The Alveograph is a tool that measures flour quality by inflating a bubble in a thin sheet of dough until it bursts. It was invented in 1920 in France and has since been modernized with automated features. The key measurements provided are dough intensity (P), extensibility (L), elasticity index (Ie), and baking strength (W). These measurements can be used to analyze how different factors like yeast, sugar, temperature, and salt influence dough behavior. The Alveograph works by calibrating the device, mixing dough with a calibrated amount of water, stretching test pieces of dough until they burst, and providing resulting data on measurements like P, L, Ie, and W.