This document provides an overview of smart farming techniques, including the purpose of smart farms to automate and optimize agriculture. It describes various sensors used in smart farming to measure soil moisture, temperature, and other variables. It also outlines the components used in a smart farming prototype, including an Arduino board, moisture sensor, pump, LCD display, and relay module. Finally, it discusses recent technologies applied to smart farming, such as precision agriculture robots and wireless sensor networks.
IoT for Smart Agriculture and Villages Vinay Solanki
Leverage IoT and M2M to make our villages and farming sector smarter and more efficient and productive. I talk about how we can use connected solutions to help rural population to become more efficient and productive
Precision Agriculture for Water Management Using IOTrahulmonikasharma
In the territory of agriculture, proper use of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip approach is very cost effective and efficient.Role of agriculture in the development of agricultural country is very important. The freshly come up wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has growing rapidly into distinct multi-disciplinary fields. Agriculture and farming is one of the management which have freshly switch their consideration to WSN, curious this cost adequate technology to improve its production and boost agriculture yield definitive. The outlook of this paper is to design and develop an agricultural monitoring system using wireless sensor network and IOT to enlarge the productivity and quality of farming without penetrating it for all the time manually. Temperature, humidity and water levels are the most important circumstances for the productivity, growth, and quality of plants in agriculture. The temperature, humidity and water level sensors are set up to cluster the temperature and humidity values. One of the most stimulating fields having an exotic need of decision support systems is Precision Agriculture (PA). Through sensor networks, agriculture can be associated to the IoT, with the help of this approach which provides real-time information about the lands and crops that will help farmers make right decisions. The primary influence is implementation of WSN in Precision Agriculture (PA) with the help of IoT which will enhance the usage of water, fertilizers while expand the yield of the crops and also notifications are sent to farmers mobile periodically. The farmers can able to monitor the field conditions from anywhere.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices. This system has the ability to transfer data over a network. Mostly without requiring human intervention.Internet-connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.
It is connecting each and everything to the internet.
A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agricul...IJMER
This paper provides the information related to previous work that has been done in the field of
agriculture using the wireless sensor network technology over a period of past few years. We also studied
the wireless protocols that were used previously. These protocols have limitation of short range which
requires multi hopped network as in Zigbee and Bluetooth communication technologies. The multi
hopping can be avoided by the use of appropriate long range wireless protocol such as WiMaX, GSM and
medium range Wi-Fi protocols.
Over recent years, there have been important advances in several technologies related to wireless
communications and networking applications in the agricultural practices. Based on survey results, a
more research can be done for providing best technological solution to the common challenges in
agriculture. This research would be helpful to develop a device having flexibility, local intelligences and
decision power. Hand held device option can be useful in precision agriculture for various commercial
crops in Indian scenario.
IoT for Smart Agriculture and Villages Vinay Solanki
Leverage IoT and M2M to make our villages and farming sector smarter and more efficient and productive. I talk about how we can use connected solutions to help rural population to become more efficient and productive
Precision Agriculture for Water Management Using IOTrahulmonikasharma
In the territory of agriculture, proper use of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip approach is very cost effective and efficient.Role of agriculture in the development of agricultural country is very important. The freshly come up wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has growing rapidly into distinct multi-disciplinary fields. Agriculture and farming is one of the management which have freshly switch their consideration to WSN, curious this cost adequate technology to improve its production and boost agriculture yield definitive. The outlook of this paper is to design and develop an agricultural monitoring system using wireless sensor network and IOT to enlarge the productivity and quality of farming without penetrating it for all the time manually. Temperature, humidity and water levels are the most important circumstances for the productivity, growth, and quality of plants in agriculture. The temperature, humidity and water level sensors are set up to cluster the temperature and humidity values. One of the most stimulating fields having an exotic need of decision support systems is Precision Agriculture (PA). Through sensor networks, agriculture can be associated to the IoT, with the help of this approach which provides real-time information about the lands and crops that will help farmers make right decisions. The primary influence is implementation of WSN in Precision Agriculture (PA) with the help of IoT which will enhance the usage of water, fertilizers while expand the yield of the crops and also notifications are sent to farmers mobile periodically. The farmers can able to monitor the field conditions from anywhere.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices. This system has the ability to transfer data over a network. Mostly without requiring human intervention.Internet-connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.
It is connecting each and everything to the internet.
A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agricul...IJMER
This paper provides the information related to previous work that has been done in the field of
agriculture using the wireless sensor network technology over a period of past few years. We also studied
the wireless protocols that were used previously. These protocols have limitation of short range which
requires multi hopped network as in Zigbee and Bluetooth communication technologies. The multi
hopping can be avoided by the use of appropriate long range wireless protocol such as WiMaX, GSM and
medium range Wi-Fi protocols.
Over recent years, there have been important advances in several technologies related to wireless
communications and networking applications in the agricultural practices. Based on survey results, a
more research can be done for providing best technological solution to the common challenges in
agriculture. This research would be helpful to develop a device having flexibility, local intelligences and
decision power. Hand held device option can be useful in precision agriculture for various commercial
crops in Indian scenario.
Agro IR 4.0-smart and next generation agro-farming-Fab labs to make anythingAbulHasnatSolaiman
Agriculture 4.0 is a term for the next big trends facing the industry, including a greater focus on precision agriculture, the internet of things (IoT) and the use of big data to drive greater business efficiencies in the face of rising populations and climate change. Makerspaces or Fab labs around the world can contribute in big margin to make prototypes reducing cost and makerspaces will be actions towards IR 4.0 in Bangladesh
Advance Agro Farm Design With Smart Farming, Irrigation and Rain Water Harves...IJOAEM
The paper presents the design of agriculture farm especially for the plane region which can well utilize by the farmer to sort out the scarcity of water for crop growth. The farmers are subjected with the lots of problem in agriculture like improper irrigation, selection of crops, non availability of whether information according to their region, the problem from pest and wild animals. Due to these problems, the suicidal case of farmers gets increase day by day. These problems can be sort out by using IoT. Here we use Arduino Yun having inbuilt Wi-Fi to transfer and analyze data using any IoT platform likes Kaa IoT, Watson IoT, and Cayenne. We can use different IoT communication technology like Z-wave, 6LowPAN, Thread, Sigfox, and Neul to communicate various sensors to the external world according to the application. Here we simulate the design of entire sensor network used in this project using NetSim simulator and emulator software. After emulation of designed network design by taking 50 m as field size, we obtained various graphs which show throughput of each link from sensor node up to the monitoring base station, graphs of various parameter like packet transfer, collided packets, payload and overhead transmitted and battery consumed by each sensor for specified duration. Also, farmers are able to grow a health hazard free crop for the upcoming generation.
India, whose GDP depends on the agriculture is not a developed nation in terms of modernization in agriculture. The high cost of labor, uncertainty in the production of crops, lack of knowledge about new methods, continuing with the same orthodox and traditional means to go about agriculture, the inefficient use of proper irrigational facilities results in low productivity. Due to this uncertainty in the irrigation process the crops may also dry up. About 14.7% of India’s growth depends on the agricultural sector, so it’s a huge cause of concern.
With this project, the current problems related to farming are solved and practically implemented solutions are provided. Using IOT as well as GSM, a whole new concept of farming using networks is introduced reducing labor, updating farmer about the live conditions of farm on the mobile devices and presenting its graphical value using thing speak. It makes the process handy with the click a button reformation.
We evaluate the performance of our method in a simple temperature sensing application. In terms of reducing human efforts and ease of irrigation, our approach has been observed to outperform the existing conventional approach. We bring out the advantages and disadvantages followed by their applications. The paper concludes the work open for research.
Water is an essential thing for crops and plants in agriculture. In traditional agriculture systems are take large amount of time to watering the crops lands and also have a lots of water wastes. Avoiding these problems drip irrigation systems are introduced. Drip irrigation technique is the best and efficient technique to supply the water to plants/crops in effective manner. In our IoT based smart and automatic drip irrigation system is solve the problems in existing systems and also provide the many features to farmers. This system is using Wemos D1 ESP 8266 which controls all sensors and send and receive the sensing values through the internet. In this paper explains the over view installation, system design and working of system. Shilpa. A"Smart Drip Irrigation System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12888.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/12888/smart-drip-irrigation-system/shilpa-a
In a developing country like India, where agriculture is the backbone of the country, agriculture is plagued by several problems like small and
fragmented land holdings, manures, pesticides, chemicals used for agriculture etc. consumers also increasingly demand for the healthy diet that is rich
in quality and free of agricultural chemicals and pesticides. Our project fills in the above said difficulties and demands using hydroponics we can go
organic. Since it is done in the controlled environment, it can be done anywhere like room terrace, balcony etc. also large amount of plants can be
planted in a less place. This type of agriculture could be high yielding if monitored and controlled efficiently. We propose a project that controls the
necessary conditions required for the plant to grow hydroponically and also cultivators may control the agriculture remotely using IoT.
In this presentation, Lokesh introduces IoT and associated trends. His interest lies in using IoT devices to do remote monitoring as well as in applications that ensure a driver's safety.
Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using M...ijtsrd
Agriculture is very important in everyday day life. Without agriculture we cannot satisfy our daily needs such as food. The process of developing the agriculture is very difficult as it depends on season, rainfall, water, soil, humidity etc. Rainfall is the important factor among this. Due to the changes of the season the rainfall is not constant, due to the lack of rainfall the farming land becomes dry and the irrigation of crops is very difficult for the farmers. This is the major problem in the agriculture. To overcome this in olden days the farmers used variety of irrigation systems for better crop production. Irrigation is nothing but watering the crops in cultivating land. The irrigations such as drip irrigation, springler irrigation, surface, subsurface irrigation are commonly used in many countries. These irrigation can perform a different characteristics and functions for a better crop production. Drip irrigation method was used in Israel by using the tubes and pipes. The springler irrigation method was used in Australia. These two irrigation system are now commonly used in India. In this irrigation the drop of water is send to crops but the water is insufficient and crops does not grow faster. Here we propose a new method of irrigation called center pivot irrigation system. The system is constructed in the center of farmland. It consists of sprinkler at the top and it sprinkles the water uniformly to all the crops. The crops get enough water and yield in a good manner. By using this method there is no water loss. M. Anusudha | B. Banupriya | A. Godhawari | Mr. J. Asokan ""Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using Microcontroller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30191.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30191/real-time-monitoring-of-self-propelled-center-pivot-irrigation-system-using-microcontroller/m-anusudha
Agro IR 4.0-smart and next generation agro-farming-Fab labs to make anythingAbulHasnatSolaiman
Agriculture 4.0 is a term for the next big trends facing the industry, including a greater focus on precision agriculture, the internet of things (IoT) and the use of big data to drive greater business efficiencies in the face of rising populations and climate change. Makerspaces or Fab labs around the world can contribute in big margin to make prototypes reducing cost and makerspaces will be actions towards IR 4.0 in Bangladesh
Advance Agro Farm Design With Smart Farming, Irrigation and Rain Water Harves...IJOAEM
The paper presents the design of agriculture farm especially for the plane region which can well utilize by the farmer to sort out the scarcity of water for crop growth. The farmers are subjected with the lots of problem in agriculture like improper irrigation, selection of crops, non availability of whether information according to their region, the problem from pest and wild animals. Due to these problems, the suicidal case of farmers gets increase day by day. These problems can be sort out by using IoT. Here we use Arduino Yun having inbuilt Wi-Fi to transfer and analyze data using any IoT platform likes Kaa IoT, Watson IoT, and Cayenne. We can use different IoT communication technology like Z-wave, 6LowPAN, Thread, Sigfox, and Neul to communicate various sensors to the external world according to the application. Here we simulate the design of entire sensor network used in this project using NetSim simulator and emulator software. After emulation of designed network design by taking 50 m as field size, we obtained various graphs which show throughput of each link from sensor node up to the monitoring base station, graphs of various parameter like packet transfer, collided packets, payload and overhead transmitted and battery consumed by each sensor for specified duration. Also, farmers are able to grow a health hazard free crop for the upcoming generation.
India, whose GDP depends on the agriculture is not a developed nation in terms of modernization in agriculture. The high cost of labor, uncertainty in the production of crops, lack of knowledge about new methods, continuing with the same orthodox and traditional means to go about agriculture, the inefficient use of proper irrigational facilities results in low productivity. Due to this uncertainty in the irrigation process the crops may also dry up. About 14.7% of India’s growth depends on the agricultural sector, so it’s a huge cause of concern.
With this project, the current problems related to farming are solved and practically implemented solutions are provided. Using IOT as well as GSM, a whole new concept of farming using networks is introduced reducing labor, updating farmer about the live conditions of farm on the mobile devices and presenting its graphical value using thing speak. It makes the process handy with the click a button reformation.
We evaluate the performance of our method in a simple temperature sensing application. In terms of reducing human efforts and ease of irrigation, our approach has been observed to outperform the existing conventional approach. We bring out the advantages and disadvantages followed by their applications. The paper concludes the work open for research.
Water is an essential thing for crops and plants in agriculture. In traditional agriculture systems are take large amount of time to watering the crops lands and also have a lots of water wastes. Avoiding these problems drip irrigation systems are introduced. Drip irrigation technique is the best and efficient technique to supply the water to plants/crops in effective manner. In our IoT based smart and automatic drip irrigation system is solve the problems in existing systems and also provide the many features to farmers. This system is using Wemos D1 ESP 8266 which controls all sensors and send and receive the sensing values through the internet. In this paper explains the over view installation, system design and working of system. Shilpa. A"Smart Drip Irrigation System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12888.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/12888/smart-drip-irrigation-system/shilpa-a
In a developing country like India, where agriculture is the backbone of the country, agriculture is plagued by several problems like small and
fragmented land holdings, manures, pesticides, chemicals used for agriculture etc. consumers also increasingly demand for the healthy diet that is rich
in quality and free of agricultural chemicals and pesticides. Our project fills in the above said difficulties and demands using hydroponics we can go
organic. Since it is done in the controlled environment, it can be done anywhere like room terrace, balcony etc. also large amount of plants can be
planted in a less place. This type of agriculture could be high yielding if monitored and controlled efficiently. We propose a project that controls the
necessary conditions required for the plant to grow hydroponically and also cultivators may control the agriculture remotely using IoT.
In this presentation, Lokesh introduces IoT and associated trends. His interest lies in using IoT devices to do remote monitoring as well as in applications that ensure a driver's safety.
Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using M...ijtsrd
Agriculture is very important in everyday day life. Without agriculture we cannot satisfy our daily needs such as food. The process of developing the agriculture is very difficult as it depends on season, rainfall, water, soil, humidity etc. Rainfall is the important factor among this. Due to the changes of the season the rainfall is not constant, due to the lack of rainfall the farming land becomes dry and the irrigation of crops is very difficult for the farmers. This is the major problem in the agriculture. To overcome this in olden days the farmers used variety of irrigation systems for better crop production. Irrigation is nothing but watering the crops in cultivating land. The irrigations such as drip irrigation, springler irrigation, surface, subsurface irrigation are commonly used in many countries. These irrigation can perform a different characteristics and functions for a better crop production. Drip irrigation method was used in Israel by using the tubes and pipes. The springler irrigation method was used in Australia. These two irrigation system are now commonly used in India. In this irrigation the drop of water is send to crops but the water is insufficient and crops does not grow faster. Here we propose a new method of irrigation called center pivot irrigation system. The system is constructed in the center of farmland. It consists of sprinkler at the top and it sprinkles the water uniformly to all the crops. The crops get enough water and yield in a good manner. By using this method there is no water loss. M. Anusudha | B. Banupriya | A. Godhawari | Mr. J. Asokan ""Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using Microcontroller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30191.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30191/real-time-monitoring-of-self-propelled-center-pivot-irrigation-system-using-microcontroller/m-anusudha
Intelligent Agricultural System with Weather MonitoringIJSRD
The embedded technology is now in its prime and wealth of knowledge available is mind blowing. Embedded project has new opportunities for the peasants and benefits them in various aspects. The system has been proposed to monitor the Weather and Control the Humidity of Agricultural Land. This Project Main objective is to control the Water Pump Motor whenever Soil Moisture Decreases below average level using Microcontroller. This Project also Monitor the Rain Possibilities and environmental Temperature. And a detail of weather condition has send to authorized Mobile number. Index Terms Solar Panel, Sensors, Cell phone, Microcontroller, GSM modem.
Intelligent Agricultural System with Weather MonitoringIJSRD
The embedded technology is now in its prime and wealth of knowledge available is mind blowing. Embedded project has new opportunities for the peasants and benefits them in various aspects. The system has been proposed to monitor the Weather and Control the Humidity of Agricultural Land. This Project Main objective is to control the Water Pump Motor whenever Soil Moisture Decreases below average level using Microcontroller. This Project also Monitor the Rain Possibilities and environmental Temperature. And a detail of weather condition has send to authorized Mobile number. Index Terms Solar Panel, Sensors, Cell phone, Microcontroller, GSM modem.
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In this presentation I try to clear that how to connect arduino with soil sensor.
The project is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system which switches the pump motor ON/OFF on sensing the moisture content of the soil. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important. The advantage of using this method is to reduce human intervention and still ensure proper irrigation.
The project uses an arduino which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moisture condition of the soil through the sensing arrangement. This is achieved by using an arduino which acts as interface between the sensing arrangement . Once the controller receives this signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for operating the water pump. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display status of the soil and water pump. The sensing arrangement is made by using two stiff metallic rods inserted into the field at a distance. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit.
The concept in future can be enhanced by integrating GSM technology, such that whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, an SMS is delivered to the concerned person regarding the status of the pump. We can also control the pump through SMS.
Using soil water sensors to evaluate plant available water in engineered land...Kevin Donnelly
Poster presentation at IPPS Madison 2019. Looking at use of moisture content and matric potential sensors to evaluate the water retention curve of manufactured landscape soil.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Index
• Introduction to Smart Farming
• Purpose of Smart farming
• Sensors used in Smart Farming
• Components used for making prototype
• Block Diagram
• Recent Technology used for Smart Farming
• Development of Pump from motor
• Conclusion
• References
3. Introduction
Smart Farming :
- Sensors
- Automation
- Artificial intelligence (AI)
- Things in which smartness can be inculcated are:
1) Irrigation 2) Harvesting
3) Ploughing 4) Weed & Pest removal
4. Purpose of Smart Farms
- Automation
- Efficient
- Climate Independency
- Reducing wastage of resources
- Maximizing Crop yield
- Environmental Friendly
- Absorbing CO2
10. Components used for making
prototype
• Ardunio UNO Board
• Moisture sensor with LM 393 driver
• Pump 12 V
• LCD Display with RTC Interface
• Relay Module
12. Technical Specification
• Microcontroller ATmega328
• Operating Voltage 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
• Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
• Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
• SRAM 2 KB
• EEPROM 1 KB
• Clock Speed 16 MHz
13. Communication in Ardunio
• The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication,
which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
• The Ardunio software includes a serial monitor which allows
simple textual data to be sent to and from the Ardunio board.
The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to serial chip and USB connection to
the computer
15. • The portable moisture meters (such as used in the
lumber industry) are usually calibrated in %moisture.
Some of the laboratory (bench) models measure in
parts per million moisture.
Soil Moisture sensor
19. Real time analysis of TULSI crop
DAY 10:45AM 1:00PM 4:00PM 9:00PM
SUNDAY 450 250 526 200 396 217 368 -
MONDAY 455 225 500 250 400 271 400 -
• Tulasi is very heat and cold sensitive. A room that has a constant warm
temperature, a greenhouse or indoor greenhouse is best. We can place it on
a window sill with a heater right under it, provided the heater is on at night
too.
• Especially in the winter it is very important to ensure tulsi is kept in a
constantly warm place.
• Optimum ground temperature is around 26° Celsius (78,8° Fahrenheit).
water in ppm
20. Gravimetric Methods
Gravimetric measurement is direct, exact and is the 'gold standard' for all other
measurement methods. To measure VWC gravimetrically, a sample is taken from the field
and brought to a lab in an air-tight container. In the lab, the sample is weighed, baked in
an oven long enough to remove all water through evaporation then weighed again. This
directly measures the proportion of water that was in the original sample:
The only accuracy limitations of gravimetric measurements are the accuracy of the scale
and the amount of time available for drying. However, gravimetric measurements are
manual and time consuming and are not practical for everyday use in farming.
21.
22. Soil Moisture Measurement
Key Points
• The most accurate method of soil moisture measurement is through weight ('gravimetric')
measurements. While practical in a lab environment, gravimetric methods are too time consuming
for farm water management.
• Commercial Soil Moisture measurement devices can be classified as those that measure Tension and
those that measure VWC.
• Tension sensors include Tensiometers and Gypsum Block sensors.
• VWC sensors include Neutron Probes and Dielectric Probes.
• Most VWC sensors measure soil dielectric properties. To obtain actual VWC, these measurements
must be scaled by a calibration curve that depends on soil type.
• It is usually desirable to measure at several points in the root zone profile. Some moisture probes
accommodate this by providing an array of sensors, in a single probe, positioned at different depths.
• Measuring soil moisture has always played a role in successful farm management. For many years
farmers have relied on the 'look and feel' of soil to evaluate moisture content. In fact, studies have
shown that experienced farmers can identify certain moisture levels, such as Field Capacity, with a
very high degree of accuracy simply by feeling soil and visually observing its characteristics. However,
monitoring soil moisture on an ongoing basis at several positions within the root zone and
systematically using this information to make irrigation decisions requires measurement devices,
computers and networked communication equipment.
23. • Using Soil Moisture to Make Irrigation Decisions
• Key Points
• Each moisture probe should be located at a point that represents the area being irrigated.
• For most crops, moisture should be measured at several locations throughout the depth of the root
zone and averaged together into a single 'Root Zone Summary.'
• Irrigation decisions can be made with raw data direct from moisture probes instead of calibrated
VWC. This avoids errors that can be introduced through calibration curves that depend on soil type.
• Plan irrigation by tracking soil moisture relative to preset 'Management Lines,' which define five root
zone moisture regions: 'Very Full', 'Full', 'Optimal', 'Refill' and 'Stress'. The goal is to schedule
irrigation to keep moisture in the Optimal region.
• Soil moisture level and its rate of change can be used to predict the time and duration of the next
irrigation cycle.
• Using soil moisture measurements to determine irrigation involves identifying the lowest and
highest root zone moisture you wish to permit, then scheduling irrigation events to keep moisture
levels between those values.
• In this section we discuss how to put this concept into practice by selecting the right sensor
locations, using profile measurements to evaluate average root zone moisture, correctly setting the
high and low moisture points ('Management Lines') and maintaining optimum soil moisture
throughout the season.
24. • Wheat:
• Wheat is grown under irrigation in the tropics either in the highlands near the equator and in the
lowlands away from the equator. In the subtropics with summer rainfall the crop is grown under
irrigation in the winter months. In the subtropics with winter rainfall it is grown under supplemental
irrigation. The length of the total growing period of spring wheat ranges from 100 to 130 days while
winter wheat needs about 180 to 250 days to mature. A dry, warm ripening period of 18°C or more is
preferred. Wheat is relatively tolerant to a high groundwater table; for sandy loam to silt loam a
depth of groundwater of 0.6 to 0.8 m can usually be tolerated, and for clay 0.8 to 1 m. With pre-
irrigation or sufficient rain to wet the upper soil layer, seeds are drilled 2 to 4 cm deep. Under
favourable water supply including irrigation and adequate fertilization row spacing
• Plants/ha (hectare)
• Kg/ha (hectare): surface density
• Sowing rates kg/ha
• The crop coefficient (kc) relating maximum evapotranspiration (ETm) to reference evapotranspiration
(ETo) is: during the initial stage 0.3-0.4 (15 to 20 days), the development stage 0.7-0.8 (25 to 30 days),
the mid-season stage 1.05-1.2 (50 to 65 days), the late-season stage 0.65-0.7 (30 to 40 days) and at
harvest 0.2-0.25.
• Crop Coefficient, Kc
• Root Depth, m
• Depletion Coefficient, p
• Yield Response Factor, Ky
• Grain yield factor
25.
26. If Old McDonald had a farm today, he could manage it from his
laptop computer and map it with an application on his handheld
device.
27. References:
1. For General Information on Automatic water irrigation :
http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Automatic-Watering-System-For-Plants/
2. For block diagram and step by step building process of project:
http://duino4projects.com/arduino-automatic-watering-system-2/
3.Wheat crop analysis in different periods:
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/cropinfo_wheat.html
4. Research Papers:
I) J. BURRELL ET AL. VINEYARD
Computing Sensor networks in agricultural production. IEEE pervasive computing
II) A. BAGGIO
Wireless sensor networks in precision agriculture
III) S. BLACKMORE
“Precision Farming: An Introduction,” Outlook on Agriculture Journal
IV) N. WANG, N. ZHANG AND M. WANG
“Wireless Sensors in Agriculture and Food Industry: Recent Development and Future Perspective
