The objective of in vitro dissolution testing is to evaluate the variables that effect the rate and extent of release of a drug substance from the finished dosage form, and in turn, the in vivo performance of the drug product.
Dissolution : Official and Non official methods, Alternative methods of dissolution testing and transport models, Drug release testing, Invitro drug release testing
Dissolution is a process in which a solid substance solubilizes in a given solvent.
Method for dissolution are-
1. Beaker methods
2. Open flow through compartment system
3.Dialysis concept
The objective of in vitro dissolution testing is to evaluate the variables that effect the rate and extent of release of a drug substance from the finished dosage form, and in turn, the in vivo performance of the drug product.
Dissolution : Official and Non official methods, Alternative methods of dissolution testing and transport models, Drug release testing, Invitro drug release testing
Dissolution is a process in which a solid substance solubilizes in a given solvent.
Method for dissolution are-
1. Beaker methods
2. Open flow through compartment system
3.Dialysis concept
Dissolution, factors affecting drug dissolution, methods to evaluate dissolution, advantages and disadvantages, recent approaches--these are the topics covered in this presentation.
Here is all information about Invitro dissolution of drug by various Apparatus as per USP. It includes 7 Official and 3 Unofficial methods.in official method maintain condition in apparatus same as gastric fluid Example.Temperture, PH , Rpm( like Peristaltic movement ), Dissolution media.
Dissolution, factors affecting drug dissolution, methods to evaluate dissolution, advantages and disadvantages, recent approaches--these are the topics covered in this presentation.
Here is all information about Invitro dissolution of drug by various Apparatus as per USP. It includes 7 Official and 3 Unofficial methods.in official method maintain condition in apparatus same as gastric fluid Example.Temperture, PH , Rpm( like Peristaltic movement ), Dissolution media.
A pharmacist should never disclose any information which he has acquired during his professional activities to any third party or person unless required by law to do so. He should never betray the confidence which his patrons repose in him or which he has won by virtue of his eminent character and conduct.
Emollient and Rheological Additive.pptxPrachi Pandey
Topical emollients are creams, lotions, or ointments that contain ingredients that soothe and soften the skin. The word emollient means a preparation that softens the skin. Another name for an emollient is a moisturizer.
An Overview of CDSCO Registration. The CDSCO stands for Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation is the NRA or National Regulatory Authority under the Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India, and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
My presentation based on the CDSCO certification, as well as the complete description about the CDSCO and DCGI.
An in vitro – in vivo correlation (IVIVC) is defined by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between the in vitro property of an oral dosage form and relevant in vivo response.
The application for Registration and import can be made to the Licensing Authority under the Act i.e. to the Drugs Controller General at CDSCO. Drug and Cosmetic Act 1945: It Contains provisions for classification of drugs under given schedules. Guidelines for the storage,sale,display and prescription of each schedule.
Morphine and Related Drugs including their Derivatives.pdfPrachi Pandey
Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate family that is found naturally in a dark brown, resinous form, from the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). It can be taken orally, sublingually, via inhalation, the trans-dermal route, inter-anally as well as via injection (both subcutaneously as well as more commonly intravenously.
International Conference on Fostering High Quality Clinical Research for A He...Prachi Pandey
This paper abstract presented as poster on a International Conference, Which Held of 26 November 2023. Organized by NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan , India.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
1. IN VITRO DISSOLUTION
AND DRUG RELEASE TESTING
Submitted By: Prachi Pandey Submitted To: Dr. Tejpal Yadav
M. Pharm (Pharmaceutics), IInd Sem.
In-vitro dissolution testing is a very powerful tool to
easily and effectively obtain information about the
performance of drug products.
2. DEFINATION
• Dissolution is a process in which a solid substance solubilizes in a given solvent (mass
transfer from the solid surface to the liquid phase.)
• Dissolution testing measures the extent and rate of solution formation from a dosage form,
such as tablet, capsule, ointment, etc.
• The dissolution of a drug is important for its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness
3. DISSOLUTION RATE :
Dissolution rate is defined as the amount of solid substance goes into solution per unit time under
standard conditions of temperature, pH and solvent composition and constant surface area.
ABSOLUTE OR INTRINSIC SOLUBILITY:
It is defined as the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given solvent under standard conditions of
temperature, pressure and pH.
DISSOLUTION
4. When a immediate release tablet or other solid drug form is introduced into a beaker of water or into the
gastrointestinal tract, the following steps take place.
Disintegration: breaking of tablet into granules.
Deaggregation: breaking of these granules into individual particles.
Dissolution: finally, particles dissolve, releasing the active drug into solution. Dissolution is a time
dependant process that represents the final step of drug release, which is ultimately required before a
drug can be absorbed or exert a pharmacologic effect
DISSOLUTION OF TABLETS AND CAPSULES
8. • Cylindrical basket of 22mesh.
• Rotating speed-100 rpm.
• As per IP, height of dissolution jar is 168+8 mm and internal diameter
is102+4 mm and height of basket36.8+3 mm and diameter is 25.4+3
mm.
• Temp. maintained at 37°C
• Calibration tablets of Prednisone-for disintegrating tablets.
• Salicylic acid calibration tablets-for non disintegrating tablets.
• For capsules & dosage forms that tend to float.
I. ROTATING BASKET APPARATUS
Figure (a) Basket type
9. II. PADDLE METHOD
It consists of a special coated paddle formed from a
blade and a shaft that minimizes turbulence due to
stirring.
The coated material is inert.
The paddle is attached vertically to a variable -speed
motor that rotates at a controlled speed
As per IP, diameter of the paddle is 74.5+0.5 mm.
The tablet or capsule is placed into a round-bottom
dissolution flask and the apparatus is housed in a
constant temperature water bath maintained at 37°C. Figure (b) Paddle type
10. II. PADDLE METHOD
Most common operating speeds are 50rpm for solid oral
dosage forms and 25 rpm for suspensions.
A sinker,such as few turns of platinum wire may be used
to prevent a capsule or tablet from floating
Used for film coated tablets that stick to the vessel walls
or to help to position tablet/capsule under the paddle
Figure (b) Paddle type
11. • Set of cylindrical, flat-bottomed glass vessels equipped
with reciprocating cylinders.
• temp. 37°C
• Place the stated volume of dissolution medium in each
vessel of the apparatus, assemble the apparatus,
equilibrate the dissolution medium to 37±0.5°C and
remove the thermometer
• Place one dosage form unit in each of the cylinders
taking care to exclude the air bubbles from the surface
of each dosage unit and immediately operate the
apparatus as specified in the monograph.
III. RECEPROCATING CYLINDER TYPE
Figure (c) Receprocating cylinder type
12. • During the upward and downward stroke, the
reciprocating cylinder moves through a total
distance of 9.9 to 10.1cm.
• Within the time interval specified raise the
cylinders and withdraw a portion of the
solution under test from a zone midway
between the surface of the dissolution medium
and bottom of each vessel.
III. RECEPROCATING CYLINDER TYPE
Figure (c) Receprocating cylinder type
13. VI. FLOW THROUGH CELL METHOD
• The flow through cell is transparent & inert mounted
vertically with filters.
• Standard cell diameters are 12 & 22.6 mm.
• The bottom cone usually filled with glass beads of 1
mm diameter. Place the glass beads into the cell as
specified in the monograph.
• Place one dosage unit on top of the beads or on a wire
carrier
• Tablet holder used for positioning special dosage form
e.g. inlay tablets.
Figure (d) Flow through cell Method
14. VI. FLOW THROUGH CELL METHOD
• Assemble the filter head and fix the parts together by means
of a suitable clamping device.
• Introduce by the pump of the dissolution medium warmed to
37±0.5°C through the bottom of the cell to obtain the flow
rate specified and measured with an accuracy of 5%.
• Flow rate is maintained from 4 to 16 mL/min.
• Collect the eluate by fractions at each of the times stated
• For modified release dosage forms, containing active
ingredients with limited solubility
Figure (d) Flow through cell Method
15. V. PADDLE OVER DISK METHOD
For testing the release of drug from transdermal products.
Stainless steel disk assembly is used for holding the
transdermal system at the bottom of the vessel.
The distance between the paddle and the surface of the
disk is kept 25±2....
The release surface of the trans dermal patch is kept such
that it's release surface faces upward and parallel to the
edges of the blade.
The transdermal system may be attached to the disk
assembly by applying a suitable adhesive.
• TEMP.- 32+ 0.5 °C.
Sample is drawn midway between the surface of the
dissolution medium and the top of the paddle blade.
Figure (e) Paddle over disk method
16. VI. ROTATING CYLINDER METHOD
Here, basket and shaft are replaced by the cylinder stirring
elements made up of stainless steel.
The dosage unit is kept on the cylinder.
The distance between the inside bottom of the vessel and the
cylinder is kept at 25 ± 2 mm.
TEMP.- 32+ 0.5 °C.
Sample is mounted on to cuprophan.
Volume - 900 ml
Temperature 32°C
For testing transdermal preparations.
Figure (f) Rotating Cylinder Method
17. VII. RECIPROCATING DISK METHOD
It consist of a set of volumetrically calibrated or tared containers
of glass or other suitable inert material, a motor and a set of
sample holders.
A motor drive assembly is used to reciprocate the system
vertically.
Samples are placed on disk shaped holders using cuprophan
supports.
Capacity - 50-200 ml
Temperature 32°C.
Reciprocating frequency is about 30cylces per minute.
It is useful for assessing the in vitro dissolution of extended
release tablets and transdermal drug delivery systems
Figure (g) Reciprocating disk method
Editor's Notes
Delete this slide when you finish preparing the other slides.