The document discusses the importance of synchronizing generators with the power grid to minimize differences in voltage, frequency, and phase angle prior to connection. It outlines the conditions for synchronization, potential issues like islanding, and methods for detecting synchronization failures using microcontrollers. Additionally, it highlights hardware components used in monitoring and controlling synchronization in power systems.

1. Detecting Power Grid Synchronization
Failure on Sensing Frequency or
Voltage Beyond Acceptable

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Detecting Power Grid Synchronization
Failure
 Synchronization means the minimization of difference in voltage, frequency
and phase angle between the corresponding phases of the generator output
and grid supply. An alternating current generator must be synchronized with
the grid prior to connection. It can’t deliver the power unless it is running at
same frequency as the network.
 Synchronization must occur before connecting the generator to a grid.
Synchronization can be achieved manually or automatically. The purpose of
synchronization is to monitor, access, enable, and automatically take the
control action to prevent the abnormalities of voltage and frequency.
Introduction

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Rules Must Be Followed for Power
Grid Synchronization
Voltage Fluctuation:
 When a generator is synchronized with a power grid.
 There is a voltage fluctuation on the distribution line.
 During synchronization the voltage fluctuation should not exceed 3% at
the at the point of common coupling.

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Synchronization Limits:
 The limits allowing for synchronization are.
 Phase angle- +/-20 degrees
 Maximum voltage difference – 7%
 Maximum slip frequency – 0.44%
Rules Must Be Followed for Power
Grid Synchronization

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Relays:
 For checking the synchronization “synch check relay” must be used.
 The usage of relays can’t apply for induction generators.
 The use of synch check relay is to accept as a backup during synchronization.
 It ensures a generator will not connect to a dead distribution line.
Rules Must Be Followed for Power
Grid Synchronization

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Synchronization of Induction
Generators
 Standard motor controllers will be used to synchronization of induction
generators.
 Turbine shaft power will be used to mechanically drive the generators up to
synchronization speed.
 The speed of the motors depends on supplied frequency and number of poles
on the generators.

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Synchronization of Synchronous
Machines
 For synchronous generators output waveform should be in phase with the
grid voltage waveform.
 The rate of change of phase angle between the grid and the machine
(generator) must be within the specified limits.
 Some other rules are variable speed drive arrangement to maintain a
constant output frequency.

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Failure of Synchronization
 There are various reasons for failure of power grid synchronization.
 Synchronization circuit may fail for responding to a received input pulse.
 It happens when the received input pulse is shorted than the sampling period of
the synchronizer.
 Then no synchronized representation will take place.
 Synchronization circuit may fail, when the pulse rate of the input signal is
higher than the synchronization rate of the synchronizer.

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Synchronization Failures and their
Detections
 Generators and some local loads have become disconnected from main
distribution lines due to some issues.
 Due to this there is a reduction in quality of supply.
 It may prevent automatic reconnection of devices. This is called as islanding.
 Islanding must be detected and producing power must be stopped immediately.

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Following Hazards May Take Place
Due to Islanding
 Line voltages may excessive; when distributing lines and generators are
disconnected the line is not earthed.
 Due to Islanding synchronization can’t be maintained.
 The fault level contribution from the grid to sub-station may be lost.
 Due to this sufficient current may not be generated.
 The voltage levels may go outside of normal operating limits, and the quality
of supply may be reduced.

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Detection Methods of Islanding
 Detection of islanding can be done through active and passive methods.
 Passive methods look for transient events on the grid.
 Active methods will probe the grid by sending signals from the distribution point of grid.
 Loss of Mains Protection (LoM) will be designed to sense the disconnection of generators.
 The blind area is called Non Detection Zone (NDZ).

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Which Microcontrollers Are Used in
This Project?
 40 pin 8051 Microcontrollers are used in this project.
 The Microcontroller monitors the under/over voltage being derived from a
set of comparators.

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Applications of Power Grid Failure
Detection
 Lighting is one of the main causes for power system faults.
 The major advantage is detecting the synchronization failure between
generators and power grid.
 When there is an Under/over voltage or under/over frequency.
 The comparator will detect the difference the actual power and reactive.
 If there is no failure of power grid synchronization then the detectors will give
the zero values.

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Block Diagram

15. • 8051 series Microcontroller
• LCD
• Op-Amps
• 555 timer
• Crystal
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Diodes
• Transformer
• Voltage Regulator
• Relay
• Transistors
• Slide Switch
• Lamp
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Hardware Requirements

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