This document describes different types of red eye diseases, including conjunctivitis, keratitis, and ulcer. It provides details on the signs and symptoms of bacterial, viral, allergic, and traumatic conjunctivitis. For keratitis it discusses bacterial ulcers, adenoviral keratitis, and herpes keratitis. It also provides treatment guidelines for local antibacterial, antiviral, and antiallergic eye drops and ointments.
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
Ocular injuries- Third year mbbs OphthalmologyDrVarun5179
Topic- Injuries of eye and other manifestations
Subject- Ophthalmology
Category- MBBS notes for Third year MBBS students.
Created by- Medicforyou
Website- http://medicforyou.blogspot.com
For any feedback or queries, mail me at killer5179@gmail.com
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
Ocular injuries- Third year mbbs OphthalmologyDrVarun5179
Topic- Injuries of eye and other manifestations
Subject- Ophthalmology
Category- MBBS notes for Third year MBBS students.
Created by- Medicforyou
Website- http://medicforyou.blogspot.com
For any feedback or queries, mail me at killer5179@gmail.com
The corneal diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. in most cases, these infections are preventable or treatable.
This seminar provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cornea, as well as an overview of common conditions.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. TYPES of INJECTION of EYEBALLTYPES of INJECTION of EYEBALL::
1.1. SuperficialSuperficial or conjunctival;or conjunctival;
2.2. DeepDeep or ciliary or pericorneal;or ciliary or pericorneal;
3.3. MixtMixt
3. TYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITISTYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITIS
ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:
1.1. RED EYE (RED EYE (superficial injectionsuperficial injection););
2.2. CORNEAL SYNDROMECORNEAL SYNDROME (photophobia, profuse tearing,(photophobia, profuse tearing,
blepharospasmusblepharospasmus);;
3.3. DISCHARGE from the eyeDISCHARGE from the eye
6. KEY SIGNS ofKEY SIGNS of
BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:
purulent & sticky discharge from the eye;purulent & sticky discharge from the eye;
bilateral, but frequently asymmetricalbilateral, but frequently asymmetrical
ACUTE EPIDEMIC CONJUNCTIVITIS KOHA-UYIXA:ACUTE EPIDEMIC CONJUNCTIVITIS KOHA-UYIXA:
oedematous & thickenoedematous & thicken bulbarbulbar conjunctiva form two triangules arroundconjunctiva form two triangules arround
cornea;cornea;
haemorrhages under bulbar conjunctivahaemorrhages under bulbar conjunctiva
GONOCCOCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:GONOCCOCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:
usually bilateral in infants & monolateral in adults;usually bilateral in infants & monolateral in adults;
first 3-4 days discharge with blood remainder, then profuse purulentfirst 3-4 days discharge with blood remainder, then profuse purulent
discharge (gonoblennoreia);discharge (gonoblennoreia);
easy bleeding conjunctivaeasy bleeding conjunctiva
PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:
membranes on palpebral conjunctiva, which are easy removed;membranes on palpebral conjunctiva, which are easy removed;
conjunctiva does not bleed after membranes removingconjunctiva does not bleed after membranes removing
DIPHTERITIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:DIPHTERITIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:
membranes on palpebral conjunctiva and eyelids edges, which are removedmembranes on palpebral conjunctiva and eyelids edges, which are removed
with difficulty;with difficulty;
conjunctiva bleeds after membranes removing;conjunctiva bleeds after membranes removing;
on the places of membranes location star scars appears soonon the places of membranes location star scars appears soon;;
combimation with diphteria of nose, throat, laryngs etc.combimation with diphteria of nose, throat, laryngs etc.
10. KEY SIGNS ofKEY SIGNS of
VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS:
serous watery discharge;serous watery discharge;
pink folliculae on lower eyelid conjunctiva;pink folliculae on lower eyelid conjunctiva;
palpable prearicular lymph nodes;palpable prearicular lymph nodes;
subconjunctival haemorrhages;subconjunctival haemorrhages;
infectuion usually begins in one eye & in 2-3 days spreads into the fellowinfectuion usually begins in one eye & in 2-3 days spreads into the fellow
eyeeye
general reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or uppergeneral reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or upper
respiratory infection in anamnesisrespiratory infection in anamnesis
ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS:
itching subjectivelly;itching subjectivelly;
papillae on upper eyelid conjunctiva;papillae on upper eyelid conjunctiva;
allergic anamnesisallergic anamnesis
13. TRAHOMATRAHOMA
(caused by Chlamydia trahomatis)(caused by Chlamydia trahomatis)
chronic duration;chronic duration;
four phases (infiltration, progression, regression, scaring);four phases (infiltration, progression, regression, scaring);
large yellow-gray folliculae on thicked conjunctiva of upper eyelid;large yellow-gray folliculae on thicked conjunctiva of upper eyelid;
typical corneal damage – pannus tracomatosus in upper part withtypical corneal damage – pannus tracomatosus in upper part with
superficial neovascularization;superficial neovascularization;
formation of large star scarsformation of large star scars
Complications & outcome:Complications & outcome:
trichiasis;trichiasis;
madarosis;madarosis;
stricturae of lacrimal exretory system;stricturae of lacrimal exretory system;
symblepharon;symblepharon;
xerosis etc.xerosis etc.
17. LOCAL ANTIALLERGIC TREATMENT:LOCAL ANTIALLERGIC TREATMENT:
dropsdrops – S. Ca Chloridi 3 %,– S. Ca Chloridi 3 %,
S. Dexamethasoni 0,1 %,S. Dexamethasoni 0,1 %,
«Lecrolyn» (Santen),«Lecrolyn» (Santen),
«Alomid» (Alcon),«Alomid» (Alcon),
«Opatanol» (Alcon) etc.«Opatanol» (Alcon) etc.
ointmentsointments –Ung. Maxidex & other corticosteroids.–Ung. Maxidex & other corticosteroids.
18. TYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF KERATITISTYPICAL FOR ALL TYPES OF KERATITIS
ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:ARE THE NEXT SIGNS:
1.1. Red eye (deep injection, in severe cases mixt injection);Red eye (deep injection, in severe cases mixt injection);
2.2. Corneal syndromeCorneal syndrome (photophobia, profuse tearing, blepharospasmus)(photophobia, profuse tearing, blepharospasmus);;
3.3. Reducing of visual acuity;Reducing of visual acuity;
4.4. Lasting pain, more severe in daytime, when eye is open;Lasting pain, more severe in daytime, when eye is open;
5.5. Inflammatory infiltrate in the corneaInflammatory infiltrate in the cornea
19.
20. BACTERIAL ULSERBACTERIAL ULSER
caused by pneumococcus, pseudomonas, diplococcus, strepthococcus,caused by pneumococcus, pseudomonas, diplococcus, strepthococcus,
staphylococcus etc. It is exogenis keratitis and always is a result of corneastaphylococcus etc. It is exogenis keratitis and always is a result of cornea
microtrauma.microtrauma.
The hallmark signs are:The hallmark signs are:
acute beginning,acute beginning,
severe corneal syndrome,severe corneal syndrome,
corneal ulcer with one progressive edgecorneal ulcer with one progressive edge
The lysis of cornea till Descemet’s membrane is calledThe lysis of cornea till Descemet’s membrane is called descemethoceledescemethocele. It is. It is
threat for corneal perforation. Bacterial ulser often is associated with pus inthreat for corneal perforation. Bacterial ulser often is associated with pus in
anterior chamber – aanterior chamber – a hypopionhypopion..
The complications of bacterial ulser:The complications of bacterial ulser:
corneal perforation,corneal perforation,
panuveitis,panuveitis,
endophthalmitis,endophthalmitis,
orbital cellulitisorbital cellulitis
Bacretiological and bacteriscopical researching are necessary. The treatment isBacretiological and bacteriscopical researching are necessary. The treatment is
performing in clinicperforming in clinic
23. CLINICAL FEATURES of ADENOVIRALCLINICAL FEATURES of ADENOVIRAL
KERATITIS:KERATITIS:
many punctate subepithelial solitary round infiltrates (like a coin)many punctate subepithelial solitary round infiltrates (like a coin)
not juting out;not juting out;
decreasing of corneal sensitivity on the hole surface not onlydecreasing of corneal sensitivity on the hole surface not only
above the infiltrate;above the infiltrate;
folliculular conjunctivitis;folliculular conjunctivitis;
palpable prearicular lymph nodes;palpable prearicular lymph nodes;
general reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or uppergeneral reaction of the organism (fever, sore throat etc.) or upper
respiratory infection in anamnesisrespiratory infection in anamnesis
24. CLINICAL FEATURES ofCLINICAL FEATURES of
HERPES KERATITIS:HERPES KERATITIS:
unilateral,unilateral,
less corneal syndrome,less corneal syndrome,
bilateral decreasing of corneal sensitivity,bilateral decreasing of corneal sensitivity,
prolongated duration,prolongated duration,
recidivationrecidivation
Imunodiagnostic is necessary.Imunodiagnostic is necessary.
It may beIt may be primaryprimary (in age 5 month-5years) in first virus(in age 5 month-5years) in first virus
penetration andpenetration and postprimarypostprimary in inficated person.in inficated person.
The clinical forms of secondary herpes keratitis:The clinical forms of secondary herpes keratitis:
superficial (vesiculous and dendritic) &superficial (vesiculous and dendritic) &
deep (like disc, methaherpetic and deep stromal).deep (like disc, methaherpetic and deep stromal).
25.
26. SYPHILITIC PARENCHYMATOUS KERATITIS –SYPHILITIC PARENCHYMATOUS KERATITIS –
the late (often in 6-20 years old) appearence of congenital syphilis.the late (often in 6-20 years old) appearence of congenital syphilis.
The diagnosis is confirmed by positive serological reaction (RW).The diagnosis is confirmed by positive serological reaction (RW).
The three cardinal symptoms of congenital syphilis are the next:The three cardinal symptoms of congenital syphilis are the next:
keratitis,keratitis,
deafing,deafing,
special teethspecial teeth
The cyclic duration is typical for this keratitis:The cyclic duration is typical for this keratitis:
phase of infiltrationphase of infiltration (3-4 weeks) – less corneal syndrome, the dissemination of(3-4 weeks) – less corneal syndrome, the dissemination of
punctate infiltrates in corneal stroma from periphery (limbus area) to the center;punctate infiltrates in corneal stroma from periphery (limbus area) to the center;
phase of vascularusationphase of vascularusation (6-8 weeks) – intensive infiltration and deep(6-8 weeks) – intensive infiltration and deep
vascularization, express corneal syndrome;vascularization, express corneal syndrome;
regressive phaseregressive phase (1-2 years) – the regression of infiltrates from the center to(1-2 years) – the regression of infiltrates from the center to
the periphery.the periphery.
For syphilitic parenchymatous keratitis is not typical ephithelium defectFor syphilitic parenchymatous keratitis is not typical ephithelium defect
(fluorescein test is negative). The disease is bilateral. The inflammation of(fluorescein test is negative). The disease is bilateral. The inflammation of
second eye usually occurs in two or more yearssecond eye usually occurs in two or more years..
The specific treatment: Extencillini (Penicillini G) 2.4 mln. OD for injection. TheThe specific treatment: Extencillini (Penicillini G) 2.4 mln. OD for injection. The
injection is repeated in 7 days.injection is repeated in 7 days.
27. HAEMATOGENIC TUBERCULOTIC KERATITISHAEMATOGENIC TUBERCULOTIC KERATITIS
caused by mycobacterium tuberculosiscaused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clinical peculierities:Clinical peculierities:
large isolate yellow infiltrates in deep layers at any part oflarge isolate yellow infiltrates in deep layers at any part of
cornea;cornea;
mixt (superficial and deep) vascularization;mixt (superficial and deep) vascularization;
torpid recurrent duration, without acute inflammation;torpid recurrent duration, without acute inflammation;
scleritis may occur;scleritis may occur;
unilateral;unilateral;
positive tuberculine testspositive tuberculine tests
Imunodiagnostic is necessary.Imunodiagnostic is necessary.
The treatment includes general and topical usage ofThe treatment includes general and topical usage of
antituberculotic drugs (isoniazidi, streptomycini);antituberculotic drugs (isoniazidi, streptomycini);
imunomodulators; vitamins.imunomodulators; vitamins.
28. TUBERCULOTIC ALLERGIC KERATITIS
is a local reaction of sensilization. It is usually occurs in children
with nonactive primary lung tuberculosis and peripheral lymph
nodes tuberculosis.
Permanent symptoms:
flictena (gray small focus in superficial corneal layers)
superficial vessels are companions of flictena
corneal syndrom is extensive
Mantoux’s test is positive
X-ray examination and blood analysis are necessary.
The treatment includes corticosteroids and desensilization
drugs, not antituberculotic.
29.
30. MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES in KERATITISMANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES in KERATITIS
• Specific treatment: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal etc.Specific treatment: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal etc.
medicines generally (intravenous, intramuscular injections,medicines generally (intravenous, intramuscular injections,
per os) and locally (in drops, ointments, subconjunctivalper os) and locally (in drops, ointments, subconjunctival
and parabulbar injections).and parabulbar injections).
• Mydriatics to prevent uveitis.Mydriatics to prevent uveitis.
• Stimulators of corneal regenerations (1 % chininiStimulators of corneal regenerations (1 % chinini
hydrochloridi, 4 % taufoni, emoxipini, solcoserili,hydrochloridi, 4 % taufoni, emoxipini, solcoserili,
actovegini,actovegini, corneregelcorneregel, dexpanthenol, methyluracili,, dexpanthenol, methyluracili,
vitasik).vitasik).
• Proteolytic ferments locally for infiltrate lysis (fybrinolysini,Proteolytic ferments locally for infiltrate lysis (fybrinolysini,
lidasae, collalysini).lidasae, collalysini).
• Desensilization therapy (Diazolini, Tavegili, Klaritini).Desensilization therapy (Diazolini, Tavegili, Klaritini).
• Imunocorrection (Decaris, Timalini, Taktivini, Chigaini)Imunocorrection (Decaris, Timalini, Taktivini, Chigaini)
• Vitamins (B1, B2, C etc.).Vitamins (B1, B2, C etc.).
31. OUTCOME of KERATITISOUTCOME of KERATITIS
is corneal opacity, which includes:is corneal opacity, which includes:
nubeculanubecula – it can be seen only by special examination– it can be seen only by special examination
maculamacula – it can be seen without special examination by our eye,– it can be seen without special examination by our eye,
but the iris and pupil are seen through itbut the iris and pupil are seen through it
leucomaleucoma - it can be seen without special examination, but the- it can be seen without special examination, but the
iris and pupil can’t be seen through itiris and pupil can’t be seen through it
We try to treat corneal opacity during one year with the help ofWe try to treat corneal opacity during one year with the help of
proteolytic ferments (fibrinolysini, lidasa, kolallisini) in drops,proteolytic ferments (fibrinolysini, lidasa, kolallisini) in drops,
subconjunctival injections and physiotheraputic procedures.subconjunctival injections and physiotheraputic procedures.
If the scarring is axial in the cornea, the vision of the eye mayIf the scarring is axial in the cornea, the vision of the eye may
be permanently impaired. In these circumstances, somebe permanently impaired. In these circumstances, some
improvement may be obtained with spectacles, but a contactimprovement may be obtained with spectacles, but a contact
lens may give better vision.lens may give better vision.
In severe cases, a corneal graft will be required in order toIn severe cases, a corneal graft will be required in order to
improve the sight.improve the sight.
34. TheThe anterior uveitisanterior uveitis is inflammation of iris and ciliary body. Thus itsis inflammation of iris and ciliary body. Thus its
another name is “iridocyclitis”. Theanother name is “iridocyclitis”. The mixt injection, corneal syndrome, pain,mixt injection, corneal syndrome, pain,
which increases at the night, andwhich increases at the night, and decreasing of visual acuitydecreasing of visual acuity are typical.are typical.
Aethiology:Aethiology: commonly idiopathic but numerous systemic causes –commonly idiopathic but numerous systemic causes – HLA-B27-HLA-B27-
associatedassociated (ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis);(ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis);
juvenile idiopathic arthtritisjuvenile idiopathic arthtritis (especially high risk if pauciarticular-onset and ANA-(especially high risk if pauciarticular-onset and ANA-
positive);positive); inflammatory bowel diseasesinflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis,Crohn’s disease);(ulcerative colitis,Crohn’s disease); non-non-
infectious systemic diseasesinfectious systemic diseases (sarcoidosis, Behchet’s disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-(sarcoidosis, Behchet’s disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-
Harada syndrome);Harada syndrome); infectionsinfections (herpes zoster and simplex, syphilis.(herpes zoster and simplex, syphilis.
tuberculosis).tuberculosis).
Clinical features of iritis:Clinical features of iritis:
pain increases in lighting;pain increases in lighting;
changing of iris picture (another colour, oedema, vessels are seen);changing of iris picture (another colour, oedema, vessels are seen);
small pupil (miosis) and its weak reaction on light;small pupil (miosis) and its weak reaction on light;
posterior synechiae (iris-lens adhesions)posterior synechiae (iris-lens adhesions)
Clinical features of cyclitis:Clinical features of cyclitis:
pain increases in palpation (ciliary pain) and accommodation;pain increases in palpation (ciliary pain) and accommodation;
keratic precipitates;keratic precipitates;
vitreous opacities;vitreous opacities;
changes of intraocular pressure (usual first increasing then decreasing)changes of intraocular pressure (usual first increasing then decreasing)
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. Сomplications of anterior uveitis:Сomplications of anterior uveitis:
panuveitis,panuveitis,
endophthalmitis,endophthalmitis,
panophthalmitispanophthalmitis
Outcome of anterior uveitis:Outcome of anterior uveitis:
secondary glaucoma,secondary glaucoma,
complicated cataract,complicated cataract,
vitreous opacity,vitreous opacity,
hypotonia,hypotonia,
eye atrophyeye atrophy
Management:Management:
Topical steroids and mydriatics are the mainstay of treatmentTopical steroids and mydriatics are the mainstay of treatment
Periocular steroid injectionPeriocular steroid injection
Systemic steroids, immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics for theSystemic steroids, immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics for the
infections (e.g. tuberculosis, syphilis)infections (e.g. tuberculosis, syphilis)
First aid in iridocyclitis:First aid in iridocyclitis:
MydriaticsMydriatics
SteroidsSteroids
DiureticsDiuretics
41. InIn posterior uveitis or choroiditisposterior uveitis or choroiditis the eye is quietthe eye is quiet
(not red), pain doesn’t disturb, corneal syndrome is not(not red), pain doesn’t disturb, corneal syndrome is not
typical. The visual functions are decreased. Patches aretypical. The visual functions are decreased. Patches are
seen in ophthalmoscopy.seen in ophthalmoscopy.
Aethiology:Aethiology: toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, cytomegalovirus,toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, cytomegalovirus,
histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis etc.histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis etc.
ForFor central choroiditiscentral choroiditis metamorphopsia, photopsia, centralmetamorphopsia, photopsia, central
scotoma and loss of visual acuity are typical.scotoma and loss of visual acuity are typical.
ForFor peripheral choroiditisperipheral choroiditis peripheral scotoma andperipheral scotoma and
narrowing of visual field are typical.narrowing of visual field are typical.
Management:Management: antimicrobial or antiviral agentsantimicrobial or antiviral agents
administered systemically and topical.administered systemically and topical.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS between
NEW & OLD FUNDUS PATCH
SignSign new patchnew patch old patchold patch
colourcolour pinkpink white or yellowwhite or yellow
limitslimits irregularirregular regularregular
pigmentumpigmentum in the centerin the center on peripheryon periphery
oedemaoedema ++ --
47. CLINICAL FEATURES of ENDOPHTHALMITIS:CLINICAL FEATURES of ENDOPHTHALMITIS:
red eye (mixt injection);red eye (mixt injection);
corneal syndrome;corneal syndrome;
reducing of visual acuity;reducing of visual acuity;
painpain
++
hypopionhypopion (pus in the anterior chamber);(pus in the anterior chamber);
abscess of vitreousabscess of vitreous (yellow fundus reflex)(yellow fundus reflex)
CLINICAL FEATURES of PANOPHTHALMITIS:CLINICAL FEATURES of PANOPHTHALMITIS:
red eye (mixt injection);red eye (mixt injection);
corneal syndrome;corneal syndrome;
reducing of visual acuity;reducing of visual acuity;
pain;pain;
hypopion;hypopion;
abscess of vitreousabscess of vitreous
++
imbibition of cornea by pusimbibition of cornea by pus
purulent choroidoretinitis (purulent choroidoretinitis ( with visual field defects & fundus patches ifwith visual field defects & fundus patches if
seen)seen)
48. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ofDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS of
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF EYE ANTERIORINFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF EYE ANTERIOR
SEGMENTSEGMENT
SignSign conjunctivitisconjunctivitis keratitiskeratitis iridocyclitisiridocyclitis
red eyered eye ++ (superficial(superficial
injection)injection)
++ (deep or mixt(deep or mixt
injection)injection)
++ (deep or mixt(deep or mixt
injection)injection)
cornealcorneal
syndromesyndrome
++ ++ ++
painpain -- ++
(in daytime)(in daytime)
++
(at night, incresing in(at night, incresing in
lighting & palpation)lighting & palpation)
decreaseddecreased
visual acuityvisual acuity
-- ++ ++
peculieritiespeculierities dischargedischarge corneal infiltratecorneal infiltrate keratic precipitates,keratic precipitates,
posterior synechiae,posterior synechiae,
miosis, vitreousmiosis, vitreous
opacitiesopacities