This document contains information about the functions of the bile, small intestine, and large intestine. It includes summaries of the properties and composition of bile, as well as its digestive, absorptive, excretory, and other functions. It also describes the functional anatomy of the small intestine, its roles in digestion and absorption of nutrients, and how food exits into the large intestine. Finally, it outlines the absorptive, excretory, secretory, synthetic and other functions of the large intestine, including its role in forming feces and the importance of dietary fiber.

1. Module - 4
Sub code: BMLT1002
Sub Name: General physiology – (T)
Department: Department of MLT, SMAS
Faculty: A. Vamsi Kumar
Designation : Assistant professor
TINKU
4 Functions of Bile
MD Shadab
Chaudhary
4 Functional anatomy of
Small intestine
AKASH SHUKLA
4 Functions of Small intestine
MUNEER ALAM
4 Functional anatomy of large
Intestine
AAKASH BHATI
4 Functions of large intestine

2. Properties, Composition & Functions
of Bile
By
TINKU

3. PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION
OF BILE
PROPERTIES OF BILE
1. Volume : 800 to 1,200 mL/day
2. Reaction : Alkaline
3. pH : 8 to 8.6
4. Specific gravity : 1.010 to 1.011
5. Color : Golden yellow or green.

4. COMPOSITION OF BILE
• Bile contains 97.6% of water and 2.4% of solids. Solids include organic and
inorganic substances.

5. FUNCTIONS OF BILE
• Most of the functions of bile are due to the
bile salts.
1. DIGESTIVE FUNCTION
2. ABSORPTIVE FUNCTIONS
3. EXCRETORY FUNCTIONS
4. LAXATIVE ACTION
5. ANTISEPTIC ACTION
6. CHOLERETIC ACTION
7. MAINTENANCE OF pH IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
8. PREVENTION OF GALLSTONE FORMATION
9. LUBRICATION FUNCTION
10. CHOLAGOGUE ACTION

6. • 1. DIGESTIVE FUNCTION

7. 3. EXCRETORY FUNCTIONS
Bile pigments are the major excretory products of the
bile. Other substances excreted in bile are:
i. Heavy metals like copper and iron
ii. Some bacteria like typhoid bacteria
iii. Some toxins
iv. Cholesterol
v. Lecithin
vi. Alkaline phosphatase.

8. • 5. ANTISEPTIC ACTION
• Bile inhibits the growth of certain bacteria in
the lumen of intestine by its natural detergent
action.

9. • 7. MAINTENANCE OF pH In GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT
As bile is highly alkaline, it neutralizes the acid
chyme which enters the intestine from stomach.
Thus, an optimum pH is maintained for the
action of digestive enzymes.
8. PREVENTION OF GALLSTONE FORMATION

14. 9. LUBRICATION FUNCTION
The mucin in bile acts as a lubricant for the
chyme in intestine.
10. CHOLAGOGUE ACTION
Bile salts act as cholagogues.
A cholagogue is a medicinal agent which
promotes the discharge of bile from the
system, purging it downward.

15. Functional anatomy of Small
intestine
BY
MD Shadab Chaudhary

16. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF S.I
• Small intestine is the part of
gastrointestinal (GI) tract,
extending between the pyloric
sphincter of stomach and
ileocecal valve, which opens
into large intestine.
• It is called small intestine
because of its small diameter,
compared to that of the large
intestine.
• But it is longer than large
intestine. Its length is about 6
meter.
• Important function of small
intestine is absorption.
• Maximum absorption of
digested food products takes
• place in small intestine

17. • Small intestine consists of three portions:
1. Proximal part known as duodenum
2. Middle part known as jejunum
3. Distal part known as ileum.

20. Succus Entericus, S.I juice

21. • 1. MECHANICAL FUNCTION
• 2. SECRETORY FUNCTION
• 3. HORMONAL FUNCTION
• 4. DIGESTIVE FUNCTION
• 6. HEMOPOIETIC FUNCTION
• 7. HYDROLYTIC FUNCTION
• 8. ABSORPTIVE FUNCTIONS
• Absorption of Carbohydrates
• Absorption of Proteins
• Absorption of Fats
• Absorption of Water and Minerals
• Absorption of Vitamins
• REGULATION OF SECRETION OF SUCCUS ENTERICUS
• NERVOUS REGULATION
• HORMONAL REGULATION

23. FUNCTIONS OF SMALL INTESTINE

24. Small intestine functions:
• When food enters the intestines from the stomach, it is still
too large to be absorbed into the blood
2 processes (functions) occur in the small intestine:
1. Digestion:
-The small intestine finishes digestion
2. Absorption:
-when molecules are broken down small enough,
molecules move across the lining of the intestines to
the blood

25. Digestion in the small intestine:
• Completed in small intestine
How?
• The pancreas secretes enzymes which a released in
the small intestine that finish the breakdown of
carbohydrates and proteins.
• It also releases the enzyme lipase that breaks down
fat (lipids)
• Also, the liver releases bile that breaks down fats

26. Absorption process:
• When molecules are digestion small enough, they go to the
blood through the lining of the small intestine
How?
• The walls of the intestines are
lined with fingerlike projections
called villi.
• The villi have blood vessels
within them.
• They increase the surface area
allowing the digested particles to
contact the intestines, soaking
through to the blood (absorption)

27. Absorption through villi:
food molecules inside small intestines
to cells
outside intestines (blood vessels carry
absorbed nutrients to cells of the body)

28. Exiting the small intestine:
• Once food reaches the end of the small
intestine, all food that can be digested is
broken down
• Only food that we cannot breakdown such as
cellulose remains
• The mixture is still soupy (chyme) when it
reaches the large intestine

29. Functional anatomy of large
Intestine
By
MUNEER ALAM

30. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF LARGE INTESTINE
• Large intestine or colon extends from ileocecal valve up
to anus
• PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE
• Large intestine is made up of the following parts:
1. Cecum with appendix
2. Ascending colon
3. Transverse colon
4. Descending colon
5. Sigmoid colon or pelvic colon
6. Rectum
7. Anal canal

31. Functions of large intestine
By
AAKASH BHATI

32. FUNCTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINE
• 1. ABSORPTIVE FUNCTION
• 2. FORMATION OF FECES
• 3. EXCRETORY FUNCTION
• 4. SECRETORY FUNCTION
• 5. SYNTHETIC FUNCTION
• DIETARY FIBER

33. • 1. ABSORPTIVE FUNCTION
• Large intestine plays an important role in the absorption of
various substances such as:
• i. Water
• ii. Electrolytes
• iii. Organic substances like glucose
• iv. Alcohol
• v. Drugs like anesthetic agents, sedatives and
• steroids.

34. 2. FORMATION OF FECES
• After the absorption of nutrients, water and other
• substances, the unwanted substances in the large
• intestine form feces. This is excreted out.
3. EXCRETORY FUNCTION
• Large intestine excretes heavy metals like
mercury, lead, bismuth and arsenic through feces.

35. 4. SECRETORY FUNCTION
• Large intestine secretes mucin and inorganic
substances like chlorides and bicarbonates.
5. SYNTHETIC FUNCTION
• Bacterial flora of large intestine synthesizes folic acid,
vitamin B12 and vitamin K. By this function, large
intestine contributes in erythropoietic activity and blood
clotting mechanism.

36. • DIETARY FIBER
• Dietary fiber or roughage is a group of food particles which pass through
stomach and small intestine without being digested and reach the large
intestine unchanged.
• Other nutritive substances of food are digested and absorbed before
reaching large intestine.
• Characteristic feature of dietary fiber is that it is not hydrolyzed by digestive
enzymes. So, it escapes digestion in small intestine and passes to large
intestine.
• It provides substrate for microflora of large intestine and increases the
bacterial mass. The anaerobic bacteria, in turn, degrade the fermentable
components of the fiber. Thus, in large intestine, some of the components
• of fiber are broken down and absorbed and remaining
• components are excreted through feces.

37. Significance of Dietary Fiber
Diet with high dietary fiber has health benefits since
dietary fiber:
1. Delays emptying of stomach
2. Increases formation of bulk and soft feces and
eases defecation
3. Contains substances such as antioxidants and other
useful substances.
When high dietary fiber food is taken, other foods, which may
cause some diseases may be decreased in quantity or
completely excluded from diet. Diet with high fiber content
tends to be low in energy and it may be useful in reducing the
body weight. Some components
of dietary fiber also reduce blood cholesterol level and thereby
decrease the risk for coronary heart disease and gallstones.

39. Reference textbook