This presentation describes the background of the cornea and the corneal diseases in general, also it describes in detailed manner how to manage the corneal ulcer with its different causes
Vitreous humour
1. Vitreous Humour
2. General features Vitreous humour is an inert ,transparent , colourless, jellylike, hydrophilic gel that serves the optical functions and also acts as important supporting structures for the eyeball. The vitreous cavity is bounded by anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the retina Its weighs nearly 4g Vitreous is an extacellular material composed of approximately 99 per cent water
3. Structure The vitreous body is the largest and simplest connective tissue present as a single piece in the human body Divided into three parts- 1. The hyaloid layer or membrane 2. The cortical vitreous and 3. The medullary vitreous
This presentation describes the background of the cornea and the corneal diseases in general, also it describes in detailed manner how to manage the corneal ulcer with its different causes
Vitreous humour
1. Vitreous Humour
2. General features Vitreous humour is an inert ,transparent , colourless, jellylike, hydrophilic gel that serves the optical functions and also acts as important supporting structures for the eyeball. The vitreous cavity is bounded by anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the retina Its weighs nearly 4g Vitreous is an extacellular material composed of approximately 99 per cent water
3. Structure The vitreous body is the largest and simplest connective tissue present as a single piece in the human body Divided into three parts- 1. The hyaloid layer or membrane 2. The cortical vitreous and 3. The medullary vitreous
The tear film is a complex mixture of substances secreted from multiple sources on the ocular surface, including the lacrimal gland, the accessory lacrimal glands, the meibomian glands, and the goblet cells.
The tear film is a complex mixture of substances secreted from multiple sources on the ocular surface, including the lacrimal gland, the accessory lacrimal glands, the meibomian glands, and the goblet cells.
The eyelids are mobile tissue curtains placed in front of the eyeballs. These act as shutters protecting the eyes from injuries and excessive light. These also perform an important function of spreading the tear film over the cornea and conjunctiva and also help in drainage of tears by lacrimal pump system.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
8. blepharitisblepharitis
Inflammation of the lid marginInflammation of the lid margin
(crusting/redness of lids)(crusting/redness of lids)
Causes ‘gritty’/foreign body sensation, oftenCauses ‘gritty’/foreign body sensation, often
concomitant with other ocular surface diseaseconcomitant with other ocular surface disease
Associated with recurrent hordeolum (styes) orAssociated with recurrent hordeolum (styes) or
chalaziachalazia
9.
10.
11. TypesTypes
1.1. AnteriorAnterior
a. Squamousa. Squamous
b. Ulcerativeb. Ulcerative
2. Posterior2. Posterior
a. Meibomian seborrhoeaa. Meibomian seborrhoea
b. Meibomianitisb. Meibomianitis
13. SEBORRHEIC/SQUAMOSEBORRHEIC/SQUAMO
USUS
It is characterized by the deposition ofIt is characterized by the deposition of
scalesscales
Eyelashes fallEyelashes fall
Hyperemic lid marginHyperemic lid margin
Absence of ulcersAbsence of ulcers
15. SymptomsSymptoms
Burning, deposits / crusting along lidBurning, deposits / crusting along lid
margins, grittiness , redness of lidmargins, grittiness , redness of lid
margins, photophobiamargins, photophobia
Symptoms are worse in the morningSymptoms are worse in the morning
16.
17. ULCERATIVEULCERATIVE
It is characterized by the presence ofIt is characterized by the presence of
infective materials such as yellow crustsinfective materials such as yellow crusts
or scalesor scales
There is matting of the lashesThere is matting of the lashes
Presence of ulcersPresence of ulcers
18. SymptomsSymptoms
Redness of lid margins, burning, itching,Redness of lid margins, burning, itching,
watering and photophobiawatering and photophobia
Signs:Signs:
Small ulcers at lid margins on removal ofSmall ulcers at lid margins on removal of
discharge, this features differentiate it fromdischarge, this features differentiate it from
conjunctivitisconjunctivitis
21. TreatmentTreatment
Discharge/ crust is removed from lidDischarge/ crust is removed from lid
margins with 1:4 dilution baby shampoomargins with 1:4 dilution baby shampoo
or luke warm 3% soda bicarbonate lotion.or luke warm 3% soda bicarbonate lotion.
The loose discharge is then cleanedThe loose discharge is then cleaned
cottoncotton
Diseased eyelashes are epilatedDiseased eyelashes are epilated
Appropriate antibiotic drops are usedAppropriate antibiotic drops are used
After control of infection, daily cleaning ofAfter control of infection, daily cleaning of
lid margins with blend lotionlid margins with blend lotion
22. TreatmentTreatment
Improvement of local hygiene (rubbing ofImprovement of local hygiene (rubbing of
eyes and touching of eyes with dirty handeyes and touching of eyes with dirty hand
should be discouraged)should be discouraged)
23. Sequelae of UlcerativeSequelae of Ulcerative
BlepharitisBlepharitis
Chronic course and associated chronicChronic course and associated chronic
conjunctivitisconjunctivitis
Madarosis (Scanty eyelashes) due toMadarosis (Scanty eyelashes) due to
falling of eyelashesfalling of eyelashes
Trichiasis (misdirected eyelashes) due toTrichiasis (misdirected eyelashes) due to
contraction of scar tissuecontraction of scar tissue
Cicatrization of lid margins causingCicatrization of lid margins causing
thickening and hypertrophy of tissue andthickening and hypertrophy of tissue and
drooping of lids (Tylosis)drooping of lids (Tylosis)
24. Posterior BlepharitisPosterior Blepharitis
Posterior blepharitisPosterior blepharitis
Is caused by Meibomian gland dysfunction andIs caused by Meibomian gland dysfunction and
alterations in secretions.alterations in secretions.
Loss of tear film phospholipids that act asLoss of tear film phospholipids that act as
surfactants results in increased tearsurfactants results in increased tear
evaporation and osmolarityevaporation and osmolarity
Post. Blep is more chronic and persistent thanPost. Blep is more chronic and persistent than
anterioranterior
27. TreatmentTreatment
Warm compressesWarm compresses
Systemic - Doxycycline 100 mgm twice xSystemic - Doxycycline 100 mgm twice x
1 week then once daily for 6 -12 weeks1 week then once daily for 6 -12 weeks
or Tetracycline 250 mgm 4 times x 1or Tetracycline 250 mgm 4 times x 1
week then twice for 6 -12 weeksweek then twice for 6 -12 weeks
Associated tear film abnormality isAssociated tear film abnormality is
treated with artificial tear dropstreated with artificial tear drops
29. Hordeolum ExternumHordeolum Externum
(Stye)(Stye)
Definition: Localized suppurativeDefinition: Localized suppurative
inflammation of gland of zeis at lidinflammation of gland of zeis at lid
margin at ciliary follicle.margin at ciliary follicle.
30.
31. EtiologyEtiology
Usually caused by staphylococcusUsually caused by staphylococcus
aureusaureus
There is infection of hair follicle ofThere is infection of hair follicle of
eyelash.eyelash.
It may complicate Acne Vulgeris in youngIt may complicate Acne Vulgeris in young
adults.adults.
32. HistopathologyHistopathology
Purulent infection of follicle and its glandPurulent infection of follicle and its gland
with cellulitis of surrounding connectivewith cellulitis of surrounding connective
tissuetissue
33. Clinical PictureClinical Picture
Stye are frequently recurrent, appearingStye are frequently recurrent, appearing
in crops.in crops.
Recurrent lesion is particularly seen inRecurrent lesion is particularly seen in
cases of debility, focal infections andcases of debility, focal infections and
diabetics.diabetics.
34. SymptomsSymptoms
Severe pain which is sharp throbbing ,Severe pain which is sharp throbbing ,
feeling of fullness or heaviness andfeeling of fullness or heaviness and
feeling of heatfeeling of heat
Tenderness (increase in pain on touchingTenderness (increase in pain on touching
swelling/ affected area)swelling/ affected area)
Pain subsides on escape of pusPain subsides on escape of pus
35. SignsSigns
Starts usually asStarts usually as
edema of the lidsedema of the lids
with chemosiswith chemosis
Yellow pus pointYellow pus point
appears on the lidappears on the lid
margin around themargin around the
root of a lash at theroot of a lash at the
most prominent partmost prominent part
of the swellingof the swelling
36. Signs … contdSigns … contd
Skin gives way and pusSkin gives way and pus
drains with sloughingdrains with sloughing
Swelling subsides andSwelling subsides and
cicatrix formcicatrix form
Spread of infection toSpread of infection to
neighbouring lashesneighbouring lashes
opposite lid margin andopposite lid margin and
conjunctival sacconjunctival sac
37. treatmenttreatment
Hot compressesHot compresses
Evacuation of pus by epilationEvacuation of pus by epilation
Antibiotic eye drops and eye ointmentAntibiotic eye drops and eye ointment
Systemic anti inflammatorySystemic anti inflammatory
Systemic antibioticsSystemic antibiotics
-Most cases are self limiting .-Most cases are self limiting .
39. Hordeolum InternumHordeolum Internum
Hordeolum Internum is a suppurativeHordeolum Internum is a suppurative
inflammation of meibomian gland.inflammation of meibomian gland.
It may be due to secondary infection ofIt may be due to secondary infection of
meibomian gland or it may start to beginmeibomian gland or it may start to begin
with as suppurative infection ofwith as suppurative infection of
meibomian gland.meibomian gland.
This condition is more symptomatic thanThis condition is more symptomatic than
stye, the gland is larger and is located instye, the gland is larger and is located in
fibrous tarsal platefibrous tarsal plate
40. SymptomsSymptoms
Pain, which may be severe throbbingPain, which may be severe throbbing
Swelling , which is away from lid marginSwelling , which is away from lid margin
Pus pointing either at the lid margin or onPus pointing either at the lid margin or on
the palpabral conjunctivathe palpabral conjunctiva
41.
42. SignsSigns
Swelling of affected lid, due to associatedSwelling of affected lid, due to associated
cellulitiscellulitis
Swelling is more marked about 4-5 mmSwelling is more marked about 4-5 mm
from lid marginfrom lid margin
TendernessTenderness
Palpabral conjunctiva over the swelling isPalpabral conjunctiva over the swelling is
congested a pus point may be visiblecongested a pus point may be visible
Pus point may be visible at the lid marginPus point may be visible at the lid margin
44. Treatment ofTreatment of
Hordeolum InternumHordeolum Internum
Medical treatment is similar to treatment ofMedical treatment is similar to treatment of
Hordeoulm externum i.e.Hordeoulm externum i.e.
SystemicSystemic
a. Antibiotica. Antibiotic
b. Anti-inflammatory analgesicb. Anti-inflammatory analgesic
LocalLocal
a. Hot fomentationa. Hot fomentation
b. Local broad spectrum antibiotic drop andb. Local broad spectrum antibiotic drop and
ointmentointment
45. Possible outcome ofPossible outcome of
TreatmentTreatment
It may resolve with evacuation of pus at the lidIt may resolve with evacuation of pus at the lid
marginmargin
It may burst on palpebral conjunctiva, leadingIt may burst on palpebral conjunctiva, leading
to infective bacterial conjunctivitisto infective bacterial conjunctivitis
It turns into chronic granuloma i.e. ChalazionIt turns into chronic granuloma i.e. Chalazion
47. ChalazionChalazion
Chalazion is also called tarsal cyst or meibomian cystChalazion is also called tarsal cyst or meibomian cyst
Chalazion is chronic inflammatory inflammatoryChalazion is chronic inflammatory inflammatory
granuloma of meibomian glandgranuloma of meibomian gland
Seen in adults more often as multiple lesions occurringSeen in adults more often as multiple lesions occurring
in cropsin crops
The opening of meibomian gland is occluded leading toThe opening of meibomian gland is occluded leading to
retention which acts as cause of chronic irritationretention which acts as cause of chronic irritation
48. ChalazionChalazion
Signs:Signs:
Painless swelling 4-5 mm away from lid margin.Painless swelling 4-5 mm away from lid margin.
Swelling is hardSwelling is hard
On conjunctival side it appears red or purple. In longOn conjunctival side it appears red or purple. In long
standing lesions it appears grey.standing lesions it appears grey.
Chalazion may become smaller over the period ofChalazion may become smaller over the period of
time ,but complete resolution may occur only rarelytime ,but complete resolution may occur only rarely
49. ChalazionChalazion
-It is a granuloma
within the tarsal
plate caused by
obstructed
meibomian gland.
-Painless.
-Symptoms are
unsightly lid swelling
which resolve within
six months if the
lesion persist we
remove it surgically
50. ChalazionChalazion
Symptoms:Symptoms:
Hard painless swelling little away from lidHard painless swelling little away from lid
marginmargin
Swelling increases gradually in size withoutSwelling increases gradually in size without
painpain
Small chalazia are better felt than seenSmall chalazia are better felt than seen
Multiple lesions and large chalazion mayMultiple lesions and large chalazion may
be associated with inability to open eyebe associated with inability to open eye
fullyfully
51. Signs of chalazion (meibomian cyst)
Painless, roundish, firm lesion
within tarsal plate
May rupture through conjunctiva
and cause granuloma
52. Treatment of ChalazionTreatment of Chalazion
Intralesional injection of TriamcinoloneIntralesional injection of Triamcinolone
Acetonide may help in resolution ofAcetonide may help in resolution of
chalazionchalazion
Incision & curette of chalazion isIncision & curette of chalazion is
indicated in cases when it causesindicated in cases when it causes
disfigurement and mechanical ptosis duedisfigurement and mechanical ptosis due
to its weightto its weight
55. Functions of lidsFunctions of lids
1.1. Protection of eyeProtection of eye
2.2. Act as lacrimal pumpAct as lacrimal pump
56. EntropionEntropion
Entropion is in-rolling of eye lid margin.Entropion is in-rolling of eye lid margin.
Normal position of sharp posterior border ofNormal position of sharp posterior border of
inter-marginal strip is essential for interigrity ofinter-marginal strip is essential for interigrity of
the tear film and for maintenance of healthythe tear film and for maintenance of healthy
ocular surfaceocular surface
Entropion is caused by disparity of length andEntropion is caused by disparity of length and
tone of anterior skin muscle layer and posteriortone of anterior skin muscle layer and posterior
tarso-conjunctival layer of the eyelidtarso-conjunctival layer of the eyelid
57. Symptoms of EntropionSymptoms of Entropion
Foreign body sensationForeign body sensation
WateringWatering
RednessRedness
PainPain
PhotophobiaPhotophobia
These symptoms are due to rubbing ofThese symptoms are due to rubbing of
ocular surface by misdirected eyelashesocular surface by misdirected eyelashes
59. Involutional EntropionInvolutional Entropion
This condition is due to old age, due toThis condition is due to old age, due to
instability of lid structuresinstability of lid structures
There occurs:There occurs:
a.a. WeaknessWeakness of the posterior retractor ofof the posterior retractor of
the lidthe lid
b.b. LaxityLaxity of medial and lateral canthalof medial and lateral canthal
ligamentsligaments
c.c. AtrophyAtrophy of orbital pad of fat leading toof orbital pad of fat leading to
enophthalmosenophthalmos
61. Surgical ProceduresSurgical Procedures
1.1. Catgut suture application throughCatgut suture application through
2.2. Modified Bick operationModified Bick operation: Horizontal: Horizontal
shortening of lower lid with fixation toshortening of lower lid with fixation to
lateral canthal ligament and periosteumlateral canthal ligament and periosteum
3.3. Tucking of inferior lid retractorsTucking of inferior lid retractors
62. Cicatricial EntropionCicatricial Entropion
Caused byCaused by contraction of scar tissuecontraction of scar tissue ofof
the palpebral conjunctivathe palpebral conjunctiva
In this case there is relative shortening ofIn this case there is relative shortening of
inner layer i.e. tarso-conjunctivainner layer i.e. tarso-conjunctiva
Caused by scarring of palpebralCaused by scarring of palpebral
conjunctiva byconjunctiva by trachoma, trauma,trachoma, trauma,
chemical injuries (burns), pemphigus andchemical injuries (burns), pemphigus and
Stevens-Johnson syndromeStevens-Johnson syndrome
63. TreatmentTreatment
Principles of surgeryPrinciples of surgery
1.1. Tarsal rotationTarsal rotation (forwards)(forwards)
2.2. Lengthening of posterior lid lamina soLengthening of posterior lid lamina so
that eyelashes turn forwardsthat eyelashes turn forwards
SurgerySurgery
a.a. Wedge resection (Tarsal paring)Wedge resection (Tarsal paring)
b.b. Tarsal fractureTarsal fracture
64. Spastic EntropionSpastic Entropion
This condition is due toThis condition is due to spasm of orbicularisspasm of orbicularis inin
presence of degeneration of the palpabralpresence of degeneration of the palpabral
connective tissue separating orbicularis fibres.connective tissue separating orbicularis fibres.
The spasm is induced byThe spasm is induced by local irritationlocal irritation inin
inflammatory and traumatic conditions.inflammatory and traumatic conditions.
65. Clinical pictureClinical picture
Condition is found inCondition is found in elderlyelderly patientspatients
Tight bandaging may cause spasticTight bandaging may cause spastic
entropionentropion
Narrowness of palpebral apertureNarrowness of palpebral aperture
Seen inSeen in lower lidslower lids
66. Treatment of SpasticTreatment of Spastic
EntropionEntropion
Removal of causeRemoval of cause i.e removal of cause ofi.e removal of cause of
irritation, tight bandagingirritation, tight bandaging
Treatment of surface disorder byTreatment of surface disorder by artificialartificial
tears and control of conjunctival infectiontears and control of conjunctival infection
and lid inflammation with antibioticand lid inflammation with antibiotic
Fixing of lower lid after everting it withFixing of lower lid after everting it with
adhesive tapeadhesive tape
Injection ofInjection of Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin into pre-tarsalinto pre-tarsal
orbicularis to weaken itorbicularis to weaken it
67. Surgical treatmentSurgical treatment
Producing a ridge of fibrous tissue in theProducing a ridge of fibrous tissue in the
orbicularis to prevent its fibres fromorbicularis to prevent its fibres from
sliding in vertical directionsliding in vertical direction
68. Congenital EntropionCongenital Entropion
This condition is due toThis condition is due to dysgenesis ofdysgenesis of
lower lid retractor or due to abnormallower lid retractor or due to abnormal
development of tarsal plate.development of tarsal plate.
70. EctropionEctropion
Ectropion is out-rolling of lid marginEctropion is out-rolling of lid margin
Symptoms are:Symptoms are:
Watering (due to eversion of punta)Watering (due to eversion of punta)
Foreign body sensationForeign body sensation
PainPain
RednessRedness
Photophobia (Due to involvement of cornea)Photophobia (Due to involvement of cornea)
Symptoms are due to eversion of punta, andSymptoms are due to eversion of punta, and
exposure of ocular surface, chronicexposure of ocular surface, chronic
conjunctivitis caused by exposure and drying ofconjunctivitis caused by exposure and drying of
surfacesurface
72. Involutional EctropionInvolutional Ectropion
Effect of ageEffect of age
Slowly there is relaxation of lid structures (canthalSlowly there is relaxation of lid structures (canthal
ligament and orbiularis)ligament and orbiularis)
Stages:Stages:
1.1. Early stage: inEarly stage: in mild cases on looking up the puncta ismild cases on looking up the puncta is
not apposed to bulbar conjunctivanot apposed to bulbar conjunctiva
2.2. Progresses to moderate stage puncta are notProgresses to moderate stage puncta are not
apposed to bulbar conjunctiva even in primary gazeapposed to bulbar conjunctiva even in primary gaze
andand entire lid margin fall away from the globeentire lid margin fall away from the globe
73. Involutional EctropionInvolutional Ectropion
3. In3. In severe case lower lids are rolled outsevere case lower lids are rolled out andand
palpabral conjunctiva (including tarso-palpabral conjunctiva (including tarso-
conjunctiva and fornix are exposed)conjunctiva and fornix are exposed)
Tears areTears are no longer drainedno longer drained into nose andinto nose and
overflow onto the cheekoverflow onto the cheek
74. TreatmentTreatment
Surgical treatment:Surgical treatment:
in mild to moderate cases,in mild to moderate cases, excisionexcision of 7 – 8of 7 – 8
mm long x 4 mm high conjunctival exicion 5mm long x 4 mm high conjunctival exicion 5
mm below lid margin (puncta), this puts backmm below lid margin (puncta), this puts back
puncta in its normal positionpuncta in its normal position
In more marked cases 5 mm full thicknessIn more marked cases 5 mm full thickness
shortening/ resection of lid 5 mm from puncta,shortening/ resection of lid 5 mm from puncta,
by giving inverted house shaped incisionby giving inverted house shaped incision
((modified Kuhnt Szymanowskimodified Kuhnt Szymanowski operation atoperation at
lateral canthus orlateral canthus or modified Lazy Tmodified Lazy T operation atoperation at
medial canthus)medial canthus)
75. Cicatricial EctropionCicatricial Ectropion
Is out-rolling of lid marging due toIs out-rolling of lid marging due to
contraction of scar tissue on skin side.contraction of scar tissue on skin side.
Commonly results from lid trauma, burns,Commonly results from lid trauma, burns,
chemical injuries and chronicchemical injuries and chronic
inflammations of lid skin. Due toinflammations of lid skin. Due to
contraction of scar the lid skin shortenscontraction of scar the lid skin shortens
pulling the eyelid away from the eyeballpulling the eyelid away from the eyeball
78. TreatmentTreatment
Principle of surgery:Principle of surgery:
release and relaxation of the scar tissuerelease and relaxation of the scar tissue
and restoration (elongation) of skin byand restoration (elongation) of skin by
blepharoplastyblepharoplasty
Localized small scar may be treated byLocalized small scar may be treated by
V-Y operationV-Y operation
Large scar requiresLarge scar requires excision of scarexcision of scar
tissuetissue and application of matching (wholeand application of matching (whole
or spilt) skin graft.or spilt) skin graft.
79. Paralytic EctropionParalytic Ectropion
This condition is due toThis condition is due to paralysis of the facial nerveparalysis of the facial nerve
due to Bell palsy, surgery on parotid gland and traumadue to Bell palsy, surgery on parotid gland and trauma
Characterized by presence of other signs of facialCharacterized by presence of other signs of facial
palsypalsy
Initially treated by conservative treatment byInitially treated by conservative treatment by taping oftaping of
lids, lubricating eye dropslids, lubricating eye drops, till there is recovery, till there is recovery
Lateral tarsorrhaphyLateral tarsorrhaphy, by suturing freshened upper and, by suturing freshened upper and
lower lids at outer canthuslower lids at outer canthus
Lagophthalmos due to weakness of superior orbicularisLagophthalmos due to weakness of superior orbicularis
may be treated bymay be treated by tapingtaping