The document discusses the pleurae, which are thin membranes that cover the lungs and line the thoracic cavity. It describes the two layers - the parietal pleura covering the thoracic wall and the visceral pleura covering the lungs. Between these layers is the pleural cavity, which contains a small amount of fluid and allows the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. The document outlines the structure and supply of the pleurae and conditions like pneumothorax that can occur when air enters the pleural space.
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
Pleural cavity is lined by single layer of flat cells, “mesothelium” and an associated layer of supporting connective tissue; together they form pleura.
parietal pleura :pleura associated with the walls of a pleural cavity
visceral pleura :pleura, which adheres to and covers the lung: reflects from the medial wall and onto the surface of the lung
Two pleural cavities are situated on either side of the mediastinum
During development, the lungs grow out of the mediastinum, becoming surrounded by the pleural cavities. As a result, the outer surface of each organ is covered by pleura
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
Pleural cavity is lined by single layer of flat cells, “mesothelium” and an associated layer of supporting connective tissue; together they form pleura.
parietal pleura :pleura associated with the walls of a pleural cavity
visceral pleura :pleura, which adheres to and covers the lung: reflects from the medial wall and onto the surface of the lung
Two pleural cavities are situated on either side of the mediastinum
During development, the lungs grow out of the mediastinum, becoming surrounded by the pleural cavities. As a result, the outer surface of each organ is covered by pleura
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. • The pleurae is a thin, smooth, glistening,
delicate serous membrane which
1. Covers the lungs
2. Lines the wall of the thorax
3. This is a layer of mesothelial cells,
supported by connective tissue.
3. LAYERS OF THE PLEURA
• Two layers that are contained by the
pleura:
• (a) Visceral pleura
• (b) Parietal pleura.
• Pleural Cavity is a potential space
between the viscera and parietal
pleura.
4. Structure of the Pleurae
• Each pleura can be divided into two parts:
• Parietal pleura – covers the internal surface of the
thoracic cavity.
• Visceral Pleura
• Covers the lungs.
• The visceral pleura covers the outer surface of the
lungs, and extends into the interlobar fissures.
– It is continuous with the parietal pleura at the hilum of
each lung (this is where structures enter and leave the
lung).
5. Parietal Pleura
• The parietal pleura covers the internal surface of
the thoracic cavity. It is thicker than the visceral
pleura, and can be subdivided according to the part
of the body that it is contact with:
• Therefore parietal pleura is split into the following 4
parts:.
1. Costal pleura.
2. Diaphragmatic pleura.
3. Mediastinal pleura.
4. Cervical pleura.
6. Parietal Pleura
1. Mediastinal pleura – Covers the lateral
aspect of the mediastinum (the central
component of the thoracic cavity,
containing a number of organ).
2. Cervical pleura – Lines the extension of
the pleural cavity into the neck.
3. Costal pleura – Covers the inner aspect of
the ribs, costal cartilages, and intercostal
muscles.
4. Diaphragmatic pleura – Covers the
thoracic (superior) surface of the
diaphragm.
7. VISCERAL PLEURA (PULMONARY PLEURA)
• The visceral pleura entirely covers the top
layer of the lung with the exception of at the
hilum and along the connection of
the pulmonary ligament.
• It also extends in the depths of the fissures of
the lungs.
• It is firmly adherent to the lung surface and
can’t be divided from it.
8. COSTAL PLEURA
• It lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall
(being composed of ribs, costal cartilages,
and intercostal spaces) to which it’s loosely
connected by a thin layer of loose areolar
tissue termed endothoracic fascia.
• In living beings, endothoracic fascia is easily
separable from the thoracic wall.
9.
10. Relations of the costal pleura
• ANTERIOR RELATIONS
– The internal thoracic vessels are directly located on the
pleura within the first intercostal space.
– Sternum
– Costal cartilages
– Ribs
– Intercostal muscles
• POSTERIOR RELATIONS
– The costal pleura is related to the sympathetic chain as well
as its branches.
– The intercostal nerve is located in the middle of the costal
pleura as well as the posterior intercostal membrane at the
posterior end of the intercostal space.
11.
12. The diaphragmatic pleura
• The thoracic surface of the diaphragm is covered
by the diaphragmatic pleura.
• Below the lower border of the lung, the costal and
diaphragmatic pleurae are in apposition to each
other in quiet respiration.
• The margins of the base of the lung decline and
the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae split up in
deep inspiration.
• On inspiration this lower zone of the pleural cavity
into which the lung enlarges is called the
costodiaphragmatic recess.
13. MEDIASTINAL PLEURA
• It lines the corresponding outermost
layer of the mediastinum and creates its
lateral boundary.
• It is represented as a cuff over the root of
the lung and becomes constant with the
visceral pleura.
14. CERVICAL PLEURA
• It is the dome of parietal pleura, which
extends into the root of the neck about 1 inch
(2.5 cm) above the medial end of clavicle and
2 inches (5 cm) above the 1st costal cartilage.
• It is termed cupola and covers the apex of the
lung.
• It is covered by the suprapleural membrane.
15. CONNECTIONS OF CERVICAL PLEURA
• Arteriorly:
–Subclavian artery and scalenus anterior
muscle.
• Posteriorly:
–Neck of 1st rib and structures passing in front
of it.
• Laterally:
–Scalenusmedius muscle.
• Medially:
–Great vessels of the neck.
16. CERVICAL PLEURA
• Cervical pleura is the topmost part of parietal
pleura, inside the root of the neck which
spreads out nearly 1 inch or 2.5 cm superior
towards the medial end of clavicle as well as 2
inches or 5 cm superior towards the 1st costal
cartilage.
• It is called cupola and the apex of the lung is
enclosed by it.
• It is enclosed by the suprapleural membrane.
17.
18. RELATIONS OF THE CERVICAL PLEURA
• The scaleus anterior envelops the anterolateral part of the dome of the pleura,
parting it from the subclavian veinthat terminates at the medial border of the
muscle.
• The subclavian artery traverses directly superior towards the vein the dome
below its peak, and from the subclavian the vertebral artery rises above it.
• The internal mammary artery goes downwards from the subclavian after it
travels behind the innominate vein.
• The costocervical trunk arcs towards the back from the subclavian and goes
across the summit of the dome.
• Its superior intercostal branch goes downwards behind the dome, in the middle
of the first intercostal nerve on the lateral side as well as the first thoracic
sympathetic ganglion on the medial side.
• The vagus nerve goes down on the right side in front of the medial part of the
subclavian artery.
• Its continuing laryngeal branch turns around the lower border of the artery.
• The ansa subclavia is located towards the lateral side of the recurrent nerve.
19. Pleural Cavity
• The pleural cavity is a potential space between the
parietal and visceral pleura. It contains a small
volume of serous fluid, which has two major
functions.
• It lubricates the surfaces of the pleurae, allowing
them to slide over each other.
• The serous fluid also produces a surface tension,
pulling the parietal and visceral pleura together.
• This ensures that when the thorax expands, the
lung also expands, filling with air.
20.
21. Pleural Recesses
• Anteriorly and posteroinferiorly, the pleural cavity is
not completely filled by the lungs. This gives rise
to recesses – where the opposing surfaces of the
parietal pleura touch.
• There are two recesses present in each pleural cavity:
• Costodiaphragmatic – located between the costal
pleurae and the diaphragmatic pleura.
• Costomediastinal – located between the costal pleurae
and the mediastinal pleurae, behind the sternum.
– These recesses are of clinical importance, as they provide a
location where fluid can collect (such as in a pleural
effusion).
22.
23. Neurovascular Supply
• The two parts of the pleurae receive a different neurovascular
supply:
• Parietal Pleura
• The parietal pleura is sensitive to pressure, pain, and
temperature. It produces a well localised pain, and is innervated
by the phrenic and intercostal nerves.
• The blood supply is derived from the intercostal arteries.
• Visceral Pleura
• The visceral pleura is not sensitive to pain, temperature or
touch. Its sensory fibres only detect stretch. It also receives
autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus (a network
of nerves derived from the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve).
• Arterial supply is via the bronchial arteries (branches of the
descending aorta), which also supply the parenchyma of the
lungs.
24. Pneumothorax
• A pneumothorax (commonly referred to a collapsed lung) occurs
when air or gas is present within the pleural space. This removes the
surface tension of the serous fluid present in the space, reducing lung
extension.
• Clinical features include chest pain, and shortness of breath, and asymmetrical chest
expansion. Upon percussion, the affected side may be hyper-resonant (due to excess air
within the chest).
• Spontaneous: A spontaneous pneumothorax occurs without a
specific cause. It is sub-divided into primary (no underlying
respiratory disease) and secondary (underlying respiratory disease
present).
• Traumatic: A traumatic pneumothorax occurs as a result of blunt or
penetrating chest trauma, such as a rib fracture (often seen in road
traffic collisions).
– It may require decompression to remove the extra air/gas in order for the lung
to reinflate (this is achieved via the insertion of a chest drain).