This document discusses dissolution, which is the process by which a solid substance solubilizes in a solvent. It defines dissolution rate and introduces the Noyes-Whitney equation. It then describes 7 types of dissolution apparatus used in compendial methods for testing drug dissolution, including rotating basket, paddle, reciprocating cylinder, and flow through cell. Key factors that affect dissolution rate are also outlined, such as drug properties, formulation components, processing methods, apparatus parameters, and test conditions.

1. DISSOLUTION
Presented by : Mr. Pradipkumar G. Rathod
M. Pharm 1st year (2nd sem.) (Pharmaceutics)
University department of pharmaceutical sciences, R.T.M. Nagpur
university, Nagpur.

2. Contents :
 Introduction
 Dissolution process
 Noyes-Whitney equation and drug dissolution
 Types of dissolution apparatus
 Compendial methods of dissolution
 Factors affecting the dissolution rate
 References

3. Introduction :
Definations
 Dissolution
It is a process in which a solid substances solubilises in a given solvent i.e. mass
transfer from the solid to the liquid phase.
 Dissolution rate
Is the amount of solid substance that goes in to solution per unit time under
standard condition of temperature, pH and solvent composition and constant solid
surface area.

4. Dissolution process :

5. Noyes-Whitney equation and drug
dissolution

6. Types of dissolution apparatus

7. Compendial methods of dissolution
 Apparatus 1: Rotating Basket
 Apparatus 2: Paddle Method
 Apparatus 3: Reciprocating cylinder
 Apparatus 4: Flow through cell
 Apparatus 5: Paddle over disk
 Apparatus 6: Rotating Cylinder
 Apparatus 7: Reciprocating disk

8. Apparatus 1: Rotating Basket
Useful for :
Tablets
Capsules
Suppositories
Delayed/enteric coated dosage forms
Floating dosage forms
Agitation :
Usual speed: 50 to 100 rpm
ADVANTAGES: limited area, capsules are placed in a
basket- float, used for non-official test such as
suppositories & microencapsulated particles.
DISADVANTAGES: clogged, light particles float,
corroded in presence of Hcl solution.

9. Apparatus 2: Paddle Method
Useful for :
Tablets
Capsules
Agitation:
Rotating stirrer
Usual speed: 25 to 75 rpm
Standard volume: 900/1000 ml
Advantages:
Easy to use
Paddle method produces greater turbulence compared to
basket method .
Disadvantages:
Some tablets and capsules tend to float . Hence sinkers
have to be used.
Orientation of paddle is very important, else result vary.
pH/media often change is difficult

10. Apparatus 3: Reciprocating cylinder
Useful for: Tablets, controlled release bead-type
formulations.
Standard volume: 200-250 ml.
Advantages:
1) Design is technically easy
2) Medium can be changed easily by removing the
dosage unit(inner cylinder) and placing it in another
medium. Easily automated.
Disadvantages:
1) small volume (max. 250 ml).
2) Little experience.

11. Apparatus 4: Flow through cell
Useful for:
Low solubility drugs.
Implants.
Powder granules.
Capsules.
Advantages:
1. Easy to change the pH.
2. Feasibility of using large volume of dissolution
fluid.
3. Easy to maintaining Sink conditions.
Disadvantages:
1. clogging of filter creates difficulties.
2. High volumes of media.

12. Apparatus 5: Paddle over disk
Advantages:
Less expensive
Standard equipment (available with the
manufacture)i.e. apparatus can be modified
and utilized apparatus 5.
Disadvantages:
Disk assembly restricts the patch size.
17 mesh is standard (others available )
Accommodates patches of up to 90mm

13. Apparatus 6: Rotating Cylinder
Used for : Transdermal patches
Advantages : apparatus 1- apparatus 6.
Disadvantages : large volume of medium
is required. Drugs gets diluted and causes
difficulties in analysis of drug.

14. Apparatus 7: Reciprocating disk
Useful for : Transdermal patches and solid oral dosage forms. It is
particularly used for the drug release from osmotic pumps and
extended release tablets.
Advantages: This method is for selecting the volume of the medium
and for maximising the drug conc. that is suitable for drug analysis. It
can be automated.
Disadvantages: Investment on dissolution apparatus is high,
because the design is totally different from std. equipment already
available in the industry.

15. Factors affecting the dissolution rate
 1) Physicochemical properties of drug
 2) Drug product formulation factors
 3) Processing factors
 4) Factors relating dissolution apparatus
 5) Factors relating dissolution test parameters

16. Physicochemical properties of drug
 Drug solubility
 Salt formation
 Particle size
 Solid State characteristics
 Co-precipitation
Drug product formulation factors
 Diluents
 Disintegrants
 Binders and granulating agents
 Lubricants
 Surfactants
 Water soluble dyes
 Coating polymers

17. Processing factors
 Methods of granulation
 Compression force
 Drug excipient interaction
 Storage conditions
Factors relating dissolution apparatus
 Agitation
 Stirring element alignment
 Sampling probe position and filter
Factors relating dissolution test parameters
 Temperature
 Effect of pH
 Volume of dissolution medium and sink conditions
 Deaeration of Dissolution medium

18. References :
1) Subrahmanyam CVS. Text book of physical pharmaceutics. 2nd edition. Vallabh
prakashan. Delhi. 2000.
2) Brahmankar D. M., Sunil B. Jaiswal, Biopharmaceutics and pharmcokinetcs. 3rd
edition. Vallabh prakashan. Delhi 2015.