detailed information about indian dairy products their manufacturing,chemical analysis,shelf life,composition,process flowchart,production and consumption of indian products, state wise production,indian products and their english counterparts
Canning Equipments: Construction & WorkingAbdul Rehman
Comprises of detailed theory alongwith labelled diagram of equipments used in Canning of Fruits and Vegetables. The flow chart which illustrates numerous process carried out in Canning Fruits and Vegetables.
detailed information about indian dairy products their manufacturing,chemical analysis,shelf life,composition,process flowchart,production and consumption of indian products, state wise production,indian products and their english counterparts
Canning Equipments: Construction & WorkingAbdul Rehman
Comprises of detailed theory alongwith labelled diagram of equipments used in Canning of Fruits and Vegetables. The flow chart which illustrates numerous process carried out in Canning Fruits and Vegetables.
Icecream is well-likes dairy product due to its smooth creamy texture which is achieved by various types of processing and freezing. This presentation is about the types of freezers used in Icecream manufacture
Food extrusion is a form of extrusion used in food processing. It is a process by which a set of mixed ingredients are forced through an opening in a perforated plate or die with a design specific to the food, and is then cut to a specified size by blades.
this presentation speaks about the extrusion technology and incorporation of fruits and vegetable for enhancing the nutritional of the extruded food product.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
CAP and MAP (Controlled atmospheric packaging and Modified atmospheric packaging) of food products using Nitrogen gas. Food products that are durable and perishable, how Nitrogen gas protects foods from spoilage.
Icecream is well-likes dairy product due to its smooth creamy texture which is achieved by various types of processing and freezing. This presentation is about the types of freezers used in Icecream manufacture
Food extrusion is a form of extrusion used in food processing. It is a process by which a set of mixed ingredients are forced through an opening in a perforated plate or die with a design specific to the food, and is then cut to a specified size by blades.
this presentation speaks about the extrusion technology and incorporation of fruits and vegetable for enhancing the nutritional of the extruded food product.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
CAP and MAP (Controlled atmospheric packaging and Modified atmospheric packaging) of food products using Nitrogen gas. Food products that are durable and perishable, how Nitrogen gas protects foods from spoilage.
Production of biodiesel from jatropha plantNofal Umair
Production of Bio-diesel from jatropha plant ....
By the increase in demand of fuel the resources are not as many to full control the demand of the world and the known reservoir wont last forever there fore an alternate energy source is required to fulfill the world fuel demand.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Mpkv lecture 3 advances in oil seed processing technologies
1. Advances in Oil Seed
Processing Technologies
Dr. R.T. Patil
Former Director, CIPHET, Ludhiana
Chairman, Benevole Welfare Society for Post
Harvest Technology, Bhopal
2. Availability of Oils
•The current demand for vegetable oil in India is
around 235 million tonnes.
•Primary sources include Groundnut, Rapeseed
(Mustard), Soyabean, Sunflower, Sesamum,
Niger seeds, Safflower, Castor and Linseed
(60MT)
•Secondary sources include Coconut, Cottonseed,
Ricebran, Solvent Extracted Oils and oils from
Tree and forest origin (29MT)
•In 2015-16, India imported 148.20 million tonnes
of edible oils. Thus, India has an alarming
level of import dependency on oil.
11. Double Chamber Modern Oil Expeller
•Provision for cooling the barrel by
passing water through water
jackets for temperature of the
barrel below 70C
•Pungent compounds present in
the oil are not escaped during
expelling.
•10 tpd capacity provides 5.8%
residual oil in mustard cake in
one-go crushing, as compared to
7.5% in conventional expeller
•Mustard cake is bright green
without any discolouration.
•Durability worm & cage bar
assemblies (10 week against 3
weeks conventional expellers)
•The plant requires less space for
installation.
12. Parameter Values
Throughput capacity 25 kg/h
Effective capacity for
extruded soy-sample
15 kg /h
Recovery 70%,
Single pass
Effective capacity for
soft seeds in 2 passes
15 kg/h
Recovery 80-85%
Compression ratio for
Primary section 5:1
Secondary section 3:1
Overall compression
ratio
15:1
L:D ratio
Primary section 5.1:1
Secondary section 4.5:1
Overall 9.6:1
Single Feed Multi Stage Oil Expeller
14. • Capacity 100 kg /h
• Oil recovery 65 – 70 %
in single pass
• Good quality MFSF
(Protein 48 %, Fat 6-8 %,
TI Inactivation up to 70
%)
•Development of
commercial unit ( 250 kg
/h) in progress in
collaboration with a
manufacturer
Integral Extrusion Expelling Unit
17. Smart Intervention in Solvent
Extraction
• Enzyme Assisted Extraction (EAE)
The most effective enzymes used are from the
fungus Trichoderma. Cellulases, hemicellulases, and
pectinases
• Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE)
shorter extraction times, low energy demands, and high
extraction efficiency.
• Microwave Assisted Extraction
The protein material is denatured during microwave
treatment leading to an improved extraction within a short
with less solvent.
• Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
Nontoxic, nonflammable, with good solvent power, low viscosity,
high diffusivity, easily removable.
18. Enzyme Assisted Solvent
Extraction
Plant cell walls are made up of lignocellulosic, and other
polymers intertwined with each other, which provide a barrier
to extraction of its components
Enzymes are used for the digestion of these cellular materials
and disruption of pores as a pre-extraction step which eases
the diffusion of the oil into the extraction medium
Some of the most effective enzymes used are from the
fungus Trichoderma. Cellulases, hemicellulases, and
pectinases, are commonly used during EAE to hydrolyze and
degrade the cell wall thus improving the release of
intracellular content.
19. Ultrasound Assisted Solvent
Extraction
•Ultrasound is a special type of sound wave beyond
human hearing, with frequencies ranging from 20
to 100 MHz.
• Advantages of UAE include shorter extraction times,
low energy demands, and high extraction
efficiency.
•UAE is mainly attributed to the behavior of cavitation
which brings about the formation and growth of
bubbles and its subsequent collapse.
•The result of this collapse are physico-chemical and
mechanical effects which provoke disruption of
material matrix, facilitating release of extractable
compounds into the solvent.
20. Microwave Assisted Solvent
Extraction
•Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is one of the most
recent and attractive alternative oil extraction
methods.
•The protein material is denatured during microwave
treatment leading to an improved extraction.
•The rapid heating and destruction of biological cell
structure by the microwave ensures effective
extraction within a short time requiring small
amounts of solvent and produces high quality oil.
•Another important advantage of this process is the
lower energy requirement which decreases
environmental impact and financial costs.
21. Super Critical Fluid Extraction
•This method is commonly referred to as the
supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method as
compressed carbon dioxide with properties of 10–
50 MPa pressures and 35–80 °C temperatures
is the most frequently used as solvent.
•It has a relatively low critical temperature (31.1 °C), is
nontoxic, nonflammable, with good solvent power,
low viscosity, high diffusivity, can be easily
removed from the product, and is readily available
at low cost.
•Unlike other methods that require thermal treatment
after extraction, the separation of supercritical
carbon dioxide from the extracted oil occurs by
simple depressurization
22. Expander Assisted Solvent Extraction
In expander soybean flakes or pre pressed cake of other
oilseeds is crushed, steam is injected to cook the proteins and
starches, as well as to elevate the temperature above the
boiling point of water. At the discharge a cone or die plate with
circular openings is used to generate even higher pressures
and the pressure drop at exit forms a network of pores
throughout the material.
23. Expander Assisted Solvent
Extraction
The expanded product is 50% more dense than flakes, can
squeeze 50% more material (increase in capacity).
Porous material allows better drainage of the solvent, lowest
residual oil levels in the meal, and less solvent per ton
Advantages
•Up to 50% increase in extractor capacity
•Residual oil levels as low as 0.6%
•Reduction in fines
•Higher extractor percolation rates
•Lower solvent to meal ratios
•Higher miscella concentration
•Lower steam consumption
•Lower solvent loss
•Reduction in non-hydratable phospholipid content
26. Storage of Oil
•Properly stored, an unopened bottle of vegetable oil
will generally stay at best quality for about 24
months
•Once you'll open the bottle, the oil in it should be
fine for at least a year.
•Antioxidants prevent auto-oxidation of oils and fats
during heat processing. It has been shown that
most of natural additives have more
antioxidants activity and thermal stability than
synthetic ones in different edible oils.
•Sesame oil has a special and strong antioxidant
called sesamol and can be used to extend
shelf life of other oils
28. Conclusions
• Modernization of oil milling sector to
higher oil recovery and better quality
cake
• Develop pre-pressing treatments for
higher recovery and cold pressed quality
oil
• Develop novel and efficient designs of
oil expellers and their promotion
• Use of smart solvent extraction methods
