Digestive enzymes and hormones
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This document summarizes the functions of various digestive secretory glands and hormones. It discusses: 1) The secretion of digestive enzymes by the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine to break down food. This includes amylase, pepsinogen, lipase, and peptidases. 2) The production of mucus by glands throughout the digestive tract to lubricate and protect the alimentary tract. 3) The roles of hormones like gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide in stimulating or inhibiting the secretion of enzymes and acid throughout digestion.
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Gastrointestinal hormones ( Gastrin , secretin and cholecystokinin)
This document discusses the functions and hormones of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It begins by outlining the main functions of the GI tract, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion, and movement. It then lists the major organs of the digestive system. The document primarily focuses on describing several important GI hormones, including their sites of secretion, targets, actions, and regulatory mechanisms. Specifically discussed are gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin.
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1) Lipids are digested in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine by lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase respectively.
2) In the small intestine, bile salts emulsify lipids and pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols.
3) The products of lipid digestion including fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, and cholesterol form mixed micelles that ferry the lipids to the intestinal mucosa where they are absorbed.
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Gi hormone
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Digestion and absorption of lipids
1) Lipids are digested in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine by lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase respectively.
2) In the small intestine, bile salts emulsify lipids and pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols.
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The document summarizes different mechanisms of hormone signal transduction. It describes how hormones bind to cell surface or intracellular receptors which then activate intracellular signaling pathways using second messengers like cAMP, IP3, DAG, calcium. These second messengers go on to affect cell functions like glycogen breakdown, lipid metabolism, transcription etc. through kinases and other effector proteins. The document also discusses G-protein coupled receptor pathway and steroid hormone signaling pathway involving hormone-receptor complexes in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
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This document summarizes the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. It discusses that carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides in the mouth by salivary amylase, pass undigested through the stomach, and are further broken down in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccharidases into absorbable monosaccharides like glucose, fructose and galactose. These monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream through active transport using sodium-glucose transporters or facilitated diffusion using glucose transporters. Lactose intolerance results if the enzyme lactase is deficient and lactose cannot be fully digested.
Digestion of carbohydrates
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- Cholecystokinin is formed in the small intestine and stimulates pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate as well as bile and intestinal juices.
- Secretin is a peptide hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice.
Secretory functions of alimentary tract
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SEROUS SECRETION (PTYALIN)
MUCUS SECRETION (MUCIN)
GASTRIC SECRETION
OXYNTIC GLANDS AND PYLORIC GLANDS
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HYDROCHLORIC ACID, PEPSINOGEN, INTRINSIC FACTOR AND MUCUS
SECRETIONS FROM PYLORIC GLANDS
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GLYCOLYSIS & ITS REGULATION
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Lipoproteins
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Digestive enzymes
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This document summarizes digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and proteins. It discusses the major dietary sources of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, including salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and intestinal brush border enzymes. The main end products of carbohydrate digestion are glucose, fructose, and galactose, which are absorbed through intestinal mucosal cells. Clinical issues related to carbohydrate digestion like congenital lactose intolerance and sucrase deficiency are also mentioned. For proteins, digestion occurs through hydrolysis by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine. The
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The document summarizes carbohydrate digestion and metabolism. Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine into monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose. These are then absorbed into the bloodstream and tissues. Glucose is the primary fuel for cellular respiration and can be stored or used to make other biomolecules. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm and generates a small amount of ATP. Aerobic glycolysis provides more ATP through oxidation of pyruvate in the mitochondria.
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The document summarizes the endocrine function of the pancreas. It describes that the islets of Langerhans contain four types of cells that secrete hormones including insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells. Insulin controls blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in cells. Glucagon has the opposite effect of insulin by increasing blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Somatostatin is also secreted by the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
Protein digestion
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This document summarizes the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. It discusses that carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides in the mouth by salivary amylase, pass undigested through the stomach, and are further broken down in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccharidases into absorbable monosaccharides like glucose, fructose and galactose. These monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream through active transport using sodium-glucose transporters or facilitated diffusion using glucose transporters. Lactose intolerance results if the enzyme lactase is deficient and lactose cannot be fully digested.
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This document discusses gastrointestinal hormones, including their classification, cells of origin, stimuli for release, mechanisms of action, and roles in regulating digestion. It covers major hormones like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin. Gastrin stimulates acid secretion while cholecystokinin regulates bile release and pancreatic secretion. Secretin increases bicarbonate and fluid secretion to neutralize acid. Gastrointestinal hormones play important roles in digestion and are implicated in diseases when their levels are abnormal.
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Digestion of lipids
The document discusses lipid digestion and absorption. It begins by defining lipids and describing the organs involved in digestion. It then discusses the different types of lipases secreted in the oral cavity, stomach, and pancreas to break down lipids. The role of bile salts in emulsifying lipids in the small intestine is also covered. Finally, it summarizes how lipids are further digested by pancreatic lipases in the duodenum, absorbed via micelles, and transported to the liver within chylomicrons.
Git hormones
This document summarizes several gastrointestinal hormones:
- Gastrin is produced by the pyloric mucosa and stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) by the stomach.
- Cholecystokinin is formed in the small intestine and stimulates pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate as well as bile and intestinal juices.
- Secretin is a peptide hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice.
Secretory functions of alimentary tract
SALIVARY GLANDS: PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBLINGUAL GLANDS, BUCCAL GLANDS
SEROUS SECRETION (PTYALIN)
MUCUS SECRETION (MUCIN)
GASTRIC SECRETION
OXYNTIC GLANDS AND PYLORIC GLANDS
SECRETIONS FROM OXYNTIC GLANDS
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, PEPSINOGEN, INTRINSIC FACTOR AND MUCUS
SECRETIONS FROM PYLORIC GLANDS
MUCUS, GASTRIN
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GLYCOLYSIS & ITS REGULATION
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and has three phases: energy investment, splitting of molecules, and energy generation. Glycolysis is regulated by three key enzymes - hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. It yields two ATP per glucose under anaerobic conditions when pyruvate is reduced to lactate, and eight ATP when pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions.
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The document summarizes lipid digestion and absorption. Lipids are partially digested in the mouth and stomach by lingual and gastric lipases. In the duodenum, the hormones CCK and secretin are released in response to lipids, stimulating gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides while other enzymes digest phospholipids and cholesterol esters. Bile emulsifies the lipids into micelles which are absorbed by enterocytes. Fatty acids less than 12 carbons diffuse into blood while longer chains are reesterified and packaged into chylomicrons for transport via lacteals. Impaired digestion can cause steatorrhea due to issues with bile, pancreatic enzymes
Lipoproteins
This document defines and classifies different types of lipoproteins. It discusses lipoproteins' roles in transporting lipids like triglycerides and cholesterol through the bloodstream. The main lipoproteins described are chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons and VLDL transport lipids from the intestine and liver to tissues. Their triglycerides are broken down by lipoprotein lipase, forming chylomicron/VLDL remnants taken up by the liver. LDL transports cholesterol to tissues, while HDL transports excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in reverse transport.
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Learn more about digestive enzymes!
Enzymes are a type of protein that bring about chemical changes. Digestive enzymes are one form of these in the body, and they are also naturally present in plant-based foods, including fruit and vegetables.
Digestive enzymes help to break foods down, making them easier to digest and allowing nutrients to be absorbed.
There are a number of reasons for a lack of enzymes, such as eating a diet lacking in enzymes (such as processed fast foods etc). This can lead to partially digested food, toxin build-up and symptoms such as bloating, stomach ache and indigestion.
You can help your digestive enzymes levels by eating more enzyme-rich foods, avoiding hard-to-digest foods (such as meat or dairy) and by taking a high quality digestive enzymes supplement, derived from plant sources.
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The document discusses the role of enzymes in the digestive system. It describes the main organs of the digestive system and explains how digestive enzymes break down large insoluble molecules of food, such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, into smaller soluble molecules. Specifically, it states that carbohydrates are broken down into sugars by carbohydrase enzymes, proteins into amino acids by protease enzymes, and lipids into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase enzymes.
Digestion, Absorption and Enzymes
Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by cells to provide energy and building materials. Various organs work together to mechanically and chemically break down food, including the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Enzymes play a key role in digestion by speeding up chemical reactions to break nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler substances like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. The small intestine contains villi and microvilli that increase its surface area for absorption of digested nutrients into the bloodstream via diffusion and active transport.
The Digestive System Powerpoint
The document summarizes the key aspects of the digestive system. It describes how the digestive system prepares food for use by all body cells through digestion. It then outlines the main parts and functions of the digestive tract, from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. The document also discusses the roles of accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in producing digestive enzymes and chemicals.
Gastrointestinal hormomes & their role in secretomotor fuction of the gut
This document discusses gastrointestinal hormones and their roles in regulating secretomotor function in the gut. It describes the various endocrine cells that secrete GI hormones, including enteroendocrine cells, enterochromaffin cells, and neuroendocrine cells. It provides details on major GI hormones like gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, and somatostatin; describing where they are produced, their chemical structures, functions in regulating secretion and motility in the gut, and factors that stimulate or inhibit their secretion.
Mechanical & Chemical Digestion
This document summarizes the process of digestion, including mechanical and chemical digestion. It describes where mechanical digestion occurs and the roles of various organs like the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. It then explains in detail the chemical digestion that occurs through enzymes secreted in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. This breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Hormonal and nervous control of digestive secretions is also summarized.
Enzymes
This document provides an overview of enzymes, including their chemistry, classification, mechanisms of action, kinetics, inhibition, and activation. It begins with the basic introduction that enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. It then covers enzyme structure and components like cofactors. The major sections explain classification of enzymes based on reaction type, mechanisms like induced fit and catalytic types, kinetics concepts like Michaelis-Menten modeling and factors affecting reaction rates, and types of inhibition like competitive and noncompetitive. The document aims to comprehensively summarize the key topics relating to enzymes.
Human digestive system
The document summarizes the main parts and processes of the human digestive system. It describes the six major processes of digestion - ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. It then explains the functions and roles of the main digestive organs - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Finally, it discusses the accessory organs - liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands - and how they aid the digestion process.
Hormones of gastrointestinal tract
This document summarizes key aspects of insulin and glucagon synthesis and function. It notes that insulin is synthesized as preproinsulin in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and undergoes processing to form insulin and C-peptide. Insulin regulates glucose and lipid metabolism by promoting glucose uptake and glycogen/lipid synthesis. Glucagon is synthesized in the alpha cells and increases glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It also stimulates lipolysis. Somatostatin is synthesized in pancreatic D cells and acts as a paracrine inhibitor of other islet cell hormones.
Enzymes
Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts to speed up biological reactions by lowering the activation energy needed. They have specific active sites that substrates bind to, either breaking substrates apart or joining them together. The structure of the active site determines the specific substrate an enzyme can act on. While the lock and key model depicted a simple binding, the induced fit model better explains how enzymes and substrates may slightly change shape to promote reactions. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, and cofactors can impact an enzyme's activity by potentially denaturing its structure.
Human digestive system
The human digestive system breaks down food through a multi-step process involving the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and other organs like the liver and pancreas. Various hormones regulate digestion by signaling the stomach, pancreas and other organs to produce acids and enzymes that break down food. Nerves also control the movement of food through the digestive tract and the secretion of acids and enzymes.
Biovaxia pharma
Biovaxia Pharma is a manufacturer, supplier, trader, and exporter of pharmaceutical tablets and injections established in 2010 in Chandigarh, India. They produce a wide range of products including tablets, capsules, injections, and more. Biovaxia has a sophisticated infrastructure with modern tools and equipment separated into processing, quality control, warehousing, and packaging departments run by experienced professionals. Their products are in demand in hospitals, nursing homes, and clinics and exported to Gulf countries.
Gemma Frühbeck-Lo último en obesidad
'Lo último en obesidad'. Este es el título del Simposio Internacional que organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces los días 1 y 2 de diciembre de 2015. En colaboración con la Fundación General CSIC, reunió a algunos de los mayores expertos en la materia para analizar cómo reducir este grave problema de salud pública.
Endocrine Control
The document discusses the chemical control of brain and behavior through the neuroendocrine system. It describes how hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate other glands and body processes through feedback loops. Key topics covered include the types of hormones, hormone actions, locations and functions of the hypothalamus, pituitary and other endocrine glands, and their roles in homeostasis and stress response.
Physiology of respiration in mammals
Ventilation is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lungs, and is controlled by the brain stem. Shaken baby syndrome can occur when an infant is violently shaken and can damage the brain stem neurons controlling breathing. Chemoreceptors detect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and increase breathing rate. Normal respiration is 10-18 breaths per minute, while vigorous inhalation exceeds 35 breaths per minute. Forced exhalation uses abdominal and intercostal muscles. The major function of respiration is gas exchange in the lungs and blood, maintaining acid-base balance.
Trumac Healthcare - A PCD Pharma Franchise Company
FOR PHARMA FRANCHISE IN YOUR AREA:
CONTACT: +91-9041677932
Trumac Healthcare is leading manufacturer and supplier of finished pharmaceutical medicines since last 10 years all over India. We have a wide range of product portfolio consisting of tablets, capsules, injectable, syrups, ointments, eye, ear and drops. Our products are manufactured at one of the best art of state manufacturing facilities, which are WHO and GMP certified units.
With more than 400 franchisers all over India, we are successfully catering to demands of our clients by providing them with general as well as specialty divisions like Gynaecology, Derma, Orthopaedic, Paediatric, Ophthalmic, Cardiac-Diabetic & Ayurvedic Care.
Since our inception in 2007 we have been serving hundreds of clients all over India in each and every state. Due to efforts of our clients and our employees we are selling goods worth 15 crore per year. This growth has only been possible due to our strict control over quality of our products and our sincere efforts to follow all guidelines and procedures.
We try our best to keep up to this momentum in order to serve our society for a better healthcare system.
ON PCD FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY BASIS
This is our main model of working with our customers. PCD (Propaganda cum Distribution) is a very old concept under which parent company gives its franchise to other people in different remote areas so that the customer didn’t have to take any pain in growing company from scratch.
What we provide under our pharma franchise?
We provide our customers with monopoly rights of our company in their area so that they can sell pharma products without any competition from our company. (If you work more, you get more)
In order to help our customers to promote the products to doctors and other professionals we provide them with varieties of promotional material such as visual Aids, LBL’s, Glossary, Notepads, Catch Covers, MR Bags, Pens, Key Rings, Perfumes, Towels, reminder cards and various other sort of gifts.
The biggest advantage of working with a PCD franchise company is that you don’t have to worry about ordering the goods in large quantity. If you directly purchase from manufacturer you have to purchase in multiples of batch size which are itself very large. So your investment gets blocked in one or two products only. But in franchising model with us you can buy 25-30 medicines in the same amount which will strengthen your position in the market.
We also train our customer about the market trends and the new molecules coming in market which they should promote in order to gain high margins and results.
Probiotics in Pediatric Practice
The document discusses probiotics and their use in pediatric practice. It provides information on the functions of gut flora, how probiotics meet certain criteria to be considered effective, and their various effects including involvement in nutrient production, benefits to intestinal immunity and barrier function, and inhibition of pathogens. Several probiotic strains are mentioned that have demonstrated benefits clinically for issues like diarrhea, IBD, and IBS. Specifically, Lactobacillus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii are recognized as evidence-based options recommended for treating acute gastroenteritis. Case studies demonstrate the effective use of Lactobacillus casei Shirota in improving recurrent diarrhea and constipation in pediatric patients.
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Physiology CH 15 lecture notes
The document summarizes the process of digestion and nutrition in the human body. It describes the stages of digestion that occur in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and other organs. These include mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, roles of saliva, gastric juices, bile, and pancreatic enzymes. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and remaining waste is eliminated as feces. A balanced diet provides sufficient energy and nutrients for the body's needs.
Digestion in monogastric animal and hormonal control
Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed. It involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food while chemical digestion uses enzymes to break food into small molecules. A monogastric animal has a single-chambered stomach while a ruminant has a complex four-chambered stomach that allows for microbial fermentation. The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and supportive organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Digestion begins in the mouth through chewing and saliva before passing to the stomach for further breakdown and into the small intestine for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
Digestion and absorption
Digestion & absorption of carbohydrate, protein and lipid following the curriculum of medical biochemistry of MBBB course
Chapter 18 lecture
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its main components and functions. It discusses the roles and structures of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Key points covered include the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats by digestive enzymes, and the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The digestive tract protects itself through secretions, peristalsis and layers of tissue.
2.3 human digestive system
The human digestive system breaks down large food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. Digestion involves both physical and chemical breakdown of food. The major organs involved are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas and liver. Enzymes such as amylase, protease and lipase secreted by these organs break down starches, proteins and fats into simpler molecules like glucose, amino acids and fatty acids.
Digestion2.ppt
This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including:
1) The roles and secretions of digestive juices and gastrointestinal hormones in breaking down food and stimulating digestion.
2) How carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other nutrients are digested and absorbed in different parts of the GI tract through the actions of enzymes and transporters.
3) Common digestive issues like lactose intolerance, fat malabsorption, and protein digestion defects that can occur if there are problems with secretion or absorption along the GI tract.
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive System
The document discusses the process of nutrition in the human body. There are two main parts: ingestion, which is taking food into the digestive system, and digestion, which is the breakdown of food so that nutrients can be utilized. The gastrointestinal tract breaks down food through a series of steps, starting with chewing in the mouth and ending with absorption in the small intestine and removal of waste in the large intestine. Several organs, including the mouth, stomach, liver, pancreas and intestines, work together through both mechanical and chemical processes to digest food into smaller components that the body can use.
GASTRIC SECRETIONS.pptx
The stomach secretes gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, and mucus. Parietal cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen which is converted to the enzyme pepsin. Mucus cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining. Gastric secretion is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms in the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of digestion in response to the presence of food in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM-1.ppt
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients and water. It has two major parts - the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas. Food moves through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines while digestive enzymes break it down. The small intestine absorbs most nutrients before waste is eliminated in the large intestine and rectum. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce bile and enzymes to further break down food into absorbable components.
5.Digestive class 2018.ppt
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that contribute to digestion include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Each organ has a unique role in the multi-step digestive process which includes ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination.
Unit ix
The document discusses the four main stages of food processing in the body: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. It focuses on the digestive system and the roles of different organs like the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Key points covered include the types of teeth and their functions, enzymes involved in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids at different stages, and the absorption of breakdown products through villi in the small intestine.
Gastric secretion &and its regulation
Gastric secretion is produced by epithelial cells in the stomach's gastric glands. These cells include parietal cells, chief cells, mucus-secreting cells, and hormone-producing cells. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to the protease pepsin by hydrochloric acid. Mucus-secreting cells produce a bicarbonate-rich mucus that protects the stomach lining. Hormone-producing cells secrete gastrin, somatostatin, and histamine, which help regulate acid secretion.
BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 6 - NUTRITION PART 2
1. The document discusses digestion in humans from the mouth to the small intestine. It describes the organs and glands involved in digestion and their functions, including the mouth, salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, and intestines.
2. Key points covered include the roles of enzymes like amylase, pepsin and lipase in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The importance of conditions like acidity for proper enzyme function is also explained.
3. Adaptations of the small intestine for absorption are summarized, including villi and microvilli that increase surface area for nutrients to pass into the bloodstream.
Digestion and absorption review k&m chapter1
The document discusses the digestive system and process of digestion and absorption. It describes how the digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical breakdown. Various organs secrete enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Nutrients are then absorbed through the small intestine into blood or lymph and transported to the liver and cells. Accessory organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder aid digestion through secretion of enzymes and bile.
Digestion and absorption review k&m chapter1
The document summarizes key aspects of digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It describes how the digestive system breaks down food into smaller components through mechanical and enzymatic processes. Nutrients are then absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to the liver and bloodstream. Accessory organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder aid digestion by secreting enzymes and bile.
Physiology of digestion in Stomach
The document discusses the physiology of digestion in the stomach. It describes the stomach's functions, glands, secretory cells, gastric juice components, and the mechanisms of hydrochloric acid and enzyme secretion. The roles of gastric juice components in digestion are explained. The regulation of stomach secretion and motor activity are summarized. Digestion in newborns and experimental techniques used to study stomach function are also outlined.
Gastrointestinal Physiology - A Slideshow
Parietal cells in the oxyntic glands secrete hydrochloric acid. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions, which neutralize acidic chyme. Pancreatic enzymes that digest proteins include trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypolypeptidase. The liver secretes bile, which helps emulsify and absorb fats. Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released in response to cholecystokinin.
Physio Gi 5,6.
The document discusses gastrointestinal physiology, specifically colonic movements and the defecation reflex. It describes two types of colonic movements: segmentation movements that mix colonic contents, and propulsive movements that push stool towards the rectum. It explains that the defecation reflex is initiated when stool enters the rectum, causing contractions that push the stool out and relaxation of the anal sphincters to allow defecation.
Grade 12 Agricultural Science Notes Animal nutrition
This document discusses animal nutrition and digestion. It begins by defining animal nutrition and describing the major nutrients needed by animals. It then describes the alimentary canal and digestive system, noting key parts like the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Several sections provide details on digestion in different types of animals like cattle, pigs, and birds. The document discusses the roles of the liver, pancreas, saliva, stomach acids, and more in breaking down food. It also covers absorption of nutrients and the differences between ruminant and non-ruminant digestion.
Lesson 1. Digestion 2.pdf
Digestive physiology (2)
Topic name: Digestion in the stomach, the value of gastric acid hydrochloric acid. Digestion in the intestines. Motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
Lecture plan:
1. Digestion in the stomach. Composition and properties of gastric juice.
2. Regulation of gastric secretion. Phases of gastric secretion.
3. Digestion in the small intestine: pancreatic juice, composition and properties; secretion of pancreatic juice, its phases; bile, composition, importance in digestion processes; digestion in the small intestine. Intestinal juice and composition; cavity and parietal digestion.
4. Intestinal motility. Types of movements. Regulation of mot
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This document discusses how to interpret cardiac radiographs in dogs. It provides guidance on when cardiac radiographs should be used and limitations. It describes how the appearance of the heart can vary between breeds and positioning. Signs of enlargement of the left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, and right ventricle are outlined. Methods for measuring heart size using the vertebral heart score are also explained.
Intestinal Parasites of Poultry
This document summarizes turkey intestinal coccidiosis. It is caused by Eimeria species that infect the intestinal tract. Clinical signs include decreased appetite, droopy appearance, and bloody diarrhea. Lesions include thickening and congestion of the intestines. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in feces. Treatment involves anticoccidial drugs in feed or water. Control relies on sanitation, separating age groups of turkeys, and anticoccidial medication.
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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals. Anyone who suspects an animal has FMD must immediately notify the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency. While some areas are typically free of FMD, outbreaks can still sporadically occur. Infected animals can develop ruptured blisters on their teats, making them susceptible to mastitis infections.
Blood chemistry (Dogs and Cats)
ALT is an enzyme found primarily in the liver and is more specific than AST for detecting liver damage. An elevated ALT level can indicate hepatic disease, toxicity, or injury. The normal range for ALT is 18-86 IU/L in dogs and 29-145 IU/L in cats. While an important test for liver function, ALT alone cannot determine the specific cause of liver abnormality and should be evaluated along with other liver enzymes and tests.
Seclusion
The poem describes someone closing off their senses - eyes, ears, mouth, and heart - to avoid seeing, hearing, saying, and feeling the pain caused by a love interest who is happy with someone else. By closing themselves off, the speaker hopes to protect themselves from further hurt by the one they love who does not return their feelings and is instead devoted to another.
Scenery
The poet expresses their admiration for someone, describing how their presence brings joy and calm. When they see this person, the poet feels their soul lift and angels singing. Though they may not express it outwardly, inside the poet feels an explosion of emotion. This person has a magic about them that soothes all pain. Their smile, eyes, words, and expressions, even in anger, are beautiful to see - they are the poet's scenery.
She
This poem is about unrequited love and letting someone go for their happiness. In three sentences: The speaker has known their friend for years but has developed romantic feelings for them, however their friend has now grown closer to another person who supports and cares for them, so the speaker chooses to set aside their own feelings and let their friend be happy even though it causes them pain.
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This document summarizes information about Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). PRRSV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that infects domestic pigs. It causes respiratory disease in piglets and reproductive failure in sows, resulting in increased pre-weaning mortality and fewer viable piglets born. The virus spreads between pigs through respiratory and bodily secretions. Diagnosis involves PCR or serological testing of samples like blood, tissues, and nasal swabs. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines can help prevent disease, as can testing, isolation, improved hygiene, and limiting introduction of new pigs.
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Zanamivir is an antiviral drug used to treat and prevent influenza A and B. It works by inhibiting the neuraminidase protein of the influenza virus, preventing it from spreading between cells. Common side effects include weakness, headache, fever, cough, runny nose and sore throat, which may be reduced by 1 to 1.5 days with treatment. It is administered through oral inhalation twice daily for 5 days for treatment or once daily for prevention.
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Distance
The poem describes the feelings of infatuation that the author has for someone. Whenever they see the person they are smitten with, their stomach fills with butterflies and they feel weak in the knees. Though they know they cannot act on their feelings, being around the person or even just hearing their name puts a smile on the author's face and helps them cope with problems. The author idolizes this person and their laugh is like music that helps the author forget their troubles.
Nymphs of the common bed bug
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Agenda
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For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
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Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
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Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
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Digestive enzymes and hormones
- 1. DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND HORMONES Jessica C. Largado Camille Lee R. Mananggit
- 2. Functions of Secretory Glands 1. 2. Secretion of digestive enzymes Production of mucus Lubrication Protection of alimentary tract
- 3. A. SALIVARY SECRETION Saliva-mixed secretion of salivary glands MAIN SALIVARY GLANDS Parotid 1. Submaxillary or Mandibular 2. sublingual 3.
- 5. Major Types of Secretion 1. Serous secretion- ptyalin or salivary amylase -starch splitting enzyme
- 6. Major Types of Secretion 2. Mucus secretion- mucus -for lubrication
- 7. B. GASTRIC SECRETION Components: 1. pepsinogen-active form of pepsin -protein digestion 2. mucus- lubricated ingested food -protects mucosa 3. HCO3- protects mucosa against acid and pepsin 4. Intrinsic factor- absorption of Vit B12 5. Rennin- milk coagulation 6. Gastric lipase- hydrolyze fats
- 8. Types of Glands 1. 2. Cardiac Gland -secrete mucus Fundic gland -gastric/oxyntic gland
- 9. Types of Glands -has five types of cells 1. parietal cells-secrete HCl 2. chief cells or peptic cells-secrete pepsinogen 3.mucous cells-secrete mucus 4. endocrine D cells-secrete somatostatin 5. entero-chromaffin-like cellshistamine
- 10. Types of Glands 3. Pyloric gland-has G cells
- 11. Types of Glands Cardiac gland Fundic gland
- 12. Types of Glands Pyloric gland
- 13. Types of Glands
- 14. Types of Glands
- 15. Stimulation of Acid Secretion Gastrin -from G cells -stimulated by protein products in the stomach 1.
- 16. Stimulation of Acid Secretion 2. 3. Acetylcholine -released from cholinergic neurons -stimulates acid production in the same way as gastrin Histamine -released from ECL cells -directly contacts the parietal cells
- 17. INHIBITION OF ACID SECRETION Stomach secretes acids at mealtime Antrum contents approaches Ph 2.0 D cells secrete somatostatin Inhibition of gastrin & histamine release Inhibition of acid production
- 18. C. Secretion of the Small Intestine 1. Crypt of Lieberkuhn -secrete enterokinase and amylase -has two types of cells 1.Goblet cells - secrete mucus 2. Enterocytes – secrete water and electrolytes
- 19. Stimulation of Acid Secretion Brunner’s Gland -duodenal gland -secrete large amount of alkaline mucus in response to 1. tactile or irritating stimuli 2. vagal stimulation 3. GI hormone-secretin
- 21. Digestive Enzymes 1. 2. Peptidase-split small peptides into AA Four enzymes that split disaccharide into monosaccharide a. sucrase b. maltase c. isomaltase d. lactase 3. Intestinal lipase-split neutral fats into glycerol and FA
- 22. HorMones 1. 2. Gastrin- stimulates gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid -presence of peptides and amino acids in gastric lumen Secretin- signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas -stimulates bile secretion in the liver -acidic pH in the lumen of small intestine
- 23. HorMones 3. 4. Cholecystokinin- stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas -emptying of bile in the gall bladder -presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine Gastric Inhibitory Peptide- decrease the stomach churning -slowing the emptying of the stomach -presence of fat and glucose in small intestine
- 24. HorMones 5. 6. Motilin- increase the migrating myoelectic component of gastrointestinal motility -secretion is associated with fasting Ghrelin- appears to be a strong stimulant for appetite and feeding -secretion peaks prior to feeding and diminishes with gastric filling
- 25. D. EXOCRINE PANCREAS 1. 2. Endocrine-hormone secreting Exocrine- enzyme and bicarbonate secreting parts
- 26. Secretion of Sodium Bicarbonate Carbon dioxide combines with water through carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate (actively transported into lumen) and hydrogen Hydrogen ion exchanged for sodium ion Sodium ion diffuses into lumen Sodium and bicarbonate attract water, forming bicarbonate solution
- 28. Secretion of Pancreatic Enzymes 1. Zymogen granules a. inactive zymogen -attack membranes eg. Proteases b. active zymogen -do not attack membranes eg. Lipase, amylase
- 29. Secretion of Pancreatic Enzymes 2. Proteolytic enzymes 1. trypsin 2. chymotrypsin 3. carboxypeptidase 4. ribonucleases 5. deoxyribonuclease
- 30. Regulations of Pancreatic Secretion 1. 2. Nervous Regulation Hormonal Regulation Cholecystokinin (CCK) 1. 2. Secretin