LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
CONCENTRATIONS TECHNIQUES IN PARASITOLOGY PRESENTATION.pptxShreyayadav91
INTRODUCTION
Concentration procedure separate parasites from fecal debris and increase the chances of detecting parasitic organisms when these are in small numbers.
If number of organisms in stool specimen is low, examination of a direct wet mount may not detect parasites.
Thus, whenever possible, the stool should be concentrated.
Advantages
Maximizes the numbers of organisms detected which may be too scanty to be seen by direct microscopy alone. Worm eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts may be recovered.
Disadvantages
Destroys trophozoite stages. Most concentration methods destroy trophozoites stages.
Concentration techniques can be classified as the floatation or sedimentation methods.
Floatation technique
Here solutions with higher specific gravity than the organisms to be floated so that the organisms rise to the top and debris sink to the bottom.
Principle
This technique involves suspending the specimen in a medium of greater density than that of the helminthic eggs and protozoan cysts.
Eggs and cysts float to the top and are collected by placing a glass slides on the surface of the meniscus at the top of the tube.
Floatation Methods includes:
Saturated salt solution technique
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Sugar floatation technique
Saturated salt solution technique
Procedure:
About half tea spoon (about 4 gm) of fresh stool or preserved stool in a flat bottomed container with 20 ml capacity.
Now, few drops of saturated salt solution (specific gravity 1.20) is added and stirred to make a fine emulsion.
More salt solution is added with stirring throughout to fill the container up to the brim, until a convex meniscus is formed.
A glass slide (3”*2”) is carefully laid on the top of the container so that the center is in contact with the fluid.
This preparation is allowed to stand for 20 minutes after which the glass slide is quickly lifted and examined under microscope after putting coverslip.
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Procedure
Make a fine suspension of about 1 g of feces in 10 m L of water and strain through gauze to remove coarse particles.
Collect the liquid in a small test tube and centrifuge for 1 minute at 2,500 revolutions per minute. Pour off the supernatant, add water, resuspend, and centrifuge in the same manner, repeating the process, till the supernatant is clear.
Pour off the clear supernatant, add a small quantity of zinc sulfate solution (specific gravity 1.18- 1.2) and resuspend the sediment well.
Add zinc sulfate solution to a little below the brim and centrifuge at 2,500 revolution per minute for 1 minute.
Take samples care fully from the surface, using a wire loop, transfer to slide and examine under the microscope. A drop of dilute iodine helps to bring out the protozoan cysts in a better way.
This technique is useful for protozoan cysts and eggs of nematodes and small tapeworms, but it does not detect unfertilized roundworm eggs, nematode larvae, and eggs of most trematodes and large tapeworms.
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
CONCENTRATIONS TECHNIQUES IN PARASITOLOGY PRESENTATION.pptxShreyayadav91
INTRODUCTION
Concentration procedure separate parasites from fecal debris and increase the chances of detecting parasitic organisms when these are in small numbers.
If number of organisms in stool specimen is low, examination of a direct wet mount may not detect parasites.
Thus, whenever possible, the stool should be concentrated.
Advantages
Maximizes the numbers of organisms detected which may be too scanty to be seen by direct microscopy alone. Worm eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts may be recovered.
Disadvantages
Destroys trophozoite stages. Most concentration methods destroy trophozoites stages.
Concentration techniques can be classified as the floatation or sedimentation methods.
Floatation technique
Here solutions with higher specific gravity than the organisms to be floated so that the organisms rise to the top and debris sink to the bottom.
Principle
This technique involves suspending the specimen in a medium of greater density than that of the helminthic eggs and protozoan cysts.
Eggs and cysts float to the top and are collected by placing a glass slides on the surface of the meniscus at the top of the tube.
Floatation Methods includes:
Saturated salt solution technique
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Sugar floatation technique
Saturated salt solution technique
Procedure:
About half tea spoon (about 4 gm) of fresh stool or preserved stool in a flat bottomed container with 20 ml capacity.
Now, few drops of saturated salt solution (specific gravity 1.20) is added and stirred to make a fine emulsion.
More salt solution is added with stirring throughout to fill the container up to the brim, until a convex meniscus is formed.
A glass slide (3”*2”) is carefully laid on the top of the container so that the center is in contact with the fluid.
This preparation is allowed to stand for 20 minutes after which the glass slide is quickly lifted and examined under microscope after putting coverslip.
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Procedure
Make a fine suspension of about 1 g of feces in 10 m L of water and strain through gauze to remove coarse particles.
Collect the liquid in a small test tube and centrifuge for 1 minute at 2,500 revolutions per minute. Pour off the supernatant, add water, resuspend, and centrifuge in the same manner, repeating the process, till the supernatant is clear.
Pour off the clear supernatant, add a small quantity of zinc sulfate solution (specific gravity 1.18- 1.2) and resuspend the sediment well.
Add zinc sulfate solution to a little below the brim and centrifuge at 2,500 revolution per minute for 1 minute.
Take samples care fully from the surface, using a wire loop, transfer to slide and examine under the microscope. A drop of dilute iodine helps to bring out the protozoan cysts in a better way.
This technique is useful for protozoan cysts and eggs of nematodes and small tapeworms, but it does not detect unfertilized roundworm eggs, nematode larvae, and eggs of most trematodes and large tapeworms.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pullulanase Producing Bacillus St...YogeshIJTSRD
Pullulanase is an extracellular carbohydrase responsible for the hydrolysis of pullulan and amylopectin toproduce maltotriose. The product maltotriose is used in detergent industry, bakery industry and in the production of biotechnological products. In the present investigation pullulanase producing bacillus species were isolated and characterized using different biochemical and molecular methodologies. The isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis respectively.. The pullulanase acivity was higher in Bacillus cereus, 0.62U ml than B. thuringiensis, 0.53 U ml. This research reveals that pullulanase enzyme production from these Bacillus species shows great promise for use in industrial processes. Nwozor, N. C | Ogbo, F. C "Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pullulanase Producing Bacillus Strains" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45051.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45051/isolation-and-molecular-characterization-of-pullulanase-producing-bacillus-strains/nwozor-n-c
Clotting time - Coagulation of whole bloodSHRUTHI VASAN
Coagulation of blood - Clotting Time - Introduction - Methods - Capillary Method - Tube Method - Lee White Method - Procedure - Normal Range - Discussion.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
FNAC of breast - definition, history, purpose, preparations, basic equipment, procedure, smear preparation, fixatives, staining solutions, rapid stains - toluidine blue, difference between air dried and wet fixed slides, complications and contraindications, advantages, general criteris for malignancy, nuclear size and pleomorphism, nuclear membrane, irregularity and extranuclear chromatin, nuclear fragility and mitotic figures, types of breast carcinoma.
cytology of urine tract - this slide contains the specimen collection method, preparation of specimen, types of fixatives, other preparation techniques, urinary tract histology, normal urinary tract cytology,
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
“Microbes matters”. Cooperation among bacteria. Good microbes. Microbes too helps us in various ways. List of uses of microbes. The reason behind tasty foods. Microbes are useful in food production and food industries. “Fermentation may have been greater discovery than fires”. Fermentation – the main job of microbes. Brewing beer, liquors and wine. The need of microbes in agriculture. It helps in encountering of insects. Microorganisms are an important part of wastewater treatment. Contribution to medicine - thousands of antibiotics known to us are made by microorganisms. The best kind of biodegradable plastics are the ones made by bacteria because they can also be broken down by bacteria. It also helps to set up your aquarium. The complex microbial communities on and in the human body can sometimes get out of balance – Maintaining of balance. Microorganisms have evolved as a potential alternate source of energy. Microorganisms are used to produce biofuels like biodiesel, bioalcohol and also microbial fuel cell. We are all here because of an organism that changed the world and also paved the way for complex life on earth – Evolution. Microorganisms help us in researching on diseases, such as in vaccination. We conclude with the a considerations of the consequences of the these complex interactions and we briefly discuss the potential role of social interactions involving multiple traits and multiple environment constraints in the evolution of specialization and division of microbes.
This slide gives you details about
1. embalming
2. museum techniques
3. principles of karyotyping
chemicals used for embalming
instruments used for embalming
embalming procedures
uses of embalming
procedures for museum techniques
procedure for storing specimens
instruments used in specimen storage
different types of jars
karyotyping definition
procedure for karyotyping
This slide gives you details about the following:
Safety precautions.
Rules and regulations to be followed inside laboratory.
Different type of laboratory hazards.
How to deals with laboratory accident incidents.
Diagrammatic representation of dress codes & rules.
bio safety cabinets.
Dress codes for technicians dealing with radioactive materials
sterilization of whole room (Fumigation)
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF PARASITES
Presented By,
S. Shruthi Vasan
I MSc. Medical Laboratory Technology
KMCH Institute of Allied Health Science
Shruthivasan4s@gmail.com
2. CONTEXTURE
1 . Examination of Faeces
A. Macroscopic examination
B. Microscopic examination
2 . Examination of blood
A. Wet preparation
B. Stained blood smear
3 . Examination of Urine
4 . Examination of Sputum
5 . Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid
6 . Examination of Aspirates
7 . Examination of Biopsy Material
8 . Culture
9 . Animal Inoculation
10 . Serology
11 . Molecular Methods
3. INTRODUCTION
Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infection mainly depends on,
Detection and Identification of the parasite
Morphological stage in the life cycle of the parasite
(Trophozoite, Cyst, Egg or Larva)
In Clinical specimens (Faeces, Blood, Urine, Bone Marrow, Lymph
Nodes).
Other diagnostic methods include,
Culture of Parasites
Antibody detection In serum
DNA probes
5. 1. EXAMINATION OF FAECES
Clean container – No contamination (Urine, water etc)
Immediate examination – Motility of Trophozoite of Protozoan
parasites.
Liquid Faeces – Within 30 mints
Formed Faeces – No time limit
Should be maintained at 4ºC – No room temperature
If immediate examination is not possible then preservatives are
used. The commonly used preservatives are ;
Formalin solution
Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) Fixative
Merthiolate iodine formalin (MIF) Solution
7. A. MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Faeces should be examined for its,
Consistency
Colour
Odour
Presence of blood
Mucus
Adult roundworms – Ascaris lumbricoides or segments of
tapeworms may be seen in the faeces.
Presence of blood and mucus – Amoebic dysentery
9. B. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
This method includes ;
1. Wet Mount,
2. Smear after concentration
3. Permanent stained smears.
Wet mounts are prepared as saline and iodine wet mount.
Various concentration can be used to increase the
sensitivity of microscopic examination.
Trophozoite, Cyst of intestinal protozoa, Eggs, Larvae of
helminths – can be identified by microscopic examination.
10. 1 . WET MOUNT PREPARATION
Saline as well as iodine preparation are made on the same
glass slide.
A drop of normal saline (0.9 %) is put at one end and iodine in
another end.
A minute portion of faeces is added to both and mixed with
the help of wooden stick to make a uniform suspension.
A cover slip is gently placed over suspension (Avoid Bubbles)
Examine the preparation under low power objective lens of
microscope. (Prepare another slide if the specimen is dried
up)
13. 2 . PERMANENT STAINED SMEARS
Permanent stained smears are employed for;
Cytological details
Accurate diagnosis
Keeping permanent records
Commonly used stain and methods are
Iron – Haematoxylin stain
Trichrome stain
14. 3 . CONCENTRATION METHODS
When the parasite is scanty in faeces, routine microscopic
examination may fail to detect eggs, cysts, Trophozoite in
the specimen.
So it is necessary to employ concentration methods to
selectively concentrate cysts, eggs and larvae.
Trophozoites of protozoa are destroyed by these two
methods;
3.1. Floating techniques
3.2. Sedimentation techniques
15. 3.1. FLOATING TECHNIQUES
In floating techniques, the faeces is suspended in a solution
of a higher specific gravity so that the eggs and cysts float to
the top and get concentrated at the surface. Following
floating techniques can be used;
3.1.1. Salt floatation technique
3.1.2. Zinc sulphate centrifugal floatation technique
16. 3.1.1. SALT FLOATATION TECHNIQUE
About 2ml of saturated salt solution (SG – 1.20) is taken in a
flat bottomed vial and 1gm of faeces is emulsified in it. More
salt solution is added so that the container is filled completely
to the brim.
A glass slide is carefully placed at the top of the container so
that it is in contact with the surface of the solution.
It is then allowed to stand for 20 – 30 mins, after which the
glass slide is removed, turned over smoothly and examined
under the microscope. A cover slip is not placed over the fluid
present on the slide.
17. 3.1.1. SALT FLOATATION TECHNIQUE
It has been found that all the Helminthic eggs float in the
saturated salt solution expect unfertilized eggs of Ascaris
lumbricoides, eggs of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata
and all the intestinal flukes
The larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis do not float in
saturated salt solution.
18.
19. 3.1.2. ZINC SULPHATE CENTRIFUGAL
FLOATATION TECHNIQUE
About 1gm of faeces is thoroughly mixed in 10 ml of distilled
water. The coarse particles are removed by straining the
suspension through gauze. The filtrate is collected in a small
test tube and centrifuged at 2500 Rpm for 1 min.
Repeat the centrifugation until the supernatant is clear.
The clear supernatant is poured off and 3 – 4 ml of zinc
sulphate solution (SG – 1.18 – 1.12) is added to the sediment.
Centrifuge again at 2500 Rpm for 1 min.
With the help of wire loop, sample is transferred to a glass
slide and examined under microscope.
20. 3.1.2. ZINC SULPHATE CENTRIFUGAL
FLOATATION TECHNIQUE
For protozoal cyst, a drop of iodine solution is added before
the cover slip is put on glass slide.
This concentration technique is used for cysts of protozoa
eggs of;
Nematodes
Small tapeworms
This method is not suitable for unfertilized eggs of Ascaris
lumbricoides and eggs of most trematodes and large
tapeworms.
21. 3.2 SEDIMENTATION TECHNIQUES
In sedimentation technique the faeces is suspended in a
solution of low specific gravity so that the eggs and cysts gets
sediment at the bottom.
FORMAL ETHER CONCENTRATION METHOD –
Commonly used sedimentation Technique.
22. FORMAL ETHER CONCENTRATION
TECHNIQUE
1 -2 gm of faeces is thoroughly mixed in 10 ml of water and
strained to two layers of gauze in a funnel. The filtrate solution is
centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 2 min. The supernatant is discarded.
The sediment is suspended in a 10 ml of saline and again
centrifuged.
The supernatant is discarded and the sediment is resuspended
in 7ml of formal saline. It is allowed to stand for 10 min.
3 ml of ether is added to this solution. The tube is shaken
vigorously to mix and then its centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 2 min.
four layers become visible.
23. FORMAL ETHER CONCENTRATION
TECHNIQUE A top layer of ether
A plug of Debris
The formal - Saline layer
The sediment at the bottom.
Wet mount is prepared. It is also mixed with drop of iodine
solution are examined.
Ether dissolved faecal fat and formalin fixes the eggs and cyst of
the parasite and removes faecal odour - helminthic eggs and
protozoan cysts.
As ether is inflammable and explosive, it can be replaced with
ETHYL ACETATE.
24.
25. 4. EGG COUNTING
Worm burden can be made by estimating the number of eggs
passed in faeces.
However it is only rough indication of worm burden.
Eggs count helps to classify helminthic infections as heavy,
moderate or light.
For counting eggs there are two methods available;
4.1. Egg count in wet mount preparation
4.2. Stroll’s dilution technique
26. 4.1. EGG COUNT IN WET MOUNT
PREPARATION
1- 2 mg of faeces is mixed in a small drop of saline on a
glass slide and cover slip is applied.
It is examined under lower power of microscope and the
number of eggs is counted.
Now the no of eggs per gram of faeces can be calculated
27. 4.2. STROLL’S DILUTION TECHNIQUE
It is commonly used method for counting helminthic eggs.
4 gm of faeces is thoroughly mixed with 56 ml of N/10 NaOH in a
flask.
The mouth of the flask is closed with rubber cork and shaken
vigorously. Using a pipette, 0.075 ml of the emulsion is removed
and is placed on glass slide.
A cover slip is put over it and the preparation Is examined under
low power microscope.
All the eggs in the preparation is counted. The number of eggs
per gram is calculated by multiplying the count of eggs with 200.
28. 4.2. STROLL’S DILUTION TECHNIQUE Considering the consistency of faeces it is multiplied by
correction factor to convert the estimate to formed faeces.
The correction factor is 1 for hard formed faeces,
2 for mushy formed faeces,
3 for loose faeces,
4 for liquid faeces.
The total egg production per day can be calculated by
multiplying the no. of eggs per gram with a 24 hour faecal
specimen.
Other methods used for egg counting includes;
Modified kato thick smear technique
Mc Master’s egg counting chamber
30. 5. ANAL SCRAPPINGS AND SWAB
Enterobius vermicularis infection is usually diagnosed by
demonstrating the eggs on the perianal and perineal skin. The
following methods are generally used;
5.1. Scotch cellulose adhesive tape method
5.2. NIH Swab
32. 5.1 SCOTCH CELLULOSE ADHESIVE TAPE
METHOD
A 3 inch length of the tape is applied on the perianal skin at
several places.
The adhesive tape is pressed against the perianal skin.
The adhesive side of the tape is placed between the tape and
slide. The toluene clears everything excepts eggs and hair.
Eggs of helminths other than Enterobius vermicularis may also
seen in the preparation.
34. 5.2 NIH SWAB
Eggs are deposited in large number of perianal and
perineal skin at night can be demonstrated by scrapping
this area by NIH swab in the morning before taking bath.
Spread over glass slide and examined microscopically.
This procedure should be repeated on the three successive
days.
36. 2. EXAMINATION OF BLOOD
Next to faeces, the blood is the most common specimen for
recovery of various stages of parasite. They are;
Plasmodium sp.,
Babesia sp.,
Trypanasoma brucei gambiense
Trypanasoma brucei rhodesiense
Trypanasoma cruzi
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Two methods employed are :
A. Wet preparation
B. Stained blood smears
37. A. WET PREPARATION
A drop of anticoagulated blood is placed on a clean glass slide
and cover slip is put over it.
This preparation is examined microscopically for parasite such as
Trypanosomes and Microfilariae
Trypanosomes Microfilariae
38. B. STAINED BLOOD SMEARS
Three types of blood smear is used:
1. Thin blood smear
2. Thick blood smear
3. Thin and thick blood smear on the same
slide
40. 1. THIN BLOOD SMEAR
Identification of plasmodia and other parasites present in the
erythrocytes.
The pulp of the finger or the lobe of the ear is wiped out with
spirit and allowed it to dry.
It is pricked with a sterile cutting needle under all aseptic
conditions.
A drop of blood is taken on the grease free glass slide at one
end and another end.
Keep at an angle of 30 degree and pushed gently to the end.
The smear is formed with tails. It is allowed to dry.
42. 2. THICK BLOOD SMEAR
Take 4 drops of blood and join the corners with a needle.
It can also be prepared by spreading with a needle or with the
corner of another slide. It is 1 cm square. It is allowed to dry.
The thickness should be such it must allow to read the newspaper.
The smear is dehaemoglobinized prior to staining. It is done
through placing the smear in distilled water in a glass cylinder for 5
– 10 mins.
With water based stains (Giemsa, JSB) dehemoglobinization
occurs when the stain is poured on the smear, while for alcohol
based stain (Leishman) dehaemoglobinization with water is
43. 3. THICK AND THIN BLOOD SMEARS ON THE
SAME SLIDE
Two drops of blood taken at two different places on the same
slide.
One drop is made into thick preparation and another into a thin
smear.
Thin smear on larger area and thick smear on smaller area.
45. STAINING OF BLOOD SMEARS
Thick or thin blood smears are stained with romanousky’s stain.
Example of these stain include.
A. Leishman’s stain
B. Giemsa stain
C. Field’s stain
D. Jaswant singh and bhattacharjee stain
These stains are combination of methylene blue and eosin.
They also contain oxidation products of methylene blue named
azures.
They provide contrast in PS.
Cytoplasm of protozoal parasites - Blue
Nuclei - Red
46. A. LEISHMAN’S STAIN
Prior fixation is not necessary as the stain contains an alcoholic
solution which fixes as it stains.
Composition ;
1. Leishman dry powder - 0.015 gm
2. Absolute methyl alcohol - 100 ml
Procedure :
1. Smear is covered with Leishman stain for 2 minutes.
2. Add buffer solution over the smear and leave it for 15 – 20
minutes.
3. The slide is washed with buffered distilled water.
4. It is air dried and examined under oil immersion.
47. B. GIEMSA STAIN
Prior fixation of blood smear is required as the stain used is in
aqueous solution. The smear is fixed with absolute alcohol for
2-3 minutes.
Composition ;
1. Giemsa stain powder - 0.75 gm
2. Glycerol - 25 ml
3. Methanol - 75 ml
Procedure :
1. Fixed smear is immersed in 1:10 dilution of Giemsa stain
in buffered water.
2. The stain is washed with buffered water.
3. It is examined under oil immersion lens.
48. Note :
For staining thick and thin smear it is dehemologinilized and then
Stained along with the thin smear.
A line with glass marking pencil is made or drawn between the
two smears.
Undiluted Leishman stain poured over thin smear.
After dilution the stain is flooded over the thick smear also.
In case of Giemsa stain - Thin smear is fixed first
After drying, the whole slide Is Flooded with diluted Giemsa stain
and is kept for 30 minutes to 2 hours.
49. C. FIELD STAIN
It is quick method of staining thick blood smears without fixation.
It is useful when large number of smears are to be examined.
Composition :
I. Solution A :
Methylene blue - 0.8 gm
Azure I - 0.5 gm
Potassium hydrogen - 6.25 gm
phosphate (Anhydrous)
Disodium hydrogen - 5.0 gm
Distilled water - 500 ml
50. II. Solution B:
Eosin - 1.0 gm
Potassium hydrogen - 6.25 gm
Sodium hydrogen phosphate - 5.0 gm
Distilled water - 500 ml
Procedure :
1. Thick smear is immersed in solution A for 1-2 seconds.
2. It is removed and immediately washed in a clean water for few
seconds.
3. It is then immersed in solution B for 1 second.
4. It is then removed and rinsed gently in a clean water for 2 – 3
seconds.
5. It is air dried and examined under oil immersion.
51. D. JSB (JASHWANT SINGH BHATTACHARJEE)
STAIN
It is rapid Romanousky method of staining malarial parasite. It is
water soluble stain.
Composition :
I. Solution 1:
Methylene blue - 0.5 gm
Distilled water - 500 ml
1 % H2SO4 - 3 ml
Potassium dichromate - 0.5 gm
1% potassium hydroxide - 10 ml
52. Solution II:
Eosin - 1 gm
Distilled water - 500 ml
Procedure :
1. Prior to staining, thin smear is fixed with methyl alcohol for 3-5
minutes while fixation is not required in thick blood smear.
2. Smear is immersed in solution 1 for 30 seconds.
3. Washed with acidulated water (pH 6.2-6.6) for 4 seconds.
4. Immersed again in solution I for 30 seconds.
5. Washed again with acidulated water for 10 seconds.
There are three jars containing solution I and II. Slide is immersed
in these jars. Smear is air dried and examined under oil
immersion.
53. 3. EXAMINATION OF URINE
Eggs of Schistosoma haematobium may be detected.
Another parasite Trichomonis Vaginalis may also be recovered
in urine both males and females patients
A drop of urine sediment is placed on a glass slide.
A cover slip is placed over it and examined under microscope.
In case of Wucherria boncraofti the microfilariae may be
discharged in urine (chyluria).
55. 4. EXAMINATION OF SPUTUM
Sputum is commonly examined for the detection of eggs of
Paragonimus Westermani
56. 5. EXAMINATION OF CEREBRO SPINAL FLUID
(CSF)
Direct microscopic examination of unstained and stained smears
of CSF is useful for the detection of
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthomoeba species
Balamuthia mandrillaris
Trypanasoma brucei
59. 6. EXAMINATION OF ASPIRATES
The aspirate from the liver is useful in diagnosis of amoebic liver
abscess and hydatid cyst.
Duodenal aspirates may reveal trophozoites of Giardia Lamblia
60. 7. EXAMINATION OF BIOPSY
Muscle biopsy may reveal
Cysticerci of Taenia solium
Larvae of Trichinella spiralis
Sarcocysts of Sarcocystis lindemanni
Liver biopsy may demonstrate
Entamoeba histolytica
Leishmania donovani
Echinococcus granulosus
Brain biopsy may reveal trophozoites of
Entamoeba histolytica
Naegleria fowleri
61. 8. CULTURE
Culture methods are available for many protozoan parasite
such as
Entamoeba histolytica - Balamuth’s medium
Balantidium coli - LES medium
Naegleria fowleri - Non nutrient agar & PYG medium
Leishmania species - Schneider’s drosophilia medium
Trager’s medium
Steiger’s medium
Beren’s medium
Trypanosoma species - NNN medium
Culture is useful for accurate diagnosis or as a supplement to
other methods or to the diagnosis those cases where routine
62. 9. ANIMAL INOCULATION
Animal inoculation is not a routine diagnostic procedure is
parasitic infection.
It is useful In some parasites such as Toxoplasma Gondii
(Intraperitoneal inoculation of mice)
Leishmania donovani (Intraperitoneal inoculation of
hamsters)
Trypansoma species (Intraperitoneal inoculation or tail
vein inoculation in mice)
63. 11. SEROLOGY
Various serological methods such as ELISA, IHA, FAT and
latex agglutination have been used for diagnosis of different
parasitic infection.
Some examples are Amoebiasis, leishmaniasis,
Toxoplasmosis.
64. 12. MOLECULAR METHODS
DNA probes and PCR are available for the diagnosis of parasitic
infection.
Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Leishmaniasis and Filariasis are some
example.
Sizes of various morphological forms of parasites are very
important in diagnosis of these infection.