Growth and Development usually refers to as a unit , express the sum of numerous changes that take place during the life time.
Development refers to a progressive increase in skills and capacity to function.
It is emerging and expanding of individual’s capacities through growth, maturation and learning.
It is qualitative change in the child’s functioning and can be measured through observation.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder which is associated of mental retardation and intellectual disabilities
The physiotherapy can help to manage of children with down syndrome
Growth and Development usually refers to as a unit , express the sum of numerous changes that take place during the life time.
Development refers to a progressive increase in skills and capacity to function.
It is emerging and expanding of individual’s capacities through growth, maturation and learning.
It is qualitative change in the child’s functioning and can be measured through observation.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder which is associated of mental retardation and intellectual disabilities
The physiotherapy can help to manage of children with down syndrome
Understanding the Needs of Children Who are Deaf / HOH with Additional Deve...Phonak
To understand the importance of developmental
progression over time.
To recognize the importance of evaluating
variety of outcomes in children with additional
needs.
To understand that teamwork is critical in
serving children in this group of children.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Development
• It is acquisition of qualitative and quantitative
skills in a social environment
FOUR AREAS
• Gross motor development
• Fine motor development
• Personal /social development
• Language development
3. Normal development
• Pattern is constant
• Skills acquired sequentially
• Rate varies from child to child
• Later goals depend on achieving earlier goal in
same field eg. sit before stand, then walk
• Genetic and environmental factors contribute
positively and negatively
4. ‘Milestones’
Acquisition of a key skill
– Median age – age at which half population
acquire the skill
– Limit – age at which a skill should have
been achieved, - 2SD from the mean
Remember, some are constant (eg. smile by 8/52),
some are not (crawling)
5. Terminology
• DEVELOPMENT DELAY
– Discrepancy 25% or more OR 1.5 to 2 SD from normal
• GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT DELAY
– Delay in 2 or more domains of development
• DEVELOPMENT DEVIANCE
– When child develop milestone or skill outside typical
acquisition of sequence
• DEVELOPMENT DISSOCIATION
– When child has widely differing rates of development in
different domains of development
• DEVELOPMENT REGRESSION
– When child loses previously acquired skills or milestone
6. Developmental assessments
• Process of mapping a child’s performance
compared with children of a similar age from
similar population
– Part of comprehensive medical care
7. Why is it necessary?
• Reassure if normal development pattern and
timings, discuss good parenting
• Spot regression
• Any genetic disorder to make?
• Identify those with specific areas of impairment
or global concerns
• Allows early support or interventions
– eg. hearing aids, physiotherapy, ?
• Give Parents time to adjust
8. Purpose of Assessment
• Whether there is impairment or not in development
• Make a diagnosis if possible
• Seek to intervene positively to improve outcome and
function for the child and family
– Reinforcing acquired skills
– Teach developmentally appropriate skills
– Provide missed experience
– Make use of other skills to overcome difficulties
– Use learning style to promote learning
9. Developmental assessment
1. Screening
– brief ,formal ,standardized evaluation aid in the
early identification children who should receive
more intensive assessment.
2. Surveillance
– Is flexible ,
– longitudinal ,
– Documenting and maintaining a developmental
history
– Making accurate observations of child
10. Time of Assessment
• Developmental surveillance-
– every well child visit
• Developmental screening-
– May be completed by parent or clinician
– Using standardized tool at 9, 18 and 30 months
– Example-
• Denver II developmental screening test
• Phatak’s Baroda Screening Test
• Trivandrum Development Screening Chart
• CAT/Clams ( Clinical adaptive test/ clinical linguistic and
auditory milestone scale)
• Goodenough- Harris Draw-a-person test
11. Examination: Observations and Interactive
Assessment
• Should take in place in a room with toys
appropriate for child
• With one or both parents, but no prompting and
helping
• Chair and table
• Child’s behavior and interaction with parents
during history taking should be observed prior to
physical examination
• Normal functioning of motor, vision and hearing
should be assessed
12. Prerequisites
• Infant or child in a
good temper
• Should not be
hungry, tired,
unwell, had
convulsion prior,
under influence of
sedative or
antiepileptic drugs
13. Equ
Equipment Required
• Ten 1- inch cubes
• Hand bell
• Colored and uncolored
geometric forms
• Picture cards
• Cards with circle, cross,
square, triangle,
diamond drawn on
them
• Patellar hammer
• Paper
• Pellets (8 mm)
Equipment
14. Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)
- 2nd Ed.
• Birth to 60 months
• ~ 15 - 20 minutes
• A 2 SD below the mean OR a 75 developmental quotient
- cutoff score
• Used as a first level screening tool to determine which
children need further evaluation to determine their
eligibility for early intervention.
• Also be used to monitor the development of children at
risk for disabilities or delays.
15. Denver II Developmental Screening Test
• Most widely used test for screening
• Assesses child development in four domains
– Gross motor
– Fine motor adaptive
– Language
– Personal social behavior
• These domains are presented as age norms,
just like physical growth curves.
16. Phatak’s Baroda Screening Test
• Indian adaptation of Bayley’s
Development scale
• India’s best known development testing
system
• Used by child psychologists rather then
physicians
• The test items are arranged
according to age.
17. Trivandrum Development Screening Chart
• Simplified adaption of Baroda Development
Screening System
• Consist of 17 items selected from BSID Baroda
norms
• Time required- 5 mins
• Good for mass screening
18. Goodenough ‘draw a man test’
• Simple nonverbal
intelligence test
• Useful as a group
screening tool.
• Points are given
for each detail
that the child
draws in the
figure.
• One can then
determine the
mental age by
comparing scores
obtained and
comparing with
normative sample.
19.
20. Definitive Tests
These tests are required once screening tests or clinical
assessment is abnormal. They are primarily aimed to
accurately define the impairments in both degree and
sphere.
– Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third
Edition (Bayley-III)
– Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
– Wechsler Intelligence Scale
– Developmental Activities Screening Inventory-SECOND
EDITION (DASI-II)
21. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-
Third Edition (Bayley-III)
• Age Range (in years) - Birth to3.5 years
• Method of Administration/Format
Individually administered in play-based format for Cognitive, Language ,
and Motor Scales; caregiver questionnaire for Social-Emotional and
Adaptive Functioning. Yields scaled scores, composite scores, and
percentile ranks.
• Approximate Time to Administer –
50 min. for 1-12 mos.;
90 min. for 13-42 mos.
Subscales
Cognitive; Language (Receptive, Expressive, Total); Motor (Fine-Motor,
Gross-Motor, Total); Social-Emotional; Adaptive Behavior (Communication,
Community Use, Functional Pre-Academics, Home Living, Health & Safety,
Leisure, Self-Care, Self-Direction, Social, Motor, Total)
22. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
• Description
– Intelligence Testing of ages 2 to 23 years and beyond
– Yields Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• Scoring
– Standardized Scoring
– Composite mean of 100 with standard deviation of 16
• Interpretation:
• Mental Retardation IQ Definitions
– Borderline mental retardation: 70 -79
– Mild mental retardation: 65-69
– Moderate mental retardation: 40-54
– Severe mental retardation: 30-39
– Profound mental retardation: <30
23. Wechsler Intelligence Scale
• Description
– Intelligence Testing
– Mean score of 100 with standard deviation of 15
– Gives verbal and performance scores
– Broken into subtests each with a mean of 10
• Age specific Wechsler tests
– Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale Intelligence (WPPSI-R)
• Used for ages 3 to 7 years
– Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISCIII)
• Used for ages 6 to 16 years
– Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R)
• Used for ages 16 years and older
•
24. Take Away Message
Best tests (in our setting)
• For infant:
Phatak’s Baroda Screening Test
• For pre school child:
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third
Edition (Bayley-III)
• For school going child:
Wechsler Intelligence Scale
25. Developmental Quotient (DQ)
Ratio of the functional age to the chronological age. It is a means to simply
express a developmental delay.
DQ= ((developmental age) / (chronological age)) * 100
• If the infant was born prematurely the chronological age should be
corrected for the gestational age at birth during the first year of life.
• The adaptive developmental quotient uses a development measure such as
the Gesell scales. Similar quotients may use IQ or other measures.
Interpretation
maximum score =100
> = 85 normal
71-84 mild-to-moderate delay
<= 70 severe delay
26. Red Flags: Birth to three month
– Rolling prior to 3 months
• Evaluate for hypertonia
– Persistent fisting at 3 months
• Evaluate for neuromotor dysfunction
– Failure to alert to environmental stimuli
• Evaluate for sensory Impairment
27. Red Flags: 4 to 6 months
– Poor head control
• Evaluate for hypotonia
– Failure to reach for objects by 5 months
• Evaluate for motor, visual or cognitive deficits
– Absent Smile
• Evaluate for visual loss
• Evaluate for attachment problems
• Evaluate maternal Major Depression
• Consider Child Abuse or child neglect in severe
cases
28. Red Flags: 6 to 12 months
– Persistence of primitive reflexes after 6 months
• Evaluate for neuromuscular disorder
– Absent babbling by 6 months
• Evaluate for hearing deficit
– Absent stranger anxiety by 7 months
• May be related to multiple care providers
– Inability to localize sound by 10 months
• Evaluate for unilateral Hearing Loss
– Persistent mouthing of objects at 12 months
• May indicate lack of intellectual curiosity
29. Red Flags: 12 to 24 months
– Lack of consonant production by 15 months
• Evaluate for Mild Hearing Loss
– Lack of imitation by 16 months
• Evaluate for hearing deficit
• Evaluate for cognitive or socialization deficit
– Hand dominance prior to 18 months
• May indicate contralateral weakness with Hemiparesis
– Inability to walk up and down stairs at 24 months
• May lack opportunity rather than motor deficit
30. Red Flags: 12 to 24 months
– Advanced non-communicative speech
(e.g. Echolalia)
•Simple commands not understood suggests
abnormality
•Evaluate for Autism
•Evaluate for pervasive developmental disorder
– Delayed Language Development
•Requires Hearing Loss evaluation in all children
31. Early Stimulation
• Infants who show suspect or early signs development
delay need to be provided opportunities that promote
body control, acquisition of motor skills, development
and psychosocial maturity.
– making additional efforts to make the child sit or walk,
– giving toys to manipulate,
– playing with the child,
– showing objects,
– speaking to the child and
– encouraging him to speak and prompting the child to
interact with others, etc.