An in-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) has been defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as "a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in-vitro property of a dosage form and an in-vivo response".
An in-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) has been defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as "a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in-vitro property of a dosage form and an in-vivo response".
IPQC Tests for capsules As per IP, BP & USPPramod Ramane
IPQC- In Process Quality Control Tests for Capsules are
1. Uniformity Of Content
2. Disintigration Test
3. Weight Variation Test
4. Dissolution Test
The tests are with Acceptance limits/Criteria as per Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), British Pharmacopoeia (BP) & United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
Introduction to Dissolution equipment's, Calibration of dissolution apparatus, Dissolution procedure development and validation, Dissolution method development for generic drug products.
drug execipent compatibilty studies is of prime importance for the better formulation of the new drug and also for reducing cost by verfication of the data at the earlier atage.
this presentation will give the brief explanation of the goal, importance, dteps involve to studi the drug execient compatibility studies with different examples suitable accordiingly.
SOLID DISPERSION
Definition: The technology is the science of dispersing one or more active ingredients in an inert matrix in the solid stage.
Need of solid dispersion:
Increases Oral bioavailability of a drug
Increased dissolution rate.
Enhanced release of drugs from ointment.
Improved the solubility & stability.
The concept of solid dispersion was originally proposed by Sekiguchi & obi.
Increasing the dissolution, absorption & therapeutic efficacy of drugs in dosage forms.
Increasing solubility in water.
Improving the oral absorption and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs.
Presentation about dissolution apparatus testing machine for tablet and new version which is manufactured by lab 8 "Industrial Pharmacy Course" faculty of pharmacy october 6 university.
we added new modification which is already applied and others not applied due to high cost but suggested.
and all modifications are approved from industrial pharmacy department O6U.
Stability studies ensuring the maintenance of product quality, safety and efficacy throughout the shelf life are considered as pre-requisite for the acceptance and approval of any pharmaceutical product. Stability testing is a routine procedure performed on drug substances and products and is employed at various stages of the product development.
The dissolution test is an important means of assuring the continuing performance of non-solution orally administered drug products. The development of a dissolution test procedure is briefly discussed in USP general information chapter In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Dosage Forms 1088, whereas general information chapter Validation of Compendial Procedures 1225 gives limited validation information for dissolution testing. Neither of these two chapters provides a level of detail and focus sufficient for dissolution testing. In 2001, a Stimuli article provided an initial rationale and discussion of content for a new general information chapter. The new chapter, The Dissolution Procedure: Development and Validation 1092, was intended to supplement the information in 1088 and 1225 and provided step-by-step detail for development and validation as well as offering information on new technology and equipment. In 2006, the chapter became official with the Second Supplement to USP 29–NF 24 (2–4).
The General Chapters—Dosage Forms Expert Committee 2010–2015 placed the review and possible revision of The Dissolution Procedure: Development and Validation 1092 on its work plan for the 2010–2015 revision cycle (2011) .
Drug Regulations has prepared this presentation based on the proposed chapter.
IPQC Tests for capsules As per IP, BP & USPPramod Ramane
IPQC- In Process Quality Control Tests for Capsules are
1. Uniformity Of Content
2. Disintigration Test
3. Weight Variation Test
4. Dissolution Test
The tests are with Acceptance limits/Criteria as per Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), British Pharmacopoeia (BP) & United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
Introduction to Dissolution equipment's, Calibration of dissolution apparatus, Dissolution procedure development and validation, Dissolution method development for generic drug products.
drug execipent compatibilty studies is of prime importance for the better formulation of the new drug and also for reducing cost by verfication of the data at the earlier atage.
this presentation will give the brief explanation of the goal, importance, dteps involve to studi the drug execient compatibility studies with different examples suitable accordiingly.
SOLID DISPERSION
Definition: The technology is the science of dispersing one or more active ingredients in an inert matrix in the solid stage.
Need of solid dispersion:
Increases Oral bioavailability of a drug
Increased dissolution rate.
Enhanced release of drugs from ointment.
Improved the solubility & stability.
The concept of solid dispersion was originally proposed by Sekiguchi & obi.
Increasing the dissolution, absorption & therapeutic efficacy of drugs in dosage forms.
Increasing solubility in water.
Improving the oral absorption and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs.
Presentation about dissolution apparatus testing machine for tablet and new version which is manufactured by lab 8 "Industrial Pharmacy Course" faculty of pharmacy october 6 university.
we added new modification which is already applied and others not applied due to high cost but suggested.
and all modifications are approved from industrial pharmacy department O6U.
Stability studies ensuring the maintenance of product quality, safety and efficacy throughout the shelf life are considered as pre-requisite for the acceptance and approval of any pharmaceutical product. Stability testing is a routine procedure performed on drug substances and products and is employed at various stages of the product development.
The dissolution test is an important means of assuring the continuing performance of non-solution orally administered drug products. The development of a dissolution test procedure is briefly discussed in USP general information chapter In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Dosage Forms 1088, whereas general information chapter Validation of Compendial Procedures 1225 gives limited validation information for dissolution testing. Neither of these two chapters provides a level of detail and focus sufficient for dissolution testing. In 2001, a Stimuli article provided an initial rationale and discussion of content for a new general information chapter. The new chapter, The Dissolution Procedure: Development and Validation 1092, was intended to supplement the information in 1088 and 1225 and provided step-by-step detail for development and validation as well as offering information on new technology and equipment. In 2006, the chapter became official with the Second Supplement to USP 29–NF 24 (2–4).
The General Chapters—Dosage Forms Expert Committee 2010–2015 placed the review and possible revision of The Dissolution Procedure: Development and Validation 1092 on its work plan for the 2010–2015 revision cycle (2011) .
Drug Regulations has prepared this presentation based on the proposed chapter.
Dissolution, factors affecting drug dissolution, methods to evaluate dissolution, advantages and disadvantages, recent approaches--these are the topics covered in this presentation.
This presentation quotes various pharmaceutical calculations with examples. The following aspects like percentage calculations, alcoholic dilutions, Alligation method, proof spirit calculations, isotonicity adjustment, posology, temperature measurements, dialysis clearance, Pharmacokinetics calculations were covered with examples.
DRUG DISSOLUTION, BIO-AVAILABILITY AND IVIVC DEVELOPMENTRoshan Sonkar
Dissolution and drug release tests are in-vitro tests that measure the rate and extent of dissolution or release of the drug substance from a drug product, usually in an aqueous medium under specified conditions.
Biopharmaceutical classification system & drug delivery system associated wit...PratikShinde120
Biopharmaceutical classification system & drug delivery system based on BCS.
By Pratik shinde, Mpharm, University department of pharmaceutical sciences, Nagpur
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
1. Mr. Sagar Kishor Savale
[Department of Pharmaceutics]
avengersagar16@gmail.com
2015-2016
6/4/2016 1sagar kishor savale
2. 1 Definition .
2 Importance Of Dissolution Study.
3 Selection Of Dissolution Media.
4 Operating parameter.
5 Types of dissolution media.
6 Conclusion.
7 Reference.
6/4/2016 2sagar kishor savale
3. • Is the processes by which solid substance enters the
solvent phase to yield a solution i.e. mass transfer
from solid surface to liquid phase.
6/4/2016 3sagar kishor savale
4. Dissolution testing is mainly used to confirm product
quality and batch to batch consistency.
Find problems in Bioavailability.
In R &D department ,comparing in vitro dissolution
data with in vivo bioavailability.
6/4/2016 4sagar kishor savale
5. • The selection of an appropriate dissolution medium is a
fundamental stage of the dissolution test.
• It is more important that the test closely simulate the environment
in the GI tract than necessarily produce sink condition.
SINK CONDITION:
The dissolution rate may be given by Novey-Whitney equation.
Where, S : surface area
t: time
Cs-Ct: concentration gradient between the concentration of
solute in the stagnant layer
6/4/2016 5sagar kishor savale
6. • dW/dt = K
• This represents that the dissolution rate is constant under sink conditions.
We have to maintain sink condition in in-vitro. This is can be achieved by,
Bathing the dissolving solid in fresh solvent from time to
time.
Increasing the volume of dissolution fluid.
Adding a water miscible solvent such as alcohol to the
dissolution medium.
By adding selected adsorbent to remove the dissolved drug.
6/4/2016 6sagar kishor savale
7. Type of dosage form Recommended Apparatus
Solid oral dosage forms Basket, paddle, reciprocating, cylinder, or flow-through cell
(conventional)
Oral suspensions Paddle
Oral disintegrating tablets Paddle
Chewable tablets Basket, paddle, or reciprocating, cylinder with glass beads
Transdermal—patches Paddle over disk
Topical —semisolids Franz cell diffusion system
Suppositories Paddle, modified basket, or dual, chamber flow-through cell
Chewing gum Special apparatus [European Pharmacopoeia (PhEur)]
Powders and granules Flow-through cell (powder/granule sample cell)
Microparticulate formulations Modified flow-through cell
Implants Modified flow-through cell6/4/2016 7
8. 1. VOLUME:
• The recommended volume of dissolution medium is 900ml when using
the basket or paddle apparatus.
• The volume can be raised to between 2 and 4 L, depending on the
concentration and sink conditions of the drug solution.
2. TEMPERATURE:
• The standard temperature for the dissolution medium is 37±0.5°C for oral
dosage forms.
• Slightly increased temperatures such as 38±0.5°C have been
recommended for dosages forms such as suppositories.
• Lower temperatures such as 32±0.5°C are utilized for topical dosage forms
such as transdermal patches and topical ointments.
6/4/2016 8sagar kishor savale
9. 3.DEAERATION:
• Air bubbles can interfere with the test results.
• Bubbles on the dosage unit may decrease the dissolution rate by
decreasing the available surface area.
• Some formulations will be sensitive to the presence of dissolved air in the
dissolution.
• Media containing surfactants are not usually deaerated after the
surfactant has been added to the medium.
• Media containing surfactants are not usually deaerated after the
surfactant has been added to the medium because of excessive foaming.
6/4/2016 9sagar kishor savale
10. 1.COMPENDIAL DISSOLUTION MEDIA:
• The traditional medium to simulate gastric conditions in the fasted state has been simulated
gastric fluid (SGF).
• This medium contains HCL and Nacl , as well as pepsin and water, and has a pH of 1.2.
• Although the medium addresses many of the qualities of gastric juice.
• For example, most studies of gastric pH indicate that the across-the-board average gastric pH
usually lies in the range1.5–1.9 .
Types Of Dissolution Media1
6/4/2016 10
11. •Water is an attractive medium that because of its simplicity has been
widely used for quality control purposes.
•It could even be argued that it is physiologically relevant since many
formulations are intended to be ingested with a glass of water.
•However, the pH of water may vary with its source, and water has no
buffer capacity.
6/4/2016 11sagar kishor savale
12. • A frequently used medium for the simulation of small intestinal (SI)
conditions in the fasted state is simulated intestinal fluid (SIF)
• A medium that was first described as standard test solution in the USP
more than 50 years ago.
• The only parameter that has been changed is the pH of the medium.
• As it was assumed that the pH in the small intestine is very close to blood
plasma, the pH of SIF was initially set at 7.5.
6/4/2016 12sagar kishor savale
13. As per above the 7.5 is mainly seen at the distal part so the we
can’t predict the whole intestine.
The dissolution characteristics of oral formulations should be evaluated over the
physiologic pH range of 1.2 -6.8.
6/4/2016 13sagar kishor savale
14. • From above we can say than the main difference seen in the
Stomach pH, this is due to the secreation of the gastric juice mainly
HCl.
• For very poorly soluble compounds, aqueous solutions may contain a
percentage of a surfactant (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate, Tween 80,
Cremophor, Triton, terigitol , cyclodextrin or Span 80) that is used to
enhance drug solubility.
• The surfactant is added to mimic the action of the Bile salts
6/4/2016 14sagar kishor savale
15. •Biorelevant is short for ‘biologically
relevant’.
•Biorelevant media are virtually the same as
intestinal juices. They contain key natural
surfactants (bile salts, phospholipids)
present in intestinal juices. These are
missing from ordinary dissolution media.
•They are virtually the same as the fluids
inside the body, it can provide a much more
accurate picture of how drugs and their
formulations are likely to dissolve in vivo.
6/4/2016 15sagar kishor savale
16. • Several attempts have been made to improve simulation of fasting conditions in the
stomach. In most of these media, particular attention was given to the simulation of the
surface tension measured in human gastric aspirates.
• However, in these media, non-physiologically relevant surface active agents, lower than
physiological pH values or by far too high concentrations of pepsin or bile salts, were
utilized.
• Recently, a fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF) containing pepsin and low
amounts of bile salt and lecithin was developed by Vertzoni .
6/4/2016 16sagar kishor savale
17. • Specifically fasted state simulating intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) was developed to simulate
fasting conditions in the proximal small intestine.
• The addition of a stable phosphate buffer system that results in a pH representative to
values measured from the mid-duodenum to the proximal ileum.
• This medium contains bile salts and phospholipids (lecithin).
• From pharmacokinetic studies of drug absorption in the fasted state , ingesting 200–250
ml of water with the dosage form, a maximum total volume of about 300–500 ml will be
available in the proximal SI. Therefore, for dissolution tests, a volume of ≤500 ml is
recommended.
6/4/2016 17sagar kishor savale
18. •Is the fed state, the luminal composition in the stomach will be highly dependent on
the composition of the meal ingested.
•The composition and the amount of the food is different in the every people , so we
can’t get correlation.
•The ideal medium representing initial gastric conditions in the fed state should have
similar nutritional and physicochemical properties to that of a meal, e.g., the standard
breakfast recommended by the USFDA to studying the effects of food in BA and
bioequivalence studies.
•Milk was first investigated as a dissolution medium about 20 years ago, the use of
Ensure® Plus has been established only a few years ago.
•Ensure® Plus have a similar composition to a breakfast meal with respect to the ratio
of carbohydrate/fat/protein.
•In addition, as the stability of fresh milk at 37°C is a problem, heat-treated milk must
be used.
6/4/2016 18sagar kishor savale