Dissolution is a process in which a solid substance solubilizes in a given solvent.
Method for dissolution are-
1. Beaker methods
2. Open flow through compartment system
3.Dialysis concept
Dissolution : Official and Non official methods, Alternative methods of dissolution testing and transport models, Drug release testing, Invitro drug release testing
Dissolution : Official and Non official methods, Alternative methods of dissolution testing and transport models, Drug release testing, Invitro drug release testing
Here is all information about Invitro dissolution of drug by various Apparatus as per USP. It includes 7 Official and 3 Unofficial methods.in official method maintain condition in apparatus same as gastric fluid Example.Temperture, PH , Rpm( like Peristaltic movement ), Dissolution media.
The objective of in vitro dissolution testing is to evaluate the variables that effect the rate and extent of release of a drug substance from the finished dosage form, and in turn, the in vivo performance of the drug product.
Dissolution apparatus, invivo-invitro corelation, factor affecting,BCS classification ..
Complete dissolution topic in this slide & easy way to write..
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Here is all information about Invitro dissolution of drug by various Apparatus as per USP. It includes 7 Official and 3 Unofficial methods.in official method maintain condition in apparatus same as gastric fluid Example.Temperture, PH , Rpm( like Peristaltic movement ), Dissolution media.
The objective of in vitro dissolution testing is to evaluate the variables that effect the rate and extent of release of a drug substance from the finished dosage form, and in turn, the in vivo performance of the drug product.
Dissolution apparatus, invivo-invitro corelation, factor affecting,BCS classification ..
Complete dissolution topic in this slide & easy way to write..
Cheak it now and give feedback
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Dissolution is a process in which a solid substance solubilizes in a given
solvent (mass transfer from the solid surface to the liquid phase.)
• Dissolution testing measures the extent and rate of solution formation
from a dosage form such as tablet, capsule, ointment, etc.
• The dissolution of drug is important for its bioavailability and therapeutic
effectiveness.
• Dissolution can be defined as a physiochemical process by which a solid
substance enters the solvent phase to yield a solution or the transfer of
molecules or ions from a solid state into a solution.
4. • Dissolution rate is defined as the amount of solid substance goes into
solution per unit time under standard conditions of temperature, pH and
solvent composition and constant surface area.
• In the pharmaceutical industry, it may be defined as the amount of drug
substance that goes into solution per unit time under standardized
conditions of liquid/solid interface.
• Dissolution and drug release tests are in-vitro tests that measure the rate
and extent of dissolution or release of the drug substance from a drug
product, usually aqueous medium under specified conditions.
5.
6. Factors relating to the dissolution apparatus
Design of the container
Size of the container
Shape of the container
Nature of agitation
Speed of agitation
Performance precision of the apparatus
7. METHODS FOR DISSOLUTION
There are basically three general categories of dissolution apparatus :
1. Beaker methods
2. Open flow-through compartment system
3. Dialysis concept
8. 1.BEAKER METHOD
• Rotating Basket Apparatus
• Rotating Paddle Apparatus
• The Reciprocating Cylinder Method
• Flow Through cell Apparatus
• Paddle over Disk method
• Cylinder method
• Reciprocating Holder method
9. • Rotating Basket Apparatus
It is basically a closed-compartment, beaker type apparatus.
It comprising of a cylindrical glass vessel with hemispherical bottom
of one litre capacity partially immersed in a water bath.
A cylindrical basket made of #22 mesh is located centrally in the
vessel at a distance of 2 cm from the bottom and rotated by a variable
speed motor through a shaft.
All metal parts like basket and shaft are made of stainless steel .
10.
11. • Rotating Paddle Apparatus
In here, basket is replaced with a stirrer.
A small, loose, wire helix may be attached to the dosage form that
would otherwise float.
This method was first describe by levy and hayes.
The dosage form is allowed to sink in the bottom of the vessel
12.
13. • The Reciprocating Cylinder Method
This apparatus consist of a set of cylindrical flat bottomed glass vessels
equipped with reciprocating cylinder.
The disks are not used.
This method is less suitable for precise dissolution testing due to the amount of
agitation and vibration involved.
E.g. Chlorpheniramine ER tablets, Carbamazepine chewable tablet
14.
15. • Flow through cell Apparatus
The flow through apparatus consists of a reservoir for the dissolution medium
and a pump that forces dissolution medium through the cell holding the test
sample.
This apparatus is feasible for using large volume of dissolution fluid.
This apparatus feasibility for automation of apparatus.
This apparatus is ease of maintaining of sink conditions during dissolution
which is often required for drugs having limited aqueous solubility.
16.
17. • Paddle over Disk method
In here, stainless steel disk designed for holding transdermal system
at the bottom of the vessel.
The disk/device should not sorb, react with, or interfere with the
specimen being tested.
The disk holds the system flat and is positioned such that the release
surface is parallel with the bottom of the paddle blade.
18.
19. • Cylinder method
This apparatus is also used for evaluation of transdermal products
and is similar to rotating basket apparatus.
Temperature - 32 ± 0.5°
The dosage unit is placed on the cylinder.
Distance between the inside bottom of the vessel and cylinder is
maintained at 25 ± 2 mm
20.
21. • Reciprocating Holder method
The assembly consists of a set of calibrated solution containers, a motor and
drive assembly to reciprocate the system vertically.
Various type of sample holder are used.
This apparatus is used for evaluation of transdermal products as well as non
disintegrating controlled release oral preparation.
The test is carried out at 32°C
22.
23. Advantages of the Beaker Methods
The basket method is the most widely used procedure which confines the solid
dosage form to a limited area which is essential for better reproducibility.
It is advantageous for capsules as they tend to float at the surface thus
minimizing the area exposed to the dissolution fluid.
24. Limitation of the Beaker Methods
Clogging of the basket screen by gummy particles.
Tendency of the light particles to float.
Sensitivity of the apparatus to variables such as vibration, eccentricity, etc.
Rapid corrosion of the mesh in presence of HCl.
Sensitivity of the apparatus to any slight changes in the paddle orientation.
Non-reproducible position of the tablets at the bottom of the flask.
25. 2. OPEN FLOW-THROUGH COMPARTMENT SYSTEM
The dosage form is contained in a small vertical glass column with built in filter
through which a continuous flow of the dissolution medium is circulated
upward at a specific rate from an outside reservoir using centrifugal pump.
Dissolution fluid is collected in a separate reservoir.
E.g. lipid filled soft Gelatin capsule
26.
27. Advantages
No stirring and drug particles are exposed to homogeneous, laminar
flow that can be precisely controlled. All the problems of wobbling,
shaft eccentricity, vibration, stirrer position don’t exist.
There is no physical abrasion of solids.
Perfect sink conditions can be maintained
28. Disadvantages
Tendency of the filter to clog because of the unidirectional flow.
Different types of pumps, such as peristaltic and centrifugal, have
been shown to give different dissolution results.
Temperature control is also much more difficult to achieve in column
type flow through system than in the conventional stirred vessel type.
29. 3.DIALYSIS SYSTEM
Here, dialysis membrane used as a selective barrier between fresh
solvent compartment and the cell compartment containing dosage
form.
It can be used in case of very poorly soluble rugs and dosage form
such as ointments, creams and suspensions.
30.
31.
32. IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE TESTING
• Drug release is the process by which a drug leaves a drug product.
• In vitro drug release testing in rotating basket method:
In vitro release study was carried out by the rotating basket method.
Six tablets of each batch were taken and placed in rotating basket,
respectively.
Then the rotating basket was introduced into 900 mL of each
dissolution medium (water, 0.1 M HCI and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer)
at 37°C 0.5°C with a rotation speed of 100 rpm..5 mL of sample
solution was collected at different time intervals (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 h)
and filtered through hydrophilic membrane.
33. 5 mL of sample solution was collected at different time intervals (2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
12 h) and filtered through a 0.45 um hydrophilic membrane.
1.0 mL of subsequent filtrate was taken accurately to add into a 100 mL
volumetric flask and diluted with the corresponding dissolution medium to 100
mL and mixed well.
The amount of drug dissolved in the dissolution medium was measured using
an UV-visible spectrophotometer at 233 nm.
The same volume of fresh dissolution medium at the same temperature was
added to replace the amount withdrawn after each sampling.
The drug amount of cumulative release was calculated with a standard curve.
34. REFERENCE
• D.M.Brahmankar, Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics- A
Treatise; Vallabh Prakashan, page no-328-333
• Leon Shargel, Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; 4th
edition, page no- 429-435
• www.slideshare.com