types of fluid mixers
Semi-solid mixing, mechanism and equipments used
Solid mixing, mechansims ans types of solid mixing equipments
Introduction
Importance of mixing
Types of mixtures
Fluid mixing, its mechanisms and types of fluid mixers
Semi-solid mixing, mechanism and equipments used
Solid mixing, mechansims ans types of solid mixing equipments
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
Industrial pharmacy
Mixing
Introduction
Importance of mixing
Types of mixtures
Fluid mixing, its mechanisms and types of fluid mixers
Semi-solid mixing, mechanism and equipments used
Solid mixing, mechansims ans types of solid mixing equipments
Introduction
Importance of mixing
Types of mixtures
Fluid mixing, its mechanisms and types of fluid mixers
Semi-solid mixing, mechanism and equipments used
Solid mixing, mechansims ans types of solid mixing equipments
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
Mixing: Objectives, applications & factors affecting mixing,
Difference between solid and liquid mixing,
mechanism of solid mixing, liquids mixing and semisolids mixing.
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Double cone blender
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of twin shell blender
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of ribbon blender
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Sigma blade mixer
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of planetary mixers
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Propellers
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Turbines
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Paddles
And
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Silverson Emulsifier.
Generally, size reduction and size separation are combined to obtain powder with the desired particle size distribution (PSD) for acceptable flow and compressibility for downstream processing . The mechanical process of reducing the particle size of a solid is also called milling.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
The planetary mixer is one of the most used Bakery Equipment.It using stainless steel grade 304, the contact parts of the bowls made using approved stainless steel of 316 grade.
Objectives, applications, Mechanism, official standards of powders, Sieve, Standard for Sieve, Principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Air separator.
Mixing: Objectives, applications & factors affecting mixing,
Difference between solid and liquid mixing,
mechanism of solid mixing, liquids mixing and semisolids mixing.
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Double cone blender
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of twin shell blender
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of ribbon blender
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Sigma blade mixer
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of planetary mixers
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Propellers
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Turbines
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Paddles
And
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Silverson Emulsifier.
Generally, size reduction and size separation are combined to obtain powder with the desired particle size distribution (PSD) for acceptable flow and compressibility for downstream processing . The mechanical process of reducing the particle size of a solid is also called milling.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
The planetary mixer is one of the most used Bakery Equipment.It using stainless steel grade 304, the contact parts of the bowls made using approved stainless steel of 316 grade.
Objectives, applications, Mechanism, official standards of powders, Sieve, Standard for Sieve, Principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Air separator.
Mixing, the seemingly simple act of combining various components, plays a pivotal role in numerous scientific and industrial processes. From stirring milk in your coffee to homogenizing nanoparticles in pharmaceuticals, understanding mixing mechanisms and types is crucial. This note delves into the world of mixing, exploring its depths within 3000 words.
Part 1: Unveiling the Mixing Landscape
1.1 Demystifying Mixing:
Mixing refers to the process of bringing different components into close contact to achieve uniformity. The degree of mixing, characterized by homogeneity or dispersion, is influenced by several factors like viscosity, density differences, and mixing methods.
1.2 Classifying the Mixers:
A plethora of mixing methods exist, each suited for specific applications. Here are some key categories:
Bulk Mixing: Aims for complete homogeneity throughout the entire volume, commonly used in liquids and pastes. Techniques include stirred tanks, blenders, and extruders.
Dispersive Mixing: Focuses on distributing smaller particles or droplets uniformly within a continuous phase. Homogenizers, colloid mills, and sonication are frequently employed.
Laminar Mixing: Utilizes repeated folding or stretching operations to achieve layering and eventual homogenization. Microfluidic devices and some bakery processes use this principle.
Turbulent Mixing: Introduces chaotic eddies and high shear forces to rapidly break down concentration gradients. Stirred tanks with impellers, jet mixers, and fluidized beds are examples.
1.3 Factors Affecting Mixing:
Several factors impact the efficiency and effectiveness of mixing:
Properties of the Materials: Viscosity, density differences, and particle size significantly influence mixing behavior.
Mixing Geometry and Flow Patterns: The shape and configuration of the mixing vessel and the resulting flow patterns determine mixing intensity and uniformity.
Mixing Time and Intensity: The duration and intensity of mixing are crucial for achieving the desired level of homogeneity.
External Forces: Application of additional forces like heat, ultrasound, or magnetic fields can enhance mixing in specific scenarios.
Part 2: Delving into Specific Mixing Types:
Understanding specific mixing types helps in selecting the most effective method for each application:
Stirred Tank Mixing: This versatile method uses rotating impellers to generate flow and achieve moderate to high shear mixing. Variations include impeller design, tank geometry, and baffles.
Fluidized Bed Mixing: Solids are suspended in a gas stream, creating a fluid-like behavior and enabling efficient mixing of granular materials.
Jet Mixing: High-velocity jets inject material into the mix, promoting rapid dispersion and homogenization. Used in pipelines and reactors.
Microfluidic Mixing: Utilizes microchannels to manipulate flow patterns and achieve precise mixing at small scales, oft
Amidst the verdant foliage, a **lush bush** unfurls its vibrant petals, each a crimson stroke against the canvas of the sky. The gentle sunlight** weaves through leaves, illuminating this botanical masterpiece. 🌼
Implants- B.Pharm SEM 7- Novel Drug Delivery Systemvedanshu malviya
Implantable drug delivery device classification is not a straightforward task as there are a number of complex implants that will fall into hybrid categories. Nevertheless, implantable drug delivery devices can be broadly classified in two main groups: passive implants and active implants. The first group includes two main types of implants: biodegradable and non-biodegradable implants. On the other hand, active systems rely on energy dependent methods that provide the driving force to control drug release. The second group includes devices such as osmotic pressure gradients and electromechanical drives.
Enzyme Immobilization- Biotechnology- B.Pharm SEM 5vedanshu malviya
Immobilization is a technical process in which enzymes are fixed to or within solid supports, creating a heterogeneous immobilized enzyme system. Immobilized form of enzymes mimic their natural mode in living cells, where most of them are attached to cellular cytoskeleton, membrane, and organelle structures.
Concept of Health and Diseases- B.Pharm Semester 7vedanshu malviya
health is a state of bodily equilibrium while disease is a state of homeostatic failure. But the process of human growth as Boorse observed is itself leading to homeostatic disequilibrium . Value: disease is undesirable while health is desirable. Health is thus a social value in human society.
Microencapsulation in Novel Drug Delivery Systemvedanshu malviya
Microencapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules, with useful properties. In general, it is used to incorporate food ingredients, enzymes, cells or other materials on a micro metric scale.
Pharmaceutical film coating is considered a key part in the production of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms since it gives superior organoleptic properties products. In addition, it can improve the physical and chemical stability of dosage forms, and modify the release characteristics of the drug. Several troubleshooting problems such as twinning mottling, chipping, etc., may arise during or after or even during the shelf life of the film coated dosage forms. These troubleshooting problems may be due to tablet core faults, coating formulation faults and/or coating process faults. These problems must be overcome to avoid unnecessary product problems. Film coating as well as other parts of the pharmaceutical technology is subjecting to continuous innovation. The innovation may be at different levels including pharmaceutical excipients, processes, software, guidelines and equipment. In fact, of particular note is the growing interest in process analytical technology, quality by design, continuous coating processing and the inclusion of new ready for use coating formulations. In this review, we tried to explore and discuss the status of pharmaceutical film coating, the challenges that face this manufacturing process and the latest technological advances in this important manufacturing process.
The most common tablet manufacturing process techniques are wet granulation, dry granulation, and direct compression.
Your active pharmaceutical ingredients’ (APIs) physical and chemical stability influences manufacturing.
For successful tablet manufacturing, you need granulators, mixing equipment, drying machinery, and coating systems.
Even if you’re using the right equipment to manufacture your product, there is a wide range of common tablet defects that can occur that affect quality.
There are several goals to aim for during the tablet manufacturing process:
Develop tablets that are strong and hard enough to hold up against mechanical shock during manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and dispensing
Formulate tablets that are uniform in weight and drug content
Manufacture bioavailable products according to indication requirements
Create chemically and physically stable tablets that last over long periods
Formulate products that are free of defects and have an elegant finish
Pharmacovigilance supports safe and appropriate use of drugs. Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is an essential component of pharmacovigilance. However, there is significant underreporting of ADRs. Adverse drug reactions have become a major problem in developing countries. Knowledge of pharmacovigilance could form the basis for interventions aimed at improving reporting rates and decreasing ADRs.
Biopharmaceutics is a scientific discipline that examines the interrelationship of the physicochemical properties of the drug, the dosage form in which the drug is given, and the route of administration on the rate and extent of systemic drug absorption.
Ayurveda, the knowledge of life, immortalized in the form of elegant Sanskrit stanzas in the samhitas describe diagnosis and therapy of disease as well as ways to maintain positive health. Although the technical term “Pharmacovigilance” does not feature in ayurvedic texts, the spirit of pharmacovigilance is vibrant and is emphasized repeatedly in all major texts. The major goals of pharmacovigilance, namely to improve patient care and safety in relation to drug use, and thus promote rational drug use are recurrent themes of ayurvedic pharmacology (dravyaguna vigyan) and therapeutics (chikitsa).
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure (medications for the sake of this article). This is closely related to but distinctly different from pharmacodynamics, which examines the drug’s effect on the body more closely. The four main parameters generally examined by this field include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Wielding an understanding of these processes allows practitioners the flexibility to prescribe and administer medications that will provide the greatest benefit at the lowest risk and allow them to make adjustments as necessary, given the varied physiology and lifestyles of patients.
When a provider prescribes medication, it is with the ultimate goal of a therapeutic outcome while minimizing adverse reactions. A thorough understanding of pharmacokinetics is essential in building treatment plans involving medications. Pharmacokinetics, as a field, attempts to summarize the movement of drugs throughout the body and the actions of the body on the drug. By using the above terms, theories, and equations, practitioners can better estimate the locations and concentrations of a drug in different areas of the body.
The appropriate concentration needed to obtain the desired effect and the amount needed for a higher chance of adverse reactions is determined through laboratory testing. Using the equations given above, a clinician can easily estimate safe medication dosing over a period of time and how long it will take for a medication to leave a patient’s system. These are, however, statistically-based estimations, influenced by differences in the drug dosage form and patient pathophysiology. This is why a deep understanding of these concepts is essential in medical practice so that improvisation is possible when the clinical situation requires it.
The following guideline is a revised version of the ICH Q1A guideline and defines the stability data package for a new drug substance or drug product that is sufficient for a registration application within the three regions of the EC, Japan, and the United States.
What is ICH Q8 guidelines?
Image result for ICH Pharmaceutical development guideline-Q8
The ICH Q8 guideline is intended to provide guidance on the contents of Section 3.2. P. 2 (Pharmaceutical Development) for drug products as defined in the scope of Module 3 of the Common Technical Document (ICH topic M4).
ICH Q7A means the good manufacturing practice guidance for active pharmaceutical ingredients developed under the auspices of the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
Tablet defects can come from any of the unit operations upstream and from the tablet press. The raw materials may be of poor quality or do not meet specifications, causing excessive fines that lead to a host of defects. The formulation may be the source of defects if the material does not compress well or the processing step specified within the formulation fail to produce a powder with a good flow, compressibility, and ejection properties. The processing and granulation of powder are often the sources of the defect.
Every product behaves differently on a tablet press, even if it‘s the same product run on a different day. The variation often
stems from changes in the properties of the raw materials—active ingredients and excipients- from batch to batch. Naturally,
the goal is to minimize these changes. Tablet press operators, however, don‘t have any control over formulation and
granulation. Tablet specifications are tight, and the list of possible defects is long: Variable weight, sticking, picking, capping, lamination, variable hardness, among others. This article focuses on these variations. It pinpoints the possible causes of these defects and offers advice on preventing and fixing the source of the problems.
The main principle involved in the FBP is the air suspension in which the material to be coated is suspended in the coating material with the help of an air stream. A fluid bed processor (fbp) is a popular material processing technique in different field industries.
The suspension dosage form has long been used for poorly soluble active ingredients for various therapeutic indications. Development of stable suspensions over the shelf life of the drug product continues to be a challenge on many fronts.
Distillation, or classical distillation, is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products. Early evidence of distillation was found on Akkadian tablets dated c. 1200 BCE describing perfumery operations. The tablets provided textual evidence that an early primitive form of distillation was known to the Babylonians of ancient Mesopotamia.[8] Early evidence of distillation was also found related to alchemists working in Alexandria in Roman Egypt in the 1st century CE.
Polymorphism is the ability of solid materials to exist in two or more crystalline forms with different arrangements or conformations of the constituents in the crystal lattice. ... More than 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are estimated to have more than one polymorphic form
Conductometry is a measurement of electrolytic conductivity to monitor the progress of the chemical reactions. Conductometry has notable application in analytical chemistry, where conductometric titration is a standard technique.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
3. INTRODUCTION
Mixing is defined as a process of thoroughly combining different materials to
produce a homogenous product.
Mixing fulfills many objectives such as simple combination of raw
ingredients, preparing suspensions, fine emulsions, dissolving components
etc.
4. Diagrammatic
representation of (A) a
perfect mix and (B) a
random mix.
A recently published
handbook on
industrial mixing
estimates the cost of
poor mixing to be as
high as US $ 100
million.
5. Objectives :
Mixing is a critical process.The quality
of final product depends upon the
nature of mixing .
Improper mixing lead to non
homogeneous products.
Proper mixing leads to decrease batch
cycle times and operational cost.
It also increase dissolution rate .
6. FACTORS AFFECTING
MIXING
1. Nature of product: For effective mixing particle surface should be
smooth.
2. Particle size: It is easier to mix powder of same particle size. Increasing
the difference in particle size will lead to segregation.
3. Particle shape: Particle should be spherical in shape to get a uniform
mixture.
4. Particle charge: some particle due to electrostatic charge exerts
attractive force which leads to separation.
5. Proportion of material: It is easier to mix powders if available in same
quantities
6. Viscosity: An increase in viscosity reduces the extent of mixing.
7. Temperature: Temperature also affects the mixing because viscosity
changes with increase in temperature.
8. Mixture volume: Mixing efficiency depends on mixture volume.
9. Agitator type: The shape, size, location and type of agitator also affect
affects the degree of mixing.
10.Mixing time: Mixing time is also very important for appropriate mixing.
7. MECHANISM OF MIXING
Mechanism of Solid Mixing:
1.Convective mixing, In which group of particles move from one
position to another. It also referred to as macromixing.
2.Shear mixing, In this, shearing force is created within the mass of
material by the use of a stirring arm or a burst of air.
3.Diffusive mixing, During this mixing, gravitational forces cause the
upper layers of material to slip and random motion of individual
particles take place on newly developed surfaces. Also known as micro
mixing.
8. Mechanism of Liquid Mixing:
•Bulk transport: It is the movement of large portion of material
from one location to another location. The movement is done by
rotating blades or paddles.
•Turbulent mixing: In this mixing is due to turbulence.
•Laminar mixing: It is define as one in which no turbulence
viscosity occurs.
•Molecular diffusion: The mechanism responsible for mixing at
molecular level is the diffusion resulting from thermal movement
of molecules.
11. SOLID MIXING EQUIPMENT:
1.Double cone blender:
Principle:the mixing occurs due
to tumbling motion.
Construction :All parts of the
equipment including the mixing tank
and blades are made of stainless steel.
The equipment consist of two cones
joined as a cylindrical section which
is rotated about an axis on the shaft.
The conical shape at both ends allows
uniform mixing and easy discharge.
12. Working:
The powder is filled up to two-thirds of the volume of the blender to ensure proper
mixing. The rate of rotation should be 30-100 revolutions per minute. On rotation, mixing
occurs due to tumbling motion. The product can be discharged from the bottom of the
equipment. The mixing tank can be slanted freely at the angle of 0° To 360° degrees for
discharging and cleaning purposes.
Advantages:
Easy to maintain and clean
There are no chances of clogging of material into comers
A large amount can be handled easily
It is efficient for mixing powders of different densities
Wear on equipment is little
Disadvantages:
Not suitable for fine particles
Not suitable for particles with greater particle size difference due to less shear
Pharmaceutical Application:
Double Cone Blender is efficient and versatile equipment for the homogeneous mixing of dry
powders and granules. Dry powder mixing for tablets and capsule formulations.
It can be used for pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and cosmetic products, etc.
13. V Cone Blender:
Principle: Mixing occurs by
to tumbling motion.
Construction:It consists
of an enclosed V-shaped vessel
that prevents any foreign
particle to enter into chamber. It
is made of either stainless steel
or transparent plastic. It
consists of a horizontal shaft
rotated about an axis causing
the particles within the mixer to
tumble over each other onto the
mixture surface. The charging
of material into the V-Blender is
through either of the two ends.
Batches from 20 kg to 1 tonne
can be loaded for mixing
depending upon the size of the
equipment
14. WORKING:
The material is loaded into the blender. The recommended fill-up volume for the
V-Blender is 50 to 60% of the total blender volume. On rotation, a tumbling
motion occurs. When the V-Blender tumbles, the material divides and
recombines continuously. The repetitive converging and diverging movement
between the material and the blender results in homogenous blending. The
product is collected from the bottom of V. Normal blend times are typically in the
range of 5 to 15 minutes depending on the properties of a material to be
blended.
Advantages of V Cone Blender:
•V-Blenders are therefore preferred when precise blend formulations are
required.
•They are also well suited for applications where some ingredients may be as
low as five percent of the total blend size.
•Loading and unloading of material is easy
•Easy to clean
Disadvantage of V Cone Blender:
They require high headroom for installation and operation.
They are not suitable for blending particles of different sizes and densities.
There are chances of segregation of these particles at the time of discharge.
Pharmaceutical Applications:
V-Blenders are used for dry mixing. It provides efficient blending in a short time.
This blender is often used for pharmaceuticals. But not suited for very soft
powders or granules.
V-Blenders are generally used for Food products, Milk powder, Dry flavors.
Pesticides and Herbicides, Animal feed, Spice blends, Baby foods, and
Cosmetics
15. Ribbon Blender
Principle: The mechanism of mixing is shear which is transferred by
moving blades.
Construction of Ribbon Blender:A ribbon blender consists of a U-
shaped horizontal shell containing a helical double-ribbon agitator
that rotates inside. The shaft of the agitator is positioned in the center
of the trough on which the helical ribbons (also called spirals) are
welded. Since the ribbon stirrer consists of a set of internal and
external helical ribbons, it is also called a “double” helical ribbon
agitator. The counteracting blades are provided for high shear as well
as for breaking lumps or aggregates. The ribbon blenders are
powered by a drive system consisting of a motor, a gearbox, and
couplings.
16. Working of Ribbon Blender:
The materials are loaded into the blender, typically filling it between 40
and 70 percent of the total volume of the container. Ribbons are
allowed to rotate with the help of the drive system. During the blending
operation, one blade slowly moves the solids in one direction and the
other moves them rapidly in the opposite direction. As a result,
homogeneous blending is achieved in a short time. The mixing is
generally carried out in 15 to 20 minutes. After blending, the material is
discharged from a discharge spout located at the bottom of the trough.
Advantages of Ribbon Blender:
1.Ribbon blenders can be operated in
both batch and continuous modes.
2.High shear by baffles cause break
down of aggregates
Less headspace requirement
Disadvantages of Ribbon Blender:
1.It is practically difficult to obtain
100% discharge in the ribbon blender.
2.The movement of ribbons near the
vessel walls due to high shear and
compression can damage fragile
materials and cause attrition.
17. Semisolid Mixing Equipment
1.Sigma blade mixer
Principle: The mechanism of
action is shearing which is
produced by intermeshing
sigma-shaped blades.
Construction: It consists of two
mixing blades, which shapes
resemble the Greek letter sigma
, are fitted horizontally in each
trough of the bowl.
18. Working of Sigma Blade Mixer:
The powders (40 to 65 percent of the mixer’s total volumetric capacity) are
introduced from the top .The blades move at a different speed . which
includes a motor, gear reducer, couplings, gears, bearings, and seals. The
material moves up and down and shear occurs between the blades and the
wall. The equipment is also attached to the perforated blades to break lumps
and aggregates. The discharge of the material is either by tilting the mixing
vessel, through the bottom discharge valve, or a discharge screw. The
homogeneous mixture is obtained in 10 to 30 minutes.
Advantages:
During mixing, minimum dead space is created.
lumps and aggregates broken by perforated blades
Loss of volatile solvent during mixing can be prevented by closing the
chamber.
Disadvantages:
Both blades rotate at the same speed.
Applications of Sigma Blade Mixer:
The sigma blade mixer is a commonly used mixer for high viscosity
materials.
Sigma blade mixers are used for the wet granulation process in the
manufacture of tablets, pill masses, and ointments.
19. Planetray Mixers
Principle:
It works on the principle of shear
that develops between the
stationary wall and the rotating
blade. The blade is also used to
reduce the size. The planetary
blades rotate on their axis while
they travel around the center of the
mixing bowl which ensures
complete and effective
mixing.Planetary mixers are mostly
used in solid mixing and granulation
process.
Construction of Planetary Mixers:
It consists of a vertical bowl that
can be removed. The material can
be loaded into the mixer directly
loaded into the mixer bowl. The
mixer has two blades that rotate on
their axes when they orbit the
mixing container on a common
20. Working of Planetary Mixers:
The material to be mixed is loaded into a mixing bowl
or shell. The blades rotate on their axis when they
orbit the mixing bowl on a common axis. Therefore
there is no dead spot in the mixing and high shear is
applied for mixing. After mixing, the material is
discharged through a bottom valve, or by manual
scooping of the material from the bowl.
Advantages:
Simple construction, operation, and relatively lower
cost
No dead spot in the mixing
The rotation speed of blades can be varied
Used for the wet granulation process
High mixing efficiency
Disadvantage:
Require high power
Heat build-up within powder mix
21. Liquid Liquid Mixing
1.Propellers
Principle: the propeller mixer mainly
principle of shearing force.
Construction:
It consists of vessel and propeller.
A propeller has angled blades, which
cause the fluid to circulate in both an axial
and radial direction.
Size of the propeller is small and many
increases up to 0.5meters depending on
size of tank.
22. Working:
The liquids to be mixed are transferred to the mixing vessel through pumping.
When propeller is started a vortex is formed due to centrifugal force to the
liquid by the propeller blades, This action causes liquid bulk to back-up
around the sides of the vessel and create a depression at the center around
the shaft. As the speed of rotation is increased air may be sucked into the
fluid by the formation of a vortex. The vortex formation is suppressed to
considerable levels by fitting baffles in vertical position into the vessel.
Vertical propeller mixer consists of three blades of suitable size depending
upon the diameter of vessel. Propellers are mounted on the impeller shaft
inclined at an angle to the vessel axis to improve the mixing. It provide good
blending capability in small batches of low to medium viscosity liquids
23. Advantages: (i) Propellers are used
when high mixing capability is required.
(ii) They are effective in mixing gas-liquid
dispersions at laboratory scale.
(iii) Propellers increases the homogeneity of
materials,
(iv) Can be used in two different patterns for
drying and pressing
Disadvantages:
(i) Propellers are not effective with liquids of
viscosity greater than For example, glycerin
and castor oil.
(ii) Need to be operated at high speed to
avoid solid settlings in reactor vessels.
24. Turbine mixer
Principle :
A turbine mixer is a mechanical device that is used in
mixing different type of liquids. The turbine mixer
works mainly on the principle of shearing action.
Construction:
1.Turbine consists of number of blades attached to
the circular disk.
2.The blades used in the mixture are of various
types: flat blades, disk-type flat blades, inclined
blades, curved blades, arrow headed blades, and
so on.
3.The diameter of turbine varies from 30 to 50
percentage of the diameter of vessel.
4 As compared to propeller turbines rotates at lower
speed
25. Merits of Turbine Mixer: Turbines give greater
shearing force than propeller.
Therefore, turbines are suitable for emulsification.
Demerits of Turbine Mixer: Turbines have less
pumping rate.
Uses of Turbine Mixer: 1.A turbine mixer suitable
for viscous fluids (7.0 pascal-second).
2. Turbines used for thin paste and emulsification.
3. Turbines can also be used to handle slurries with 60
percentage solids. Mainly used for semisolid materials.
26. PADDLES
Principle of Paddles:
Paddles consist of two long flat
blades attached vertically to a
shaft. IT rotates at low speed.
Paddle mixer is suitable to mix
viscous liquids or semisolids.
Construction of Paddles:
1.Blades used in this mixer are
dished or hemispherical in shape.
2.The diameter of paddle is 50-80
percentage of inside diameter of
vessel.
27. Working of Paddles: Paddles push liquid radially and
tangentially. There is no axial movement of flow during
mixing.
Merits of Paddles:
Vortex formation is not possible.
It has low speed.
Mixing efficiency is better.
No dead spots and deposited solids.
Demerits of Paddles:
Here suspension mixing is poor.
Baffled tanks are required.
28. SILVERSON EMULSIFIER
Principle of Silverson
Emulsifier: The silverson homogenizer
works on the principle that the large
globules in a course emulsion are broken in
to smaller globules by intensive shearing
forces and turbulence by high speed rotors
Construction of Silverson
Emulsifier: It consists of emulsifier
head.
The emulsifier head consist of a number of
turbine blades.
The blades are surrounded by mesh which
is enclosed by cover having perforations.
The blades are rotated by using electric
motor fitted at the top.
There is also one shaft whose one end is
connected to motor and other end is
connected to head
29. Working of Silverson Emulsifier:
The emulsifier head is dipped in to the vessel containing immiscible liquids.
When the motor is started, shaft rotates the head.
Therefore, turbines blades also rotate at very high speed.
The liquids are sucked trough the fine holes.
This is followed by intense hydraulic shear.
The oil is reduced in to globules quickly resulting in a homogenous uniform
product.
Then the fine emulsion emerge trough opening of cover.
Merits of Silverson Emulsifier:
Fast and efficient.
They are used to get a fine droplet or particle size (2-5 microns).
Process efficiency is good.
Low operating cost.
Demerits of Silverson Emulsifier:
Chance of chocking of pores of mesh.
Uses of Silverson Emulsifier:
Used in preparation of creams, ointments, pharmaceutical suspension and
emulsion of fine particle size.
30. Refrence
C. V. S. Subramanyam, T. J. Setty, S. Suresh,
and K. V Devi, ” Vallabh prakashan, Delhi,
vol. 9, pp. 70–120, 286-318, 2005.
L. Lachman, H. A. Lieberman, and J. L.
Kanig, The theory and practice of industrial
pharmacy. Lea & Febiger, pp. 3–30, 89-107,
2009.
J. P. Remington, Remington: The science
and practice of pharmacy, vol. 1. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, pp. 453–757, 2013
Wikipidea
Epg pathshala video lecture and notes.
Pv book of pharmaceutical engineering.