This document discusses semen quality evaluation and artificial insemination. It describes methods for gross and microscopic examination of semen quality, including volume, color, pH, concentration, motility, live/dead ratio, and abnormalities. It discusses semen preservation including diluents, osmotic pressure, pH, nutrients, and antibiotics. Diluents for different temperatures are outlined. Artificial insemination is described as collecting semen from superior males and introducing it into females, with advantages being disease prevention and using superior genetics, and disadvantages requiring training and equipment.

1. Veterinary optional for UPSC CSE
PAPER-1
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
LECTURE - 3
by Dr. Ankesh Bisla

2. LECTURE-3 INDEX
1. Semen quality
2. Semen Preservation
3. Artificial insemination . Its Advantage & Disadvantage

3. SEMEN EVALUATION / EXAMINATION / ANALYSIS / QUALITY
1) Gross examination
2) Microscopic examination
3) Other Tests for semen
3 Methods

4. GROSS EXAMINATION
1) Volume
2) Colour
3) PH
4) Concentration(Density)

5. GROSS EXAMINATION
1) Volume

6. GROSS EXAMINATION
2) Colour

7. GROSS EXAMINATION
3) PH

8. GROSS EXAMINATION
4) Concentration(Density)
Visual Characteristics Sperm Concentration
Creamy
Light Creamy
Milky
Cloudy-watery
Almost clear and watery
2.0 millions/mm3 and above
1.0 million/mm3
0.5 million/mm3
0.1 million/mm3
<0.1 million/mm3
By visual examination, the estimation of the sperm concentration may be
done fairly in samples of high sperm density but in low sperm density semen
samples, this method may lead to serious errors. The visual characteristics of
bull semen corresponding to spermatozoa are as below :

9. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
1) Mass activity
2) Initial motility
3) Live & Dead spermatozoa
4) Concentration(Density of spermatozoa)
a) Haemocytometer
b) photo electric colorimeter
5) Sperm abnormalities
6) Other Cellsin semen

10. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
1) Mass activity
Finding under microscope Descriptive value Numerical value
a) Extermely rapid waves & eddies Excellent 5
b) Waves & eddies are not so rapid Good 4
c) waves& eddies are slowly moving Fair 3
d) Waves & eddies are absent . movement
of spermatozoa observed poor 2
e) No waves & eddies . Stationary & throbbing very poor 1
Movement of spermatozoa
f) Spermatozoa are not motile All dead 0

11. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
2) Initial motility

12. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
3) Live & Dead spermatozoa

13. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
4) Concentration(Density of spermatozoa)
a) Haemocytometer
b) photo electric colorimeter
A) Haemocytometer
B) Photoelectric Colorimeter Method : It is a rapid method for the estimation of sperm concentration in semen
samples. The method is based on principle that semen samples with varying spermatozoa concentration absorb
varying amount of light. The estimation of spermatozoa concentration using colorimetric method is likely to be
erroneous when the semen sample have epithelial concentration.

14. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
5) Sperm abnormalities

15. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
6) Other cells in semen
 Leucocytes
 Erythrocytes
 Giant or multinycleated celss in case of Testicular hypoplasia
 Free floating protoplasmic droplets
 spermatids

16. OTHER TESTS FOR SEMEN
1) Resistance to cold shock
2) Fructolysis Test
3) Oxygen utilization Test
4) Catalase Test
5) Methylene Blue Redyction Test

17. SEMEN PRESERVATION
1. Precautions
2. Basic principles / prerequisites of semen dilution
3. Diluents use for preservation of semen at different temperature i.e.
→ Ambient temperature ( 18-30°C )
→ Refrigeration temperature ( 4-5 °C )
→ Sub-zero temperature ( 79-196 °C )

18. Semen preservation
 Precautions to be used
Analytical grade chemicals Diluent

19. Semen preservation
 Precautions to be used
Clean & sterilized equipment

20. Semen preservation
 Precautions to be used
Proper Handling of semen to prevent it from cold shock , overheating &
contamination with dust , urine , water , exposure to direct sunlight & excessive
agitation.

21. Semen preservation
 Precautions to be used
Analytical grade chemicals Diluent Clean & sterilized equipment
Handling of semen to prevent it from dust , urine ,water
direct sunlight & excessive agitation.

22. SEMEN PRESERVATION
1. O.p. → 300 milliosmoles ( blood , semen , milk )
2. Neutral PH → Buffering substance
3. Nutrient → for both aerobic & anaerobic processes
4. Antibiotic – to cover broad range of bacteria
5. Protection against cold shock → lecithin in egg yolk , glycerol in deep
freezing
Basic principles or Prerequisites of semen Dilution

23. SEMEN PRESERVATION
1) Osmotic pressure → 300 milliosmole
semen Diluent

24. SEMEN PRESERVATION
2) To maintain Neutral PH
Neutral PH Buffering substance

25. SEMEN PRESERVATION
3) Nutrient – aerobic & anaerobic processes

26. SEMEN PRESERVATION
4) To cover broad Range of bacteria
ANTIBIOTIC

27. SEMEN PRESERVATION
5) Protection against cold shock
Lecithin in egg yolk Glycerol in Deep freezing

28. DILUENTS USE FOR PRESERVATION OF SEMEN
1) Millovanov”s dilutor
2) Coconut Milk Extender (CME)
3) IVT dilutor
TRICK - MCI
At Ambient temperature ( 18-30°C )

29. DILUENTS USE FOR PRESERVATION OF SEMEN
1) D2 dilutor
2) Egg-yolk Citrate dilutor
3) Egg-yolk Phoshpate dilutor
4) Milk dilutor
TRICK - DEEM At Refrigeration temperature ( 4-5°C )

30. DILUENTS USE FOR PRESERVATION OF SEMEN
1) Glycerolated egg-yolk citrate
2) Egg-yolk tris dilutor
3) Milk glycerol dilutor
TRICK - GEM
At Sub-zero temperature ( -79 TO -196°C )

31. SHORT TRICK FOR LEARNING DIFFERENT TYPES OF DILUTOR AT DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURE
MCI DEEM GEM
( 18-30°C ) ( 4-5°C ) ( -79 TO -196°C )

32. ARTIFICIAL IINSEMINATION
 Artificial insemination is the technique in which semen is collected from the
superior quality male & introduced into female reproductive tract at proper
time with the help of instruments.

33. ADVANTAGE : A.I.
 Advantages of Artificial Insemination:
 There is no need of maintenance of breeding bull for a herd; hence the cost of maintenance of
breeding bull is saved.
 It prevents the spread of certain diseases and sterility due to genital diseases. E.g.:
contagious abortion, vibriosis.
 The progeny testing can be done at an early age.
 The semen of a desired size can be used even after the death of that particular sire.
 The semen collected can be taken to the urban areas or rural areas (remote areas) for
insemination.
 It makes possible the mating of animals with great differences in size without injury to either of
the animal.
 It is helpful to inseminate the animals that are refuse to stands or accept the male at the time
of oestrum.
 It increases the rate of conception.
 It helps in better record keeping.
 Old, heavy and injured sires can be used.

34. DISADVANTAGE –A.I.
 Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination:
 Requires well-trained operations and special equipment.
 Necessitates the knowledge of the structure and function of reproduction on
the part of operator.
 Improper cleaning of instruments and in sanitary conditions may lead to lower
fertility.
 If the bull is not properly tested, the spreading of genital diseases will be
increased.
 Market for normal bulls will be reduced, while that for superior bull is increased.

35. Revision Revision
to Success
is