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«RED EYE» DISEASES«RED EYE» DISEASES
TYPES of INJECTION of EYEBALLTYPES of INJECTION of EYEBALL::
1.1. SuperficialSuperficial or conjunctival;or conjunctival;
2.2. DeepDeep or ciliary or pericorneal;or ciliary or pericorneal;
3.3. MixtMixt
TYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITISTYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITIS
ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:
1.1. RED EYE (RED EYE (superficial injectionsuperficial injection););
2.2. CORNEAL SYNDROMECORNEAL SYNDROME (photophobia, profuse tearing,(photophobia, profuse tearing,
blepharospasmusblepharospasmus);;
3.3. DISCHARGE from the eyeDISCHARGE from the eye
SponsoredSponsored
Medical Lecture Notes –Medical Lecture Notes – All SubjectsAll Subjects
USMLE Exam (America) –USMLE Exam (America) – PracticePractice
KEY SIGNS ofKEY SIGNS of
BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:
 purulent & sticky discharge from the eye;purulent & sticky discharge from the eye;
 bilateral, but frequently asymmetricalbilateral, but frequently asymmetrical
ACUTE EPIDEMIC CONJUNCTIVITIS KOHA-UYIXA:ACUTE EPIDEMIC CONJUNCTIVITIS KOHA-UYIXA:
 oedematous & thickenoedematous & thicken bulbarbulbar conjunctiva form two triangules arroundconjunctiva form two triangules arround
cornea;cornea;
 haemorrhages under bulbar conjunctivahaemorrhages under bulbar conjunctiva
GONOCCOCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:GONOCCOCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:
 usually bilateral in infants & monolateral in adults;usually bilateral in infants & monolateral in adults;
 first 3-4 days discharge with blood remainder, then profuse purulentfirst 3-4 days discharge with blood remainder, then profuse purulent
discharge (gonoblennoreia);discharge (gonoblennoreia);
 easy bleeding conjunctivaeasy bleeding conjunctiva
PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:
 membranes on palpebral conjunctiva, which are easy removed;membranes on palpebral conjunctiva, which are easy removed;
 conjunctiva does not bleed after membranes removingconjunctiva does not bleed after membranes removing
DIPHTERITIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:DIPHTERITIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:
 membranes on palpebral conjunctiva and eyelids edges, which are removedmembranes on palpebral conjunctiva and eyelids edges, which are removed
with difficulty;with difficulty;
 conjunctiva bleeds after membranes removing;conjunctiva bleeds after membranes removing;
 on the places of membranes location star scars appears soonon the places of membranes location star scars appears soon;;
 combimation with diphteria of nose, throat, laryngs etc.combimation with diphteria of nose, throat, laryngs etc.
Bacterial conjnctivitisBacterial conjnctivitis
GONOCCOCAL CONJUNCTIVITISGONOCCOCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
KEY SIGNS ofKEY SIGNS of
VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:
serous watery discharge;serous watery discharge;
pink folliculae on lower eyelid conjunctiva;pink folliculae on lower eyelid conjunctiva;
palpable prearicular lymph nodes;palpable prearicular lymph nodes;
 subconjunctival haemorrhages;subconjunctival haemorrhages;
infectuion usually begins in one eye & in 2-3 days spreads into the fellowinfectuion usually begins in one eye & in 2-3 days spreads into the fellow
eyeeye
general reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or uppergeneral reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or upper
respiratory infection in anamnesisrespiratory infection in anamnesis
ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:
itching subjectivelly;itching subjectivelly;
papillae on upper eyelid conjunctiva;papillae on upper eyelid conjunctiva;
allergic anamnesisallergic anamnesis
Viral conjunctivitisViral conjunctivitis
Allergic conjunctivitisAllergic conjunctivitis
TRAHOMATRAHOMA
(caused by Chlamydia trahomatis)(caused by Chlamydia trahomatis)
 chronic duration;chronic duration;
 four phases (infiltration, progression, regression, scaring);four phases (infiltration, progression, regression, scaring);
 large yellow-gray folliculae on thicked conjunctiva of upper eyelid;large yellow-gray folliculae on thicked conjunctiva of upper eyelid;
 typical corneal damage – pannus tracomatosus in upper part withtypical corneal damage – pannus tracomatosus in upper part with
superficial neovascularization;superficial neovascularization;
 formation of large star scarsformation of large star scars
Complications & outcome:Complications & outcome:
 trichiasis;trichiasis;
 madarosis;madarosis;
 stricturae of lacrimal exretory system;stricturae of lacrimal exretory system;
 symblepharon;symblepharon;
 xerosis etc.xerosis etc.
LOCAL ANTIBACTERIAL TREATMENT:LOCAL ANTIBACTERIAL TREATMENT:
dropsdrops - S.Sulfacili Na 30 %,- S.Sulfacili Na 30 %,
S.Dimexidi 10 %,S.Dimexidi 10 %,
S.Gentamycini 0,3 %,S.Gentamycini 0,3 %,
S.Laevomycetini 0,25 %,S.Laevomycetini 0,25 %,
S.Polymixini B 0,25 %,S.Polymixini B 0,25 %,
S.Tobramycini 0,3 %,S.Tobramycini 0,3 %,
S.Chlorhexidini 0,02 %,S.Chlorhexidini 0,02 %,
S. Ciprophloxacini 0,3 %,S. Ciprophloxacini 0,3 %,
СiloxaniСiloxani
UnifloxUniflox
VigamoxVigamox
OftaquixOftaquix etc.etc.
ointmentsointments – Ung. Tetracyclini 1 %,– Ung. Tetracyclini 1 %,
Ung. Tobramycini 0,3 %,Ung. Tobramycini 0,3 %,
Ung. Erythromycini 1 %Ung. Erythromycini 1 %
““Floxal”Floxal” etc.etc.
LOCAL ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT:LOCAL ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT:
dropsdrops -Interferoni,-Interferoni,
Reaferoni,Reaferoni,
Laferoni,Laferoni,
Viaferoni,Viaferoni,
InterlokInterlok
IDU,IDU,
S. Florenali 0,1 %,S. Florenali 0,1 %,
S. Oxolini 0,1 %,S. Oxolini 0,1 %,
S. tebrofeni 0,1 %S. tebrofeni 0,1 %
VirganVirgan etc.etc.
ointmentsointments – Ung. Florenali 0,5 %,– Ung. Florenali 0,5 %,
Ung. Oxolini 0,25 %,Ung. Oxolini 0,25 %,
Ung. Tebrofeni 0,5 %,Ung. Tebrofeni 0,5 %,
Ung. Acycloviri 5 % (or Zovirax or Verolex) etcUng. Acycloviri 5 % (or Zovirax or Verolex) etc.
LOCAL ANTIALLERGIC TREATMENT:LOCAL ANTIALLERGIC TREATMENT:
dropsdrops – S. Ca Chloridi 3 %,– S. Ca Chloridi 3 %,
S. Dexamethasoni 0,1 %,S. Dexamethasoni 0,1 %,
«Lecrolyn» (Santen),«Lecrolyn» (Santen),
«Alomid» (Alcon),«Alomid» (Alcon),
«Opatanol» (Alcon) etc.«Opatanol» (Alcon) etc.
ointmentsointments –Ung. Maxidex & other corticosteroids.–Ung. Maxidex & other corticosteroids.
TYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF KERATITISTYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF KERATITIS
ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:
1.1. Red eye (deep injection, in severe cases mixt injection);Red eye (deep injection, in severe cases mixt injection);
2.2. Corneal syndromeCorneal syndrome (photophobia, profuse tearing, blepharospasmus)(photophobia, profuse tearing, blepharospasmus);;
3.3. Reducing of visual acuity;Reducing of visual acuity;
4.4. Lasting pain, more severe in daytime, when eye is open;Lasting pain, more severe in daytime, when eye is open;
5.5. Inflammatory infiltrate in the corneaInflammatory infiltrate in the cornea
BACTERIAL ULSERBACTERIAL ULSER
caused by pneumococcus, pseudomonas, diplococcus, strepthococcus,caused by pneumococcus, pseudomonas, diplococcus, strepthococcus,
staphylococcus etc. It is exogenis keratitis and always is a result of corneastaphylococcus etc. It is exogenis keratitis and always is a result of cornea
microtrauma.microtrauma.
The hallmark signs are:The hallmark signs are:
acute beginning,acute beginning,
severe corneal syndrome,severe corneal syndrome,
corneal ulcer with one progressive edgecorneal ulcer with one progressive edge
The lysis of cornea till Descemet’s membrane is calledThe lysis of cornea till Descemet’s membrane is called descemethoceledescemethocele. It is. It is
threat for corneal perforation. Bacterial ulser often is associated with pus inthreat for corneal perforation. Bacterial ulser often is associated with pus in
anterior chamber – aanterior chamber – a hypopionhypopion..
The complications of bacterial ulser:The complications of bacterial ulser:
corneal perforation,corneal perforation,
panuveitis,panuveitis,
endophthalmitis,endophthalmitis,
orbital cellulitisorbital cellulitis
Bacretiological and bacteriscopical researching are necessary. The treatment isBacretiological and bacteriscopical researching are necessary. The treatment is
performing in clinicperforming in clinic
Bacterial ulcerBacterial ulcer
Peripheral ulcerPeripheral ulcer
CLINICAL FEATURES of ADENOVIRALCLINICAL FEATURES of ADENOVIRAL
KERATITIS:KERATITIS:
many punctate subepithelial solitary round infiltrates (like a coin)many punctate subepithelial solitary round infiltrates (like a coin)
not juting out;not juting out;
decreasing of corneal sensitivity on the hole surface not onlydecreasing of corneal sensitivity on the hole surface not only
above the infiltrate;above the infiltrate;
folliculular conjunctivitis;folliculular conjunctivitis;
palpable prearicular lymph nodes;palpable prearicular lymph nodes;
general reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or uppergeneral reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or upper
respiratory infection in anamnesisrespiratory infection in anamnesis
CLINICAL FEATURES ofCLINICAL FEATURES of
HERPES KERATITIS:HERPES KERATITIS:
unilateral,unilateral,
less corneal syndrome,less corneal syndrome,
bilateral decreasing of corneal sensitivity,bilateral decreasing of corneal sensitivity,
prolongated duration,prolongated duration,
recidivationrecidivation
Imunodiagnostic is necessary.Imunodiagnostic is necessary.
It may beIt may be primaryprimary (in age 5 month-5years) in first virus(in age 5 month-5years) in first virus
penetration andpenetration and postprimarypostprimary in inficated person.in inficated person.
The clinical forms of secondary herpes keratitis:The clinical forms of secondary herpes keratitis:
superficial (vesiculous and dendritic) &superficial (vesiculous and dendritic) &
deep (like disc, methaherpetic and deep stromal).deep (like disc, methaherpetic and deep stromal).
SYPHILITIC PARENCHYMATOUS KERATITIS –SYPHILITIC PARENCHYMATOUS KERATITIS –
the late (often in 6-20 years old) appearence of congenital syphilis.the late (often in 6-20 years old) appearence of congenital syphilis.
The diagnosis is confirmed by positive serological reaction (RW).The diagnosis is confirmed by positive serological reaction (RW).
The three cardinal symptoms of congenital syphilis are the next:The three cardinal symptoms of congenital syphilis are the next:
keratitis,keratitis,
deafing,deafing,
special teethspecial teeth
The cyclic duration is typical for this keratitis:The cyclic duration is typical for this keratitis:
phase of infiltrationphase of infiltration (3-4 weeks) – less corneal syndrome, the dissemination of(3-4 weeks) – less corneal syndrome, the dissemination of
punctate infiltrates in corneal stroma from periphery (limbus area) to the center;punctate infiltrates in corneal stroma from periphery (limbus area) to the center;
phase of vascularusationphase of vascularusation (6-8 weeks) – intensive infiltration and deep(6-8 weeks) – intensive infiltration and deep
vascularization, express corneal syndrome;vascularization, express corneal syndrome;
regressive phaseregressive phase (1-2 years) – the regression of infiltrates from the center to(1-2 years) – the regression of infiltrates from the center to
the periphery.the periphery.
For syphilitic parenchymatous keratitis is not typical ephithelium defectFor syphilitic parenchymatous keratitis is not typical ephithelium defect
(fluorescein test is negative). The disease is bilateral. The inflammation of(fluorescein test is negative). The disease is bilateral. The inflammation of
second eye usually occurs in two or more yearssecond eye usually occurs in two or more years..
The specific treatment: Extencillini (Penicillini G) 2.4 mln. OD for injection. TheThe specific treatment: Extencillini (Penicillini G) 2.4 mln. OD for injection. The
injection is repeated in 7 days.injection is repeated in 7 days.
HAEMATOGENIC TUBERCULOTIC KERATITISHAEMATOGENIC TUBERCULOTIC KERATITIS
caused by mycobacterium tuberculosiscaused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clinical peculierities:Clinical peculierities:
large isolate yellow infiltrates in deep layers at any part oflarge isolate yellow infiltrates in deep layers at any part of
cornea;cornea;
mixt (superficial and deep) vascularization;mixt (superficial and deep) vascularization;
torpid recurrent duration, without acute inflammation;torpid recurrent duration, without acute inflammation;
scleritis may occur;scleritis may occur;
unilateral;unilateral;
positive tuberculine testspositive tuberculine tests
Imunodiagnostic is necessary.Imunodiagnostic is necessary.
The treatment includes general and topical usage ofThe treatment includes general and topical usage of
antituberculotic drugs (isoniazidi, streptomycini);antituberculotic drugs (isoniazidi, streptomycini);
imunomodulators; vitamins.imunomodulators; vitamins.
TUBERCULOTIC ALLERGIC KERATITIS
is a local reaction of sensilization. It is usually occurs in children
with nonactive primary lung tuberculosis and peripheral lymph
nodes tuberculosis.
Permanent symptoms:
flictena (gray small focus in superficial corneal layers)
superficial vessels are companions of flictena
corneal syndrom is extensive
Mantoux’s test is positive
X-ray examination and blood analysis are necessary.
The treatment includes corticosteroids and desensilization
drugs, not antituberculotic.
MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES in KERATITISMANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES in KERATITIS
• Specific treatment: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal etc.Specific treatment: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal etc.
medicines generally (intravenous, intramuscular injections,medicines generally (intravenous, intramuscular injections,
per os) and locally (in drops, ointments, subconjunctivalper os) and locally (in drops, ointments, subconjunctival
and parabulbar injections).and parabulbar injections).
• Mydriatics to prevent uveitis.Mydriatics to prevent uveitis.
• Stimulators of corneal regenerations (1 % chininiStimulators of corneal regenerations (1 % chinini
hydrochloridi, 4 % taufoni, emoxipini, solcoserili,hydrochloridi, 4 % taufoni, emoxipini, solcoserili,
actovegini,actovegini, corneregelcorneregel, dexpanthenol, methyluracili,, dexpanthenol, methyluracili,
vitasik).vitasik).
• Proteolytic ferments locally for infiltrate lysis (fybrinolysini,Proteolytic ferments locally for infiltrate lysis (fybrinolysini,
lidasae, collalysini).lidasae, collalysini).
• Desensilization therapy (Diazolini, Tavegili, Klaritini).Desensilization therapy (Diazolini, Tavegili, Klaritini).
• Imunocorrection (Decaris, Timalini, Taktivini, Chigaini)Imunocorrection (Decaris, Timalini, Taktivini, Chigaini)
• Vitamins (B1, B2, C etc.).Vitamins (B1, B2, C etc.).
OUTCOME of KERATITISOUTCOME of KERATITIS
is corneal opacity, which includes:is corneal opacity, which includes:
nubeculanubecula – it can be seen only by special examination– it can be seen only by special examination
maculamacula – it can be seen without special examination by our eye,– it can be seen without special examination by our eye,
but the iris and pupil are seen through itbut the iris and pupil are seen through it
leucomaleucoma - it can be seen without special examination, but the- it can be seen without special examination, but the
iris and pupil can’t be seen through itiris and pupil can’t be seen through it
We try to treat corneal opacity during one year with the help ofWe try to treat corneal opacity during one year with the help of
proteolytic ferments (fibrinolysini, lidasa, kolallisini) in drops,proteolytic ferments (fibrinolysini, lidasa, kolallisini) in drops,
subconjunctival injections and physiotheraputic procedures.subconjunctival injections and physiotheraputic procedures.
If the scarring is axial in the cornea, the vision of the eye mayIf the scarring is axial in the cornea, the vision of the eye may
be permanently impaired. In these circumstances, somebe permanently impaired. In these circumstances, some
improvement may be obtained with spectacles, but a contactimprovement may be obtained with spectacles, but a contact
lens may give better vision.lens may give better vision.
In severe cases, a corneal graft will be required in order toIn severe cases, a corneal graft will be required in order to
improve the sight.improve the sight.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ofDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS of
CORNEAL INFILTRATE & OPACITYCORNEAL INFILTRATE & OPACITY
SignSign Corneal infiltrareCorneal infiltrare Corneal opacityCorneal opacity
Red eyeRed eye ++ __
CornealCorneal
syndromesyndrome
++ __
LimitsLimits irregularirregular regularregular
CorneaCornea not glassynot glassy glassyglassy
fluoresceinfluorescein
testtest
positivepositive negativenegative
TheThe anterior uveitisanterior uveitis is inflammation of iris and ciliary body. Thus itsis inflammation of iris and ciliary body. Thus its
another name is “iridocyclitis”. Theanother name is “iridocyclitis”. The mixt injection, corneal syndrome, pain,mixt injection, corneal syndrome, pain,
which increases at the night, andwhich increases at the night, and decreasing of visual acuitydecreasing of visual acuity are typical.are typical.
Aethiology:Aethiology: commonly idiopathic but numerous systemic causes –commonly idiopathic but numerous systemic causes – HLA-B27-HLA-B27-
associatedassociated (ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis);(ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis);
juvenile idiopathic arthtritisjuvenile idiopathic arthtritis (especially high risk if pauciarticular-onset and ANA-(especially high risk if pauciarticular-onset and ANA-
positive);positive); inflammatory bowel diseasesinflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis,Crohn’s disease);(ulcerative colitis,Crohn’s disease); non-non-
infectious systemic diseasesinfectious systemic diseases (sarcoidosis, Behchet’s disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-(sarcoidosis, Behchet’s disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-
Harada syndrome);Harada syndrome); infectionsinfections (herpes zoster and simplex, syphilis.(herpes zoster and simplex, syphilis.
tuberculosis).tuberculosis).
Clinical features of iritis:Clinical features of iritis:
pain increases in lighting;pain increases in lighting;
changing of iris picture (another colour, oedema, vessels are seen);changing of iris picture (another colour, oedema, vessels are seen);
small pupil (miosis) and its weak reaction on light;small pupil (miosis) and its weak reaction on light;
posterior synechiae (iris-lens adhesions)posterior synechiae (iris-lens adhesions)
Clinical features of cyclitis:Clinical features of cyclitis:
pain increases in palpation (ciliary pain) and accommodation;pain increases in palpation (ciliary pain) and accommodation;
keratic precipitates;keratic precipitates;
vitreous opacities;vitreous opacities;
changes of intraocular pressure (usual first increasing then decreasing)changes of intraocular pressure (usual first increasing then decreasing)
Сomplications of anterior uveitis:Сomplications of anterior uveitis:
panuveitis,panuveitis,
endophthalmitis,endophthalmitis,
panophthalmitispanophthalmitis
Outcome of anterior uveitis:Outcome of anterior uveitis:
secondary glaucoma,secondary glaucoma,
complicated cataract,complicated cataract,
vitreous opacity,vitreous opacity,
hypotonia,hypotonia,
eye atrophyeye atrophy
Management:Management:
Topical steroids and mydriatics are the mainstay of treatmentTopical steroids and mydriatics are the mainstay of treatment
Periocular steroid injectionPeriocular steroid injection
Systemic steroids, immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics for theSystemic steroids, immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics for the
infections (e.g. tuberculosis, syphilis)infections (e.g. tuberculosis, syphilis)
First aid in iridocyclitis:First aid in iridocyclitis:
MydriaticsMydriatics
SteroidsSteroids
DiureticsDiuretics
InIn posterior uveitis or choroiditisposterior uveitis or choroiditis the eye is quietthe eye is quiet
(not red), pain doesn’t disturb, corneal syndrome is not(not red), pain doesn’t disturb, corneal syndrome is not
typical. The visual functions are decreased. Patches aretypical. The visual functions are decreased. Patches are
seen in ophthalmoscopy.seen in ophthalmoscopy.
Aethiology:Aethiology: toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, cytomegalovirus,toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, cytomegalovirus,
histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis etc.histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis etc.
ForFor central choroiditiscentral choroiditis metamorphopsia, photopsia, centralmetamorphopsia, photopsia, central
scotoma and loss of visual acuity are typical.scotoma and loss of visual acuity are typical.
ForFor peripheral choroiditisperipheral choroiditis peripheral scotoma andperipheral scotoma and
narrowing of visual field are typical.narrowing of visual field are typical.
Management:Management: antimicrobial or antiviral agentsantimicrobial or antiviral agents
administered systemically and topical.administered systemically and topical.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS between
NEW & OLD FUNDUS PATCH
SignSign new patchnew patch old patchold patch
colourcolour pinkpink white or yellowwhite or yellow
limitslimits irregularirregular regularregular
pigmentumpigmentum in the centerin the center on peripheryon periphery
oedemaoedema ++ --
CLINICAL FEATURES of ENDOPHTHALMITIS:CLINICAL FEATURES of ENDOPHTHALMITIS:
 red eye (mixt injection);red eye (mixt injection);
 corneal syndrome;corneal syndrome;
 reducing of visual acuity;reducing of visual acuity;
 painpain
++
 hypopionhypopion (pus in the anterior chamber);(pus in the anterior chamber);
 abscess of vitreousabscess of vitreous (yellow fundus reflex)(yellow fundus reflex)
CLINICAL FEATURES of PANOPHTHALMITIS:CLINICAL FEATURES of PANOPHTHALMITIS:
 red eye (mixt injection);red eye (mixt injection);
 corneal syndrome;corneal syndrome;
 reducing of visual acuity;reducing of visual acuity;
 pain;pain;
 hypopion;hypopion;
 abscess of vitreousabscess of vitreous
++
 imbibition of cornea by pusimbibition of cornea by pus
 purulent choroidoretinitis (purulent choroidoretinitis ( with visual field defects & fundus patches ifwith visual field defects & fundus patches if
seen)seen)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ofDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS of
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF EYE ANTERIORINFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF EYE ANTERIOR
SEGMENTSEGMENT
SignSign conjunctivitisconjunctivitis keratitiskeratitis iridocyclitisiridocyclitis
red eyered eye ++ (superficial(superficial
injection)injection)
++ (deep or mixt(deep or mixt
injection)injection)
++ (deep or mixt(deep or mixt
injection)injection)
cornealcorneal
syndromesyndrome
++ ++ ++
painpain -- ++
(in daytime)(in daytime)
++
(at night, incresing in(at night, incresing in
lighting & palpation)lighting & palpation)
decreaseddecreased
visual acuityvisual acuity
-- ++ ++
peculieritiespeculierities dischargedischarge corneal infiltratecorneal infiltrate keratic precipitates,keratic precipitates,
posterior synechiae,posterior synechiae,
miosis, vitreousmiosis, vitreous
opacitiesopacities
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!

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Red eye conjunctivitis

  • 1. «RED EYE» DISEASES«RED EYE» DISEASES
  • 2. TYPES of INJECTION of EYEBALLTYPES of INJECTION of EYEBALL:: 1.1. SuperficialSuperficial or conjunctival;or conjunctival; 2.2. DeepDeep or ciliary or pericorneal;or ciliary or pericorneal; 3.3. MixtMixt
  • 3. TYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITISTYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITIS ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:ARE THE NEXT SIGNS: 1.1. RED EYE (RED EYE (superficial injectionsuperficial injection);); 2.2. CORNEAL SYNDROMECORNEAL SYNDROME (photophobia, profuse tearing,(photophobia, profuse tearing, blepharospasmusblepharospasmus);; 3.3. DISCHARGE from the eyeDISCHARGE from the eye
  • 4.
  • 5. SponsoredSponsored Medical Lecture Notes –Medical Lecture Notes – All SubjectsAll Subjects USMLE Exam (America) –USMLE Exam (America) – PracticePractice
  • 6. KEY SIGNS ofKEY SIGNS of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:  purulent & sticky discharge from the eye;purulent & sticky discharge from the eye;  bilateral, but frequently asymmetricalbilateral, but frequently asymmetrical ACUTE EPIDEMIC CONJUNCTIVITIS KOHA-UYIXA:ACUTE EPIDEMIC CONJUNCTIVITIS KOHA-UYIXA:  oedematous & thickenoedematous & thicken bulbarbulbar conjunctiva form two triangules arroundconjunctiva form two triangules arround cornea;cornea;  haemorrhages under bulbar conjunctivahaemorrhages under bulbar conjunctiva GONOCCOCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:GONOCCOCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:  usually bilateral in infants & monolateral in adults;usually bilateral in infants & monolateral in adults;  first 3-4 days discharge with blood remainder, then profuse purulentfirst 3-4 days discharge with blood remainder, then profuse purulent discharge (gonoblennoreia);discharge (gonoblennoreia);  easy bleeding conjunctivaeasy bleeding conjunctiva PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:  membranes on palpebral conjunctiva, which are easy removed;membranes on palpebral conjunctiva, which are easy removed;  conjunctiva does not bleed after membranes removingconjunctiva does not bleed after membranes removing DIPHTERITIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:DIPHTERITIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:  membranes on palpebral conjunctiva and eyelids edges, which are removedmembranes on palpebral conjunctiva and eyelids edges, which are removed with difficulty;with difficulty;  conjunctiva bleeds after membranes removing;conjunctiva bleeds after membranes removing;  on the places of membranes location star scars appears soonon the places of membranes location star scars appears soon;;  combimation with diphteria of nose, throat, laryngs etc.combimation with diphteria of nose, throat, laryngs etc.
  • 9.
  • 10. KEY SIGNS ofKEY SIGNS of VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS: serous watery discharge;serous watery discharge; pink folliculae on lower eyelid conjunctiva;pink folliculae on lower eyelid conjunctiva; palpable prearicular lymph nodes;palpable prearicular lymph nodes;  subconjunctival haemorrhages;subconjunctival haemorrhages; infectuion usually begins in one eye & in 2-3 days spreads into the fellowinfectuion usually begins in one eye & in 2-3 days spreads into the fellow eyeeye general reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or uppergeneral reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or upper respiratory infection in anamnesisrespiratory infection in anamnesis ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS: itching subjectivelly;itching subjectivelly; papillae on upper eyelid conjunctiva;papillae on upper eyelid conjunctiva; allergic anamnesisallergic anamnesis
  • 13. TRAHOMATRAHOMA (caused by Chlamydia trahomatis)(caused by Chlamydia trahomatis)  chronic duration;chronic duration;  four phases (infiltration, progression, regression, scaring);four phases (infiltration, progression, regression, scaring);  large yellow-gray folliculae on thicked conjunctiva of upper eyelid;large yellow-gray folliculae on thicked conjunctiva of upper eyelid;  typical corneal damage – pannus tracomatosus in upper part withtypical corneal damage – pannus tracomatosus in upper part with superficial neovascularization;superficial neovascularization;  formation of large star scarsformation of large star scars Complications & outcome:Complications & outcome:  trichiasis;trichiasis;  madarosis;madarosis;  stricturae of lacrimal exretory system;stricturae of lacrimal exretory system;  symblepharon;symblepharon;  xerosis etc.xerosis etc.
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  • 15. LOCAL ANTIBACTERIAL TREATMENT:LOCAL ANTIBACTERIAL TREATMENT: dropsdrops - S.Sulfacili Na 30 %,- S.Sulfacili Na 30 %, S.Dimexidi 10 %,S.Dimexidi 10 %, S.Gentamycini 0,3 %,S.Gentamycini 0,3 %, S.Laevomycetini 0,25 %,S.Laevomycetini 0,25 %, S.Polymixini B 0,25 %,S.Polymixini B 0,25 %, S.Tobramycini 0,3 %,S.Tobramycini 0,3 %, S.Chlorhexidini 0,02 %,S.Chlorhexidini 0,02 %, S. Ciprophloxacini 0,3 %,S. Ciprophloxacini 0,3 %, СiloxaniСiloxani UnifloxUniflox VigamoxVigamox OftaquixOftaquix etc.etc. ointmentsointments – Ung. Tetracyclini 1 %,– Ung. Tetracyclini 1 %, Ung. Tobramycini 0,3 %,Ung. Tobramycini 0,3 %, Ung. Erythromycini 1 %Ung. Erythromycini 1 % ““Floxal”Floxal” etc.etc.
  • 16. LOCAL ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT:LOCAL ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT: dropsdrops -Interferoni,-Interferoni, Reaferoni,Reaferoni, Laferoni,Laferoni, Viaferoni,Viaferoni, InterlokInterlok IDU,IDU, S. Florenali 0,1 %,S. Florenali 0,1 %, S. Oxolini 0,1 %,S. Oxolini 0,1 %, S. tebrofeni 0,1 %S. tebrofeni 0,1 % VirganVirgan etc.etc. ointmentsointments – Ung. Florenali 0,5 %,– Ung. Florenali 0,5 %, Ung. Oxolini 0,25 %,Ung. Oxolini 0,25 %, Ung. Tebrofeni 0,5 %,Ung. Tebrofeni 0,5 %, Ung. Acycloviri 5 % (or Zovirax or Verolex) etcUng. Acycloviri 5 % (or Zovirax or Verolex) etc.
  • 17. LOCAL ANTIALLERGIC TREATMENT:LOCAL ANTIALLERGIC TREATMENT: dropsdrops – S. Ca Chloridi 3 %,– S. Ca Chloridi 3 %, S. Dexamethasoni 0,1 %,S. Dexamethasoni 0,1 %, «Lecrolyn» (Santen),«Lecrolyn» (Santen), «Alomid» (Alcon),«Alomid» (Alcon), «Opatanol» (Alcon) etc.«Opatanol» (Alcon) etc. ointmentsointments –Ung. Maxidex & other corticosteroids.–Ung. Maxidex & other corticosteroids.
  • 18. TYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF KERATITISTYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF KERATITIS ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:ARE THE NEXT SIGNS: 1.1. Red eye (deep injection, in severe cases mixt injection);Red eye (deep injection, in severe cases mixt injection); 2.2. Corneal syndromeCorneal syndrome (photophobia, profuse tearing, blepharospasmus)(photophobia, profuse tearing, blepharospasmus);; 3.3. Reducing of visual acuity;Reducing of visual acuity; 4.4. Lasting pain, more severe in daytime, when eye is open;Lasting pain, more severe in daytime, when eye is open; 5.5. Inflammatory infiltrate in the corneaInflammatory infiltrate in the cornea
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  • 20. BACTERIAL ULSERBACTERIAL ULSER caused by pneumococcus, pseudomonas, diplococcus, strepthococcus,caused by pneumococcus, pseudomonas, diplococcus, strepthococcus, staphylococcus etc. It is exogenis keratitis and always is a result of corneastaphylococcus etc. It is exogenis keratitis and always is a result of cornea microtrauma.microtrauma. The hallmark signs are:The hallmark signs are: acute beginning,acute beginning, severe corneal syndrome,severe corneal syndrome, corneal ulcer with one progressive edgecorneal ulcer with one progressive edge The lysis of cornea till Descemet’s membrane is calledThe lysis of cornea till Descemet’s membrane is called descemethoceledescemethocele. It is. It is threat for corneal perforation. Bacterial ulser often is associated with pus inthreat for corneal perforation. Bacterial ulser often is associated with pus in anterior chamber – aanterior chamber – a hypopionhypopion.. The complications of bacterial ulser:The complications of bacterial ulser: corneal perforation,corneal perforation, panuveitis,panuveitis, endophthalmitis,endophthalmitis, orbital cellulitisorbital cellulitis Bacretiological and bacteriscopical researching are necessary. The treatment isBacretiological and bacteriscopical researching are necessary. The treatment is performing in clinicperforming in clinic
  • 23. CLINICAL FEATURES of ADENOVIRALCLINICAL FEATURES of ADENOVIRAL KERATITIS:KERATITIS: many punctate subepithelial solitary round infiltrates (like a coin)many punctate subepithelial solitary round infiltrates (like a coin) not juting out;not juting out; decreasing of corneal sensitivity on the hole surface not onlydecreasing of corneal sensitivity on the hole surface not only above the infiltrate;above the infiltrate; folliculular conjunctivitis;folliculular conjunctivitis; palpable prearicular lymph nodes;palpable prearicular lymph nodes; general reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or uppergeneral reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or upper respiratory infection in anamnesisrespiratory infection in anamnesis
  • 24. CLINICAL FEATURES ofCLINICAL FEATURES of HERPES KERATITIS:HERPES KERATITIS: unilateral,unilateral, less corneal syndrome,less corneal syndrome, bilateral decreasing of corneal sensitivity,bilateral decreasing of corneal sensitivity, prolongated duration,prolongated duration, recidivationrecidivation Imunodiagnostic is necessary.Imunodiagnostic is necessary. It may beIt may be primaryprimary (in age 5 month-5years) in first virus(in age 5 month-5years) in first virus penetration andpenetration and postprimarypostprimary in inficated person.in inficated person. The clinical forms of secondary herpes keratitis:The clinical forms of secondary herpes keratitis: superficial (vesiculous and dendritic) &superficial (vesiculous and dendritic) & deep (like disc, methaherpetic and deep stromal).deep (like disc, methaherpetic and deep stromal).
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  • 26. SYPHILITIC PARENCHYMATOUS KERATITIS –SYPHILITIC PARENCHYMATOUS KERATITIS – the late (often in 6-20 years old) appearence of congenital syphilis.the late (often in 6-20 years old) appearence of congenital syphilis. The diagnosis is confirmed by positive serological reaction (RW).The diagnosis is confirmed by positive serological reaction (RW). The three cardinal symptoms of congenital syphilis are the next:The three cardinal symptoms of congenital syphilis are the next: keratitis,keratitis, deafing,deafing, special teethspecial teeth The cyclic duration is typical for this keratitis:The cyclic duration is typical for this keratitis: phase of infiltrationphase of infiltration (3-4 weeks) – less corneal syndrome, the dissemination of(3-4 weeks) – less corneal syndrome, the dissemination of punctate infiltrates in corneal stroma from periphery (limbus area) to the center;punctate infiltrates in corneal stroma from periphery (limbus area) to the center; phase of vascularusationphase of vascularusation (6-8 weeks) – intensive infiltration and deep(6-8 weeks) – intensive infiltration and deep vascularization, express corneal syndrome;vascularization, express corneal syndrome; regressive phaseregressive phase (1-2 years) – the regression of infiltrates from the center to(1-2 years) – the regression of infiltrates from the center to the periphery.the periphery. For syphilitic parenchymatous keratitis is not typical ephithelium defectFor syphilitic parenchymatous keratitis is not typical ephithelium defect (fluorescein test is negative). The disease is bilateral. The inflammation of(fluorescein test is negative). The disease is bilateral. The inflammation of second eye usually occurs in two or more yearssecond eye usually occurs in two or more years.. The specific treatment: Extencillini (Penicillini G) 2.4 mln. OD for injection. TheThe specific treatment: Extencillini (Penicillini G) 2.4 mln. OD for injection. The injection is repeated in 7 days.injection is repeated in 7 days.
  • 27. HAEMATOGENIC TUBERCULOTIC KERATITISHAEMATOGENIC TUBERCULOTIC KERATITIS caused by mycobacterium tuberculosiscaused by mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical peculierities:Clinical peculierities: large isolate yellow infiltrates in deep layers at any part oflarge isolate yellow infiltrates in deep layers at any part of cornea;cornea; mixt (superficial and deep) vascularization;mixt (superficial and deep) vascularization; torpid recurrent duration, without acute inflammation;torpid recurrent duration, without acute inflammation; scleritis may occur;scleritis may occur; unilateral;unilateral; positive tuberculine testspositive tuberculine tests Imunodiagnostic is necessary.Imunodiagnostic is necessary. The treatment includes general and topical usage ofThe treatment includes general and topical usage of antituberculotic drugs (isoniazidi, streptomycini);antituberculotic drugs (isoniazidi, streptomycini); imunomodulators; vitamins.imunomodulators; vitamins.
  • 28. TUBERCULOTIC ALLERGIC KERATITIS is a local reaction of sensilization. It is usually occurs in children with nonactive primary lung tuberculosis and peripheral lymph nodes tuberculosis. Permanent symptoms: flictena (gray small focus in superficial corneal layers) superficial vessels are companions of flictena corneal syndrom is extensive Mantoux’s test is positive X-ray examination and blood analysis are necessary. The treatment includes corticosteroids and desensilization drugs, not antituberculotic.
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  • 30. MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES in KERATITISMANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES in KERATITIS • Specific treatment: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal etc.Specific treatment: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal etc. medicines generally (intravenous, intramuscular injections,medicines generally (intravenous, intramuscular injections, per os) and locally (in drops, ointments, subconjunctivalper os) and locally (in drops, ointments, subconjunctival and parabulbar injections).and parabulbar injections). • Mydriatics to prevent uveitis.Mydriatics to prevent uveitis. • Stimulators of corneal regenerations (1 % chininiStimulators of corneal regenerations (1 % chinini hydrochloridi, 4 % taufoni, emoxipini, solcoserili,hydrochloridi, 4 % taufoni, emoxipini, solcoserili, actovegini,actovegini, corneregelcorneregel, dexpanthenol, methyluracili,, dexpanthenol, methyluracili, vitasik).vitasik). • Proteolytic ferments locally for infiltrate lysis (fybrinolysini,Proteolytic ferments locally for infiltrate lysis (fybrinolysini, lidasae, collalysini).lidasae, collalysini). • Desensilization therapy (Diazolini, Tavegili, Klaritini).Desensilization therapy (Diazolini, Tavegili, Klaritini). • Imunocorrection (Decaris, Timalini, Taktivini, Chigaini)Imunocorrection (Decaris, Timalini, Taktivini, Chigaini) • Vitamins (B1, B2, C etc.).Vitamins (B1, B2, C etc.).
  • 31. OUTCOME of KERATITISOUTCOME of KERATITIS is corneal opacity, which includes:is corneal opacity, which includes: nubeculanubecula – it can be seen only by special examination– it can be seen only by special examination maculamacula – it can be seen without special examination by our eye,– it can be seen without special examination by our eye, but the iris and pupil are seen through itbut the iris and pupil are seen through it leucomaleucoma - it can be seen without special examination, but the- it can be seen without special examination, but the iris and pupil can’t be seen through itiris and pupil can’t be seen through it We try to treat corneal opacity during one year with the help ofWe try to treat corneal opacity during one year with the help of proteolytic ferments (fibrinolysini, lidasa, kolallisini) in drops,proteolytic ferments (fibrinolysini, lidasa, kolallisini) in drops, subconjunctival injections and physiotheraputic procedures.subconjunctival injections and physiotheraputic procedures. If the scarring is axial in the cornea, the vision of the eye mayIf the scarring is axial in the cornea, the vision of the eye may be permanently impaired. In these circumstances, somebe permanently impaired. In these circumstances, some improvement may be obtained with spectacles, but a contactimprovement may be obtained with spectacles, but a contact lens may give better vision.lens may give better vision. In severe cases, a corneal graft will be required in order toIn severe cases, a corneal graft will be required in order to improve the sight.improve the sight.
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  • 33. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ofDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS of CORNEAL INFILTRATE & OPACITYCORNEAL INFILTRATE & OPACITY SignSign Corneal infiltrareCorneal infiltrare Corneal opacityCorneal opacity Red eyeRed eye ++ __ CornealCorneal syndromesyndrome ++ __ LimitsLimits irregularirregular regularregular CorneaCornea not glassynot glassy glassyglassy fluoresceinfluorescein testtest positivepositive negativenegative
  • 34. TheThe anterior uveitisanterior uveitis is inflammation of iris and ciliary body. Thus itsis inflammation of iris and ciliary body. Thus its another name is “iridocyclitis”. Theanother name is “iridocyclitis”. The mixt injection, corneal syndrome, pain,mixt injection, corneal syndrome, pain, which increases at the night, andwhich increases at the night, and decreasing of visual acuitydecreasing of visual acuity are typical.are typical. Aethiology:Aethiology: commonly idiopathic but numerous systemic causes –commonly idiopathic but numerous systemic causes – HLA-B27-HLA-B27- associatedassociated (ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis);(ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis); juvenile idiopathic arthtritisjuvenile idiopathic arthtritis (especially high risk if pauciarticular-onset and ANA-(especially high risk if pauciarticular-onset and ANA- positive);positive); inflammatory bowel diseasesinflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis,Crohn’s disease);(ulcerative colitis,Crohn’s disease); non-non- infectious systemic diseasesinfectious systemic diseases (sarcoidosis, Behchet’s disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-(sarcoidosis, Behchet’s disease, Vogt-Koyanagi- Harada syndrome);Harada syndrome); infectionsinfections (herpes zoster and simplex, syphilis.(herpes zoster and simplex, syphilis. tuberculosis).tuberculosis). Clinical features of iritis:Clinical features of iritis: pain increases in lighting;pain increases in lighting; changing of iris picture (another colour, oedema, vessels are seen);changing of iris picture (another colour, oedema, vessels are seen); small pupil (miosis) and its weak reaction on light;small pupil (miosis) and its weak reaction on light; posterior synechiae (iris-lens adhesions)posterior synechiae (iris-lens adhesions) Clinical features of cyclitis:Clinical features of cyclitis: pain increases in palpation (ciliary pain) and accommodation;pain increases in palpation (ciliary pain) and accommodation; keratic precipitates;keratic precipitates; vitreous opacities;vitreous opacities; changes of intraocular pressure (usual first increasing then decreasing)changes of intraocular pressure (usual first increasing then decreasing)
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  • 40. Сomplications of anterior uveitis:Сomplications of anterior uveitis: panuveitis,panuveitis, endophthalmitis,endophthalmitis, panophthalmitispanophthalmitis Outcome of anterior uveitis:Outcome of anterior uveitis: secondary glaucoma,secondary glaucoma, complicated cataract,complicated cataract, vitreous opacity,vitreous opacity, hypotonia,hypotonia, eye atrophyeye atrophy Management:Management: Topical steroids and mydriatics are the mainstay of treatmentTopical steroids and mydriatics are the mainstay of treatment Periocular steroid injectionPeriocular steroid injection Systemic steroids, immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics for theSystemic steroids, immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics for the infections (e.g. tuberculosis, syphilis)infections (e.g. tuberculosis, syphilis) First aid in iridocyclitis:First aid in iridocyclitis: MydriaticsMydriatics SteroidsSteroids DiureticsDiuretics
  • 41. InIn posterior uveitis or choroiditisposterior uveitis or choroiditis the eye is quietthe eye is quiet (not red), pain doesn’t disturb, corneal syndrome is not(not red), pain doesn’t disturb, corneal syndrome is not typical. The visual functions are decreased. Patches aretypical. The visual functions are decreased. Patches are seen in ophthalmoscopy.seen in ophthalmoscopy. Aethiology:Aethiology: toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, cytomegalovirus,toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, cytomegalovirus, histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis etc.histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis etc. ForFor central choroiditiscentral choroiditis metamorphopsia, photopsia, centralmetamorphopsia, photopsia, central scotoma and loss of visual acuity are typical.scotoma and loss of visual acuity are typical. ForFor peripheral choroiditisperipheral choroiditis peripheral scotoma andperipheral scotoma and narrowing of visual field are typical.narrowing of visual field are typical. Management:Management: antimicrobial or antiviral agentsantimicrobial or antiviral agents administered systemically and topical.administered systemically and topical.
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  • 46. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS between NEW & OLD FUNDUS PATCH SignSign new patchnew patch old patchold patch colourcolour pinkpink white or yellowwhite or yellow limitslimits irregularirregular regularregular pigmentumpigmentum in the centerin the center on peripheryon periphery oedemaoedema ++ --
  • 47. CLINICAL FEATURES of ENDOPHTHALMITIS:CLINICAL FEATURES of ENDOPHTHALMITIS:  red eye (mixt injection);red eye (mixt injection);  corneal syndrome;corneal syndrome;  reducing of visual acuity;reducing of visual acuity;  painpain ++  hypopionhypopion (pus in the anterior chamber);(pus in the anterior chamber);  abscess of vitreousabscess of vitreous (yellow fundus reflex)(yellow fundus reflex) CLINICAL FEATURES of PANOPHTHALMITIS:CLINICAL FEATURES of PANOPHTHALMITIS:  red eye (mixt injection);red eye (mixt injection);  corneal syndrome;corneal syndrome;  reducing of visual acuity;reducing of visual acuity;  pain;pain;  hypopion;hypopion;  abscess of vitreousabscess of vitreous ++  imbibition of cornea by pusimbibition of cornea by pus  purulent choroidoretinitis (purulent choroidoretinitis ( with visual field defects & fundus patches ifwith visual field defects & fundus patches if seen)seen)
  • 48. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ofDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS of INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF EYE ANTERIORINFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF EYE ANTERIOR SEGMENTSEGMENT SignSign conjunctivitisconjunctivitis keratitiskeratitis iridocyclitisiridocyclitis red eyered eye ++ (superficial(superficial injection)injection) ++ (deep or mixt(deep or mixt injection)injection) ++ (deep or mixt(deep or mixt injection)injection) cornealcorneal syndromesyndrome ++ ++ ++ painpain -- ++ (in daytime)(in daytime) ++ (at night, incresing in(at night, incresing in lighting & palpation)lighting & palpation) decreaseddecreased visual acuityvisual acuity -- ++ ++ peculieritiespeculierities dischargedischarge corneal infiltratecorneal infiltrate keratic precipitates,keratic precipitates, posterior synechiae,posterior synechiae, miosis, vitreousmiosis, vitreous opacitiesopacities
  • 49. THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!