I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
Atlas on bethesda system for reporting cervical cytologyAshish Jawarkar
This is an atlas with more nearly 100 images, authentic taken from NCI web atlas. Useful to understand and report pap smears. The subject has been presented in a way which will help students reproduce in exams.
Clotting time - Coagulation of whole bloodSHRUTHI VASAN
Coagulation of blood - Clotting Time - Introduction - Methods - Capillary Method - Tube Method - Lee White Method - Procedure - Normal Range - Discussion.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
FNAC of breast - definition, history, purpose, preparations, basic equipment, procedure, smear preparation, fixatives, staining solutions, rapid stains - toluidine blue, difference between air dried and wet fixed slides, complications and contraindications, advantages, general criteris for malignancy, nuclear size and pleomorphism, nuclear membrane, irregularity and extranuclear chromatin, nuclear fragility and mitotic figures, types of breast carcinoma.
cytology of urine tract - this slide contains the specimen collection method, preparation of specimen, types of fixatives, other preparation techniques, urinary tract histology, normal urinary tract cytology,
“Microbes matters”. Cooperation among bacteria. Good microbes. Microbes too helps us in various ways. List of uses of microbes. The reason behind tasty foods. Microbes are useful in food production and food industries. “Fermentation may have been greater discovery than fires”. Fermentation – the main job of microbes. Brewing beer, liquors and wine. The need of microbes in agriculture. It helps in encountering of insects. Microorganisms are an important part of wastewater treatment. Contribution to medicine - thousands of antibiotics known to us are made by microorganisms. The best kind of biodegradable plastics are the ones made by bacteria because they can also be broken down by bacteria. It also helps to set up your aquarium. The complex microbial communities on and in the human body can sometimes get out of balance – Maintaining of balance. Microorganisms have evolved as a potential alternate source of energy. Microorganisms are used to produce biofuels like biodiesel, bioalcohol and also microbial fuel cell. We are all here because of an organism that changed the world and also paved the way for complex life on earth – Evolution. Microorganisms help us in researching on diseases, such as in vaccination. We conclude with the a considerations of the consequences of the these complex interactions and we briefly discuss the potential role of social interactions involving multiple traits and multiple environment constraints in the evolution of specialization and division of microbes.
This slide gives you details about
1. embalming
2. museum techniques
3. principles of karyotyping
chemicals used for embalming
instruments used for embalming
embalming procedures
uses of embalming
procedures for museum techniques
procedure for storing specimens
instruments used in specimen storage
different types of jars
karyotyping definition
procedure for karyotyping
This slide gives you details about the following:
Safety precautions.
Rules and regulations to be followed inside laboratory.
Different type of laboratory hazards.
How to deals with laboratory accident incidents.
Diagrammatic representation of dress codes & rules.
bio safety cabinets.
Dress codes for technicians dealing with radioactive materials
sterilization of whole room (Fumigation)
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. LE CELLS:
An LE cell is a Neutrophil or Macrophage that has
phagocytised (engulfed) the denatured nuclear material
of another cell. The denatured material is an
absorbed haematoxylin body (basophilic particle also
called an LE body).
They are a characteristic of lupus erythematosus, but
also found in similar connective tissue disorders.
The LE cell was discovered in bone marrow in 1948 by
Malcolm McCallum Hargraves (1903–1982), a
Physician and Practicing Histologist at the Mayo Clinic.
Classically, the LE cell is analyzed microscopically, but it
is also possible to investigate this phenomenon by flow
cytometry.
6. SLE
Persons having lupus erythematosus, one of the "collagen"
diseases, have an abnormal plasma protein that causes swelling
and breakdown of certain blood cell nuclei in vitro.
This degenerated nuclear material attracts phagocytic cells,
particularly segmented neutrophils, which engulf this nuclear
mass.
The resulting phagocyte and inclusion material is termed an
"L.E." cell.
Lupus erythematosus is a chronic, sometimes fatal, disease of
unknown etiology.
The peculiar skin eruption across the nose and cheeks (butterfly
rash) and arthritis can be accompanied by various visceral
manifestations.
Often the rash is not present, and diagnosis depends on
demonstration of the L.E. cell.
Frequently the earliest symptoms appear after intense exposure
to sunlight.
Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and an elevated sedimentation
rate are some of the clinical signs of the disease.
7.
8.
9. Two methods of demonstrating the L.E. cell
and antinuclear antibodies are the
Rotary bead method and
Fluorescent antibody method.
The rotary bead method is positive in 75-80
erythematosus.
The fluorescent antibody method is positive in
95-100 patients with lupus erythematosus.
The fluorescent antibody method requires
equipment that limits its use to larger laboratories.
10. ROTARY BEAD METHOD
Principle
Leukocytes are broken down in vitro allowing
the abnormal plasma protein to react on the altered
nuclear material. Incubation enhances the nuclear
deterioration and phagocytises. Slides are prepared
and examined for the peculiar "L.E." cell.
11. Free masses of lysed nuclear material, with or
without polymorphonuclear leukocytes clustered
about them (rosette formation), are suggestive of
the L.E. phenomenon.
Observing "rosettes" should encourage the
technician to repeat examinations and further
search for the true "L.E." cells.
A positive report should not be made without the
identification of this cell. The inclusion body with the
leukocyte is homogeneous and has no chromatin
pattern. This feature distinguishes the true "L.E." cell
from the "tart" cell (nucleophagocytosis).
This latter cell contains an engulfed, damaged
nucleus, usually that of a lymphocyte, which still
contains a recognizable chromatin pattern and a
distinct nuclear membrane.
12.
13. COLLECTION OF SAMPLE::
Lupus erythematosus (LE) cell testing is
performed using any of the following:
Heparinized bone marrow
Heparinized venous blood
Oxalated venous blood
Defibrinated venous blood
Clotted venous blood
LE factor and donor cells
LE Factor:
An Antibody found in the serum found in SLE
Patients.
14. Obtaining bone marrow is usually distressing for the
patient; therefore, the buffy coat from venous blood is
an adequate substitute.
If the equipment for buffy coat is unavailable, an
untreated venous blood sample is left to clot (from 20-
120 minutes) and the plasma removed. The residual
clot is passed through a wire mesh and centrifuged
for 5 minutes to obtain a buffy coat. This buffy coat is
then smeared on glass slides to search for LE cells. [2]
The test may be performed by mixing the patient's
plasma, serum, or serous effusions as a source of LE
factor with bone marrow from a donor subject.
15. CONSIDERATIONS:
The ideal temperature to perform this test is 22°C,
and the process may be hastened by incubation at
37°C.
16. INTERPRETATION
o A lupus erythematosus (LE) cell test is considered
positive when approximately 2%-30% of the cells
seen on the slide in the neutrophil count are LE cells.
o A smear is considered positive when 10 or more
characteristic LE cells are seen during a 15-minute
search, associated with the presence of extracellular,
amorphous, nuclear masses.
o The presence of LE cells indicates lupus.
o Negative findings on LE cell testing exclude (deny) a
diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).
17. o Positive reactions are also seen in
1. Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Chronic hepatitis(lupoid)
3. Scleroderma
4. Dermatomyositis
5. Polyarteritis nodosa
6. Acquired hemolytic anemia
7. Hodgkin disease
o It may also be positive in persons taking
phenylbutazone(Fever & RE) and hydralazine(BP)
18. APPLICATION
Lupus erythematosus (LE) cell testing was once
performed to diagnose systemic lupus
erythematous but has been replaced for this purpose
by antinuclear antibody testing.