This document provides an overview of refrigeration and refrigeration systems. It discusses the objectives of refrigeration including preserving foods and reducing losses. It then describes the basic vapor compression refrigeration cycle including the components of compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Finally, it discusses factors that influence the coefficient of performance such as pressure losses, heat transfer, compression efficiency, subcooling, and superheating.
Storage of commodities at low temperature increases the shelf life. Proper understanding of storage system is necessary for desire cooling effect. Basic information regarding refrigeration is explained here. Design parameters are also give to be considered.
Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning was explained in a detailed way. For more information, Visit https://mechanicalstudents.com/refrigeration-introduction-vapor-compression-refrigeration-system-vapor-absorption-refrigeration-system/
Storage of commodities at low temperature increases the shelf life. Proper understanding of storage system is necessary for desire cooling effect. Basic information regarding refrigeration is explained here. Design parameters are also give to be considered.
Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning was explained in a detailed way. For more information, Visit https://mechanicalstudents.com/refrigeration-introduction-vapor-compression-refrigeration-system-vapor-absorption-refrigeration-system/
Presentation Outline:-
The Principles of Basic Refrigeration
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
There are countless applications for refrigeration plants now.
How do things get colder
Main Components
Accessories
Pressure
Pressure And Temperature
Refrigerator used for Cooling
Analysis of the Carnot Refrigerator
Terminology
The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
The Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Analysis
VCR Cycle Irreversibilities
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TWO STAGE AIR COOLER IN DIFFERENT SPEEDIAEME Publication
During summer use of khush curtains and water spraid over the khash (fibre) curtain for air cooling is done. But the determination of the extent of cooling is limited up to the wet bulb temperature in Conventional Cooler air is passes at uniform rate through wetted pad. In this process humidity increases sometimes which is not desirable. In Two Stage Air Cooler the primary air is cooled by a contact surface which is maintained at lower temperature air and water on the other side of the contact surface
After analysis it is found that in Two Stage Air Cooler Effective temperature decreases COP increases up to 13 which are significantly higher than normal cooler and conventional air conditioner.
refrigerator and Air Condition,application, unit and COP, COP, types of refrigeration system, ideal properties for a refrigerant , Refrigeration Cycle, Bell- Colman Cycle, Vapour Compression Cycle,
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
Heat Recovery System in Domestic RefrigeratorIjrdt Journal
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in last century from ice harvesting to temperature controlled rail cars. Most widely used current application of refrigeration is for air-conditioning of homes and public buildings. During refrigeration, heat from the refrigerant is dissipated for the successful completion of a refrigeration cycle. In normal household refrigerators, the heat from the refrigerant is removed using a condenser where the refrigerant cools and the air surrounding the condenser heats up. The strategy of how to recover the dissipated heat to develop a waste heat recovery system is relevant. The energy lost in waste heat cannot be fully recovered. However, much of the heat can be recovered and the loss can be minimized by adopting different measures. Hot air can be used for space heating, industrial drying, preheating aspirated air for oil burners, or any other application requiring warm air. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a heat recovery system to recover waste heat from the condenser in the refrigerator and to reuse it for heating application.
Presentation Outline:-
The Principles of Basic Refrigeration
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
There are countless applications for refrigeration plants now.
How do things get colder
Main Components
Accessories
Pressure
Pressure And Temperature
Refrigerator used for Cooling
Analysis of the Carnot Refrigerator
Terminology
The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
The Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Analysis
VCR Cycle Irreversibilities
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TWO STAGE AIR COOLER IN DIFFERENT SPEEDIAEME Publication
During summer use of khush curtains and water spraid over the khash (fibre) curtain for air cooling is done. But the determination of the extent of cooling is limited up to the wet bulb temperature in Conventional Cooler air is passes at uniform rate through wetted pad. In this process humidity increases sometimes which is not desirable. In Two Stage Air Cooler the primary air is cooled by a contact surface which is maintained at lower temperature air and water on the other side of the contact surface
After analysis it is found that in Two Stage Air Cooler Effective temperature decreases COP increases up to 13 which are significantly higher than normal cooler and conventional air conditioner.
refrigerator and Air Condition,application, unit and COP, COP, types of refrigeration system, ideal properties for a refrigerant , Refrigeration Cycle, Bell- Colman Cycle, Vapour Compression Cycle,
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
Heat Recovery System in Domestic RefrigeratorIjrdt Journal
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in last century from ice harvesting to temperature controlled rail cars. Most widely used current application of refrigeration is for air-conditioning of homes and public buildings. During refrigeration, heat from the refrigerant is dissipated for the successful completion of a refrigeration cycle. In normal household refrigerators, the heat from the refrigerant is removed using a condenser where the refrigerant cools and the air surrounding the condenser heats up. The strategy of how to recover the dissipated heat to develop a waste heat recovery system is relevant. The energy lost in waste heat cannot be fully recovered. However, much of the heat can be recovered and the loss can be minimized by adopting different measures. Hot air can be used for space heating, industrial drying, preheating aspirated air for oil burners, or any other application requiring warm air. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a heat recovery system to recover waste heat from the condenser in the refrigerator and to reuse it for heating application.
The presentation consists of the introduction, basic terms, and different types of ideal cycles of refrigeration,
1. Introduction to refrigeration
2. Necessity and applications
3. Unit of refrigeration and C.O.P.
4. Types of ideal cycles of refrigeration
a) Bell Coleman cycle
b) Open and dense air systems
5. Boot strap Air refrigeration system
Cold Storage Condenser Heat Recycling and Energy Saving System ResearchIJRES Journal
The principle of cold storage refrigeration system is refrigerant in the effect of the gasification
and heat in the refrigerator, However, after the refrigerant in the condenser liquefaction heat release, and the
heat emissions into the atmosphere directly. Therefore, this paper presents a condenser heat secondary recycling
using system, through the series between the compressor and condenser phase change thermal storage, and
Condenser external phase change thermal storage to realize to the condenser heat recycled using. Using the
phase transition process of phase change heat storage material condensing heat recovery and cooling system for
making hot water, not only realize the condensing heat recycling and reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases
and air pollution, at the same time solve the refrigeration system operation period and hot water use the amount
of time lag and living hot water and inconsistent problems between the condensing heat. Reasonable change
condensing unit operation and make full use of the exhaust heat of condensing unit to provide living hot water,
Can reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, improve the urban atmospheric environment, has more
significance of energy conservation and environmental protection.
There are some areas of the world in which the agricultural crops require assistance and cooling, especially
during hot days, in order
to prevent them from being subjected to unnecessary stress. In other areas, the color of fruit can be improved by cooling the trees
during the correct time period.
It is possible to extend the shelf life of some types of fruit by cooling them while they are still on the trees. And by using correct and
supervised cooling, we can increase the flower fruit set during periods of very hot weather. In other regions, we can aid and improve
the yield of fruit crops by cooling during the autumn and winter months, and then adding cold units to the same trees or cooling the
same crops at the end of the winter months in order to cause early blossoming.
In addition to employing cooling in open fields, an additional—perhaps primary—use of cooling is in various
types of greenhouses.
The principle of a greenhouse
is that the farmer can control its internal climate and thereby provide the plants with optimal growth
conditions. Therefore, a system that will have a cooling
effect on the internal temperature on hot days is almost indispensable for
every greenhouse.
Another use of a cooling system inside a greenhouse
is, perhaps surprisingly, in cold countries where the greenhouse is especially
built with few ventilation
openings to conserve internal heat. As a result of this design, on the few days that are very hot, there is
insufficient air flow to cool the interior. An efficient cooling system can solve the problem. Further, in these same cold countries, the
crops are usually
already inside the greenhouse by the first days of spring, but the heating system still needs to be operated
in order
to ensure the correct conditions. The windows must not be opened, and inside the building,
the relative humidity drops beneath the
desired levels. At this time, operating a suitable cooling system improves these crops.
What is possible to do to improve agricultural crops is also possible to do with livestock, including all types of poultry, cows, and pigs.
A suitable system can cool their micro-environment and improve production.
The different methods of cooling based on sprinkler-spraying products are as follows
ENERGY AUDIT presentationin power system .pptxReshevSharma
An energy audit is a systematic process of evaluating and analyzing energy usage in a building, facility, or industrial process to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. The goal of an energy audit is to assess energy consumption patterns, identify areas of inefficiency or waste, and recommend measures to optimize energy usage and reduce overall energy consumption.
Here's an overview of the typical steps involved in conducting an energy audit:
1. **Pre-Audit Planning:**
Define the scope and objectives of the energy audit, including the areas or systems to be evaluated, the level of detail required, and the desired outcomes. Identify key stakeholders, establish audit goals, and gather relevant documentation, such as utility bills, building plans, and equipment specifications.
2. **Data Collection and Analysis:**
Collect comprehensive data on energy consumption, including utility bills, meter readings, and operational data
Performance Improvement of a Domestic Refrigerator Using Phase change Materia...IOSR Journals
The paper investigates the performance improvement provided by a phase change material (PCM) associated with the evaporator in a domestic refrigerator. The heat release and storage rate of a refrigerator is depends upon the characteristics of refrigerant and its properties. The usage of phase change material (PCM) enhances the heat transfer rate thus improve the COP (Coefficient of performance) of refrigeration. The analysis of the experiment exemplifies the improvement of a conventional refrigeration system’s COP (Coefficient of performance) considerably. Using water as PCM and for a certain thermal load it is found that the COP (Coefficient of performance) of the conventional refrigerator increased by 18-26% on average. Here the phase change material (PCM) used in a chamber built manually and which surrounds the Evaporator chamber of a conventional refrigerator. The whole heat transfer from load given to refrigerator cabinet to evaporator, evaporator to phase change material (PCM) by conduction. So the heat transfer rate of evaporator refrigerant increases remarkably which improves the COP (Coefficient of performance) the refrigeration system.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC REFRIGE...IAEME Publication
The objective of this project was to determine the energy savings associated with improved utilization of waste heat from a domestic refrigerator. Domestic refrigerators maybe operate
continuously to maintain proper food storage condition. The continual operation of this equipment accounts more electrical energy consumption. Furthermore, a significant amount of waste heat is rejected by the condensers of refrigerator.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Introduction to Refrigeration
1. 3/3/2017
1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Refrigeration
• Refrigeration may be defined as the process of removing heat
or heat energy from a body, that is below the temperature of
its surroundings.
Refrigeration
Natural
Mechanical
Compression
Absorption: Ammonia and
water vapor
Steam jetMd Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Objectives
• To understand why the storage life of foods and agricultural
products can be extended by refrigeration
• To learn the adverse effects of low temperature for certain
commodities
• To refresh our knowledge about thermodynamics, in particular the
first law of thermodynamics, the phase diagram and the Mollier
diagram
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Purpose of refrigeration of foods
- reduces postharvest losses
- preserves foods
- makes it possible to provide safe, wholesome food all consumers
have the right to expect
- by refrigerated transport, allows countries to export perishable
produce
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
2. 3/3/2017
2
How does it work?
Fig. Gas production rate as a function of developmental stage
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Q10 (reduction in reaction rate if temperature decreases by 10°C) typically
2.5 for biochemical reactions
• Respiration
• Texture change
• Microbial growth
Example
- Predictive microbiology: prediction of microbial growth/inactivation in
various conditions of temperature, gas concentration, salt etc.
- E.g. Pathogen Modeling Program
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Negative effects of refrigeration: Chilling injury
- Variety of symptoms: lesions, brown heart in pineaple, mealiness in
tomato, gery discoloration in banana
- Most tropical fruits are affected
- Typically below 12°C, depending on cultivar
- Believed to be caused by imbalance between saturated and unsaturated
lipids
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
3. 3/3/2017
3
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Importance of refrigeration
- Number of farmers has gradually increased: <5% of world population
- Cold chains are vital to ensure safety, quality and commercial value of perishable
foodstuffs
- 75% of foods are processed, the majority involves one or more refrigeration steps
- Foods or ingredients are transported 2.5 times
- Approximately 70% of foods in developed countries are chilled or frozen when
produced, and 50% of all foods sold require refrigerated display at retailer level
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
A few numbers
- Annual purchase of chilled and quick-frozen foods is around 1200 billion
USD
- Refrigeration generates jobs: 1 out of 1000 jobs in industrialized
countries are in the equipment manufacturing field
- 300000 jobs in the USA and 70000 in Europe in the installation and
sectors
- Annual investment in refrigerating equipment totals 170 billion USD
- More than 1 billion domestic refrigerators/freezers in the world
- 300 m3 of cold storage worldwide
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Simple cooling systems
• Pot – in – Pot (M. Bah Abba)
- Two ceramic pots
- Smallest pot inside largest pot
- Wet soil in between
- Cooling via evaporation: latent heat (enthalpy removed from pot
- Rolex award
- Simple design, local manufacturing possible
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
4. 3/3/2017
4
Thermodynamics of phase change
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Temperature Vs Total Heat
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
State diagram
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Units of Refrigeration
• Unit of refrigeration: Tonne of refrigeration (TR)
• A tonne of refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect
produced by the uniform melting of one tonne (1000kg) of ice from and at
0 oC in 24 hrs.
• Latent heat of ice is 335 KJ/Kg, hence,
• 1TR= 1000 Kg * 335 KJ/Kg in 24 hrs
= (1000*335)/ (24*60)
= 232.6 KJ/min (in actual 210 KJ/min or 3.5 KW)
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
5. 3/3/2017
5
Coefficient of performance (COP)
• COP = Amount of heat extracted in the refrigerator (Q)/ amount of
work done (W)
= Q/W
• It is reciprocal of the efficiency of a heat engine
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Difference between Heat engine, Refrigerator and heat pump
COP (E) = Work done
(W)/ Heat supplied (Q2)
=(Q2 – Q1)/ Q2
COP (R) = Heat taken
(Q2)/ Work done (W)
=Q1/ (Q2- Q1)
COP (P) = Heat delivered
(Q1)/ Work done (W)
= Q1/ (Q2- Q1)
= COP (R) + 1
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Simple vapor compression refrigeration system
• It is named as vapor compression, due to low pressure vapor
refrigerant from the evaporator is changed to high pressure
vapor in the compressor.
• Refrigerant: NH3, CO2, SO2
• Advantage: small, less running cost, can be run over large
range of temperatures, COP is high.
• Disadvantage: Initial cost high, leakage problem
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
6. 3/3/2017
6
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Mechanism of a simple vapor compression refrigeration
system
1. Compressor: Low pressure, temp vapor refrigerant from evaporator drawn into
compressor at high temp through suction valve. The highly pressed and temp
vapor refrigerant is discharged into the condenser through discharge valve.
2. Condenser (cooler): Refrigerant cooled and condensed here. At this stage,
refrigerant gives up its latent heat to the surroundings condensing medium
(air/water).
3. Receiver: the condensed refrigerant stored here in a vessel.
4. Expansion valve (refrigerant control valve): allow the liquid high pressure
refrigerant in a controlled reducing rate. Some portion of refrigerant evaporates
here but greater are evaporate in evaporator.
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
5. Evaporator: The liquid-vapor refrigerant are passed through evaporator
(consists of coils of pipe) at low pressure and temperature. Here, the
liquid refrigerant absorbs its latent heatof vaporisation from the medium
(air, water or brine) which is to be cooled.
High pressure side: discharge line, condenser, receiver and expansion valve.
Low pressure side: evaporator, piping from expansion valve to evaporator and
the suction line.
Check the link for more: https://www.mobileair.com/refrigeration-cycle
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
7. 3/3/2017
7
Pressure- enthalpy diagram
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
• Red line: temperature
• Green line: constant volume curve
• Black line: quality curves or mass fraction of vapor
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
Factors influencing COP
1. There is no pressure loss in condenser, evaporator, connecting pipes and
compressor valves.
2. There is no heat transfer form or to the system at any point except the
condenser and evaporator
3. Compression is isentropic.
4. Transmission efficiency is from motor to compressor is 100%
5. Condenser temperature increase then COP is decrease due to
decreasing refrigeration effect.
6. Subcooling
7. Superheating
Md Rahmatuzzaman Rana
AssistantProfessor, Dept of FET, SUST
