This document summarizes a student project to design and fabricate a shaft drive for a two-wheeler instead of the typical chain drive. It first discusses some of the disadvantages of chain drives like noise, grease, and high maintenance costs. It then proposes using a shaft drive with gears instead of a chain to address these issues. The main components of the shaft drive system are described, including the drive shaft, gears, universal joint, bearings, axle, and wheel. Design considerations and calculations are also provided for sizing the drive shaft and selecting appropriate gear types and sizes. The goal of the project is to develop a lower maintenance alternative to the traditional chain drive for two-wheelers.
This presentation contains basic idea regarding spur gear and provides the best equations for designing of spur gear. One can Easily understand all the parameters required to design a Spur Gear
This presentation contains basic idea regarding spur gear and provides the best equations for designing of spur gear. One can Easily understand all the parameters required to design a Spur Gear
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 8-cams, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drivesDr. L K Bhagi
Geometrical relationships, Analysis of belt tensions, Condition for maximum power transmission, Characteristics of belt drives, Selection of flat belt, V- belt, Selection of V belt, Roller chains, Geometrical relationship, Polygonal effect, Power rating of roller chains, Design of chain drive, Introduction to belt drives and belt construction, Introduction to chain drives
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 8-cams, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drivesDr. L K Bhagi
Geometrical relationships, Analysis of belt tensions, Condition for maximum power transmission, Characteristics of belt drives, Selection of flat belt, V- belt, Selection of V belt, Roller chains, Geometrical relationship, Polygonal effect, Power rating of roller chains, Design of chain drive, Introduction to belt drives and belt construction, Introduction to chain drives
Analysis and Improvement of the Steering Characteristics of an ATV.IJERA Editor
The main objective is to analyze the steering characteristics of an ATV (All Terrain vehicles) in order to improve the maneuverability of the vehicle. It is found that in our last year’s BAJA buggy the vehicle oversteerd more than we expected, when inputs are given in the steering wheel while cornering at sharp turns which tends to move the vehicle out of the track. We focus to design an effective steering system with a reduced steering ratio of 3:1. This helps the driver to maneuver the vehicle with ease.
Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sen...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Fluid Power is widely employed in applications required high loads such as tractors, cranes, and airplanes. In load sensing hydraulic systems, loads are controlled by adjusting a pump-valve arrangement. In this paper, the swash plate pump hydraulic characteristics will be determined, the pump and its fluid gains will be derived to obtain the pump overall transfer function. Firstly, the swash plate pump mechanism is analyzed and its dynamic model is constructed; the pump pressure and flow rate are plotted and the possible improvement is introduced. The load sensing unit parameters such as orifice width, orifice area, maximum passage area, and piston area at X and Y will be examined to identify their influence on the pump characteristics; and the optimum parameters will be introduced. All results are developed and simulated numerically.
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An In...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
A New Two-Dimensional Analytical Model of Small Geometry GaAs MESFETIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In this paper, a simple and exact analytical model for Small Geometry GaAs MESFET is developed to determine the potential distribution along the channel of the device. The model is based on the exact solution of two-dimensional Poisson’s equation in the depletion region under the gate. Then the obtained model is used to study the channel potential and threshold voltage of the device. Using the analytical model, the effect of the device parameter and bias conditions on performance of the device is investigated. The obtained results are graphically exhibited and discussed. In order to verification of the analytical results, TCAD device simulator is used and good accordance is observed.
Design a WSN Control System for Filter Backwashing ProcessIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Day by day, there is a higher rate of need for accurate automation system to be used in industries and environment monitoring and control. In water treatment plants during the filtration phase, there is a process called backwashing, which particles suspended in the filter basin are removed. in this process the water are forcedly pumped through the filter in upward direction at enough speed to expand the filter media. Therefore, various types of valves used, which are opened and closed in a time sequencing manner. The paper proposed an automation control system for the backwashing process to be initiated and completed automatically using PLC, level sensors and valves installed inside the filter basin. Practically, a control system has been applied which all valves are opened and closed according to wireless signals coming from PLCs on its suitable time. In summary, the control in the process demonstrated that the proposed system is efficient, effective, and able to be reliable. Besides, the results increase the productivity at a low-cost mode.
Application of Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Dimensions: A Critical ...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT”: Customer relationship management is crucial due to the competitive environment. For this reason, it has become a widely implemented strategy across the hotel industry in retaining customers and maintaining good relationships with them. It also promotes customer satisfaction and loyalty which lead to the achievement of competitive business performance. However, due to the ever-increasing competition and the continuous changing customers’ needs in the hotel industry, the ability to achieve customer satisfaction is becoming a major challenge. Using 40 respondents from 20 hotels, this paper, therefore, explores the managers’ perspective into how the application of CRM dimensions impact on the performance of hotels and also examines the relationships between them since studies evaluating their relationships are limited. It studies CRM from the hotels’ perceptive as Guest Services Managers and Marketing Managers were the respondents. This study employed an exploratory research design and quantitative technique. The survey was conducted in New Delhi and simple random sampling was the sampling technique used to select respondents. With the study’s objectives in mind, the developed research hypotheses constructed were tested using multiple regression analysis as the statistical tool. Through the results, it has been revealed that CRM dimensions are positively related to the performance of hotels. Finally, CRM dimensions are highly recommended as a competitive strategic tool to enhance competitiveness.
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool to Prom...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Public Private Partnership involves private sector engagement in infrastructural development. Though in the past, the country infrastructure had been experiencing a decline in the system, this is because, government had been the sole contributor to infrastructural finance and had often taken responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. This decline in the system is caused by escalating population growth depending on available infrastructure, decaying of existing power infrastructure, political instability and corruption in the system. The ongoing reform is about bringing the system to a lime light. Hence, Public Private Partnership participation in the infrastructural development in Nigeria, will create favorable environment for an investors, provide job opportunities, long time policy, decision making and efficient use of the available resources. This paper therefore dwells on overview of the public private partnership with regards to energy and other infrastructural development of Nigeria. Challenges of the partnership and possible solutions towards subduing the problems are proffered.
Study of Part Feeding System for Optimization in Fms & Force Analysis Using M...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the development of a flexible and vibratory bowl feeding system which is suitable for use in a flexible manufacturing system. The vibratory bowl feeder for automatic assembly, presents a geometric model of the feeder, and develops force analysis, leading to dynamical modeling of the vibratory feeder. Based on the leaf-spring modeling of the three legs of the symmetrically arranged bowl of the feeder, and equating the vibratory feeder to a three-legged parallel mechanism, the paper reveals the geometric property of the feeder. The effects of the leaf-spring legs are transformed to forces and moments acting on the base and bowl of the feeder. Resultant forces are obtained based upon the coordinate transformation, and the moment analysis is produced based upon the orthogonality of the orientation matrix. This reveals the characteristics of the feeder, that the resultant force is along the z-axis and the resultant moment is about the z direction and further generates the closed-form motion equation.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution with Vermicompost Produced...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The removal of Methylene blue as a synthetic dye from aquatic system was investigated by using vermicompost. The dye concentration, contact time and pH of the solution carried out in the adsorption studies. Batch adsorption experimental data were suitable for the Langmuir isotherm and a very good fit to the second order kinetic model (pH=10). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated 256.66 mg g-1 . Vermicompost and the dye loaded vermicompost were characterized by SEM and FTIR. It was found that the vermicompost is stable without losing their activity.
Analytical Solutions of simultaneous Linear Differential Equations in Chemica...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Analytical method for solving homogeneous linear differential equations in chemical kinetics and pharmacokinetics using homotopy perturbation method has been proposed. The mathematical model that depicts the pharmacokinetics is solved. Herein, we report the closed form of an analytical expression for concentrations species for all values of kinetic parameters. These results are compared with numerical results and are found to be in satisfactory agreement. The obtained results are valid for the whole solution domain.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
Hybrid Methods of Some Evolutionary Computations AndKalman Filter on Option P...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The search for a better option price continues within the financial institution. In pricing a put option, holders of the underlying stock always want to make the best decision by maximizing profit. We present an optimal hybrid model among the following combinations: Kalman Filter-Genetic Programming(KF-GP), Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) and Evolutionary Strategy -Genetic Programming(ES- GP). Our results indicate that the hybrid method involving Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) is the best model for any investor. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on the model parameters to ascertain the rigidity of the model.
An Efficient Methodology To Develop A Secured E-Learning System Using Cloud C...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Now-a-days, each and every action involved in our life becomes computerized in order to reduce the time, complexity and manual power. The education systems are also being computerized, to train the students in a much efficient way. This system is termed as E-Learning. E-Learning is an Internet-based learning process, in which the Internet technology is used to design, implement, manage and extend learning, which will improve the efficiency of learning. Learning, Teaching and Training are intensely connected components, which are all included in the development of E-Learning system. Cloud Computing provides an efficient platform to support the E-Learning systems, as it can be dramatically changes over time .In this paper, an overview on the new emerging E-Learning system , utilization of the SAAS (Software as a Service) and the methodology to test the efficiency of the person in a secured way are described.
Nigerian Economy and the Impact of Alternative Energy.IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nigeria is endowed with natural resources which are aim at developing the country.The need for alternative energy resources to drive the nation economy cannot be over-emphasized. The incessant power failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural and sub-rural settlement. A robust solution must be found to end the crises. Alternative energy source has the potential of solving power problem in Nigeria as well as providing safer and cleaner environment than the fossil fuel. This paper also examines the socio–economic benefits of the alternative energy (solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal) to the nation economy and the utilization of the resources to meet human needs and the generation yet unborn and to provide sustainable development, thereby improve the standard of living and mitigating climate change.
ABSTRACT: Many writers describe empowerment as a process as opposed to a condition or state of being which is being a key feature of empowerment emphasized by many researchers. As a process empowerment becomes difficult to be measured by standard tools available to social scientists. As case study helps in bringing us to understand a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies also emphasized on detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. Researcher had made use of this qualitative research method to examine contemporary real-life situations.
Validation of Maintenance Policy of Steel Plant Machine Shop By Analytic Hier...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper the maintenance activities of the Machine shop of Steel plant have been considered. As maintenance is a routine activity to keep a machine at its normal operating condition so that it can deliver its expected performance without causing any loose of time on account of accidental damage or breakdown and maintenance is a recurring activity. So for reduction of maintenance cost and safety of the operator as well as the residents of nearby area it is better to decide which machines should go for which type of maintenance. For this decision AHP is used and the Expert choice software is used for that calculations and this paper is for the validation of results.
li-fi: the future of wireless communicationIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nowadays people and their electronic devices access wireless internet. But, clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. So, Radio waves are just one part of the spectrum that can carry our data. We can use “Data through Illumination”. In this process, the data is sent through an LED source that varies in intensity faster than the human eye could follow. The future can be envisioned where the data for laptops, smart phones and all other smart applications is transmitted through the light in our living room. And security would be a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
Design and Fabrication of Shaft Drive for two Wheelers
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 1 | Jan. 2017 | 1 |
Design and Fabrication of Shaft Drive for two Wheelers
K.Vinoth Kumar1,
Kari Naga Nikhil2
, Kakollu Manoj Kumar3
,
Kaza Sai Sravan4
, K.Subha Theja5
1,2,3,4,5
Student, Department Of Mechanical Engineering R.M.K College Of Engineering & Technology,
Thiruvallur , India
1. Abstract
1.1 Role Of Automobile In Our Day To Day Life
In modern world the living status were developed and developing more equipped. The automobile
takes a great part in the development, since it plays a major key in daily life while automobile is concern two
wheeler i.e.(motor cycles and bike) it plays very important role because it saves the time of traveller by reaching
the target place very faster. Although it saves the time, it makes lots of noise by the chain drive and also makes
greasy over the parts of the bike by the chain drive lubrication. It leads to lot of maintenance cost. So by keeping
maintenance as the main concept in our mind we had planned to do this project.
1.2 Proposed Method
A shaft-driven two wheeler is a two wheeler that uses a drive shaft instead of a chain to transmit power
from the pedals to the wheel arrangement. Shaft drives were introduced over a century ago, but were mostly
supplanted by chain-driven two wheelers due to the gear ranges possible with sprockets and derailleur. Recently,
due to advancements in internal gear technology, a small number of modern shaft-driven two wheelers have
been introduced. Shaft-driven bikes have a large bevel gear where a conventional bike would have its chain ring.
This meshes with another bevel gear mounted on the drive shaft. The use of bevel gears allows the axis of the
drive torque from the pedals to be turned through 90 degrees. The drive shaft then has another bevel gear near
the rear wheel hub which meshes with a bevel gear on the hub where the rear sprocket would be on a
conventional bike, and cancelling out the first drive torque change of axis.
II. Components And Description
2.1components
drive shaft
gears
universal joint
bearing
axle
wheel
2.2description of components
2.2.1 drive shaft A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan shaft
is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation, usually used to connect other components of a
drive train that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement
between them. As torque carriers, drive shafts are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the difference
between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, whilst avoiding
too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia.
To allow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and driven components, drive
shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal joints, jaw couplings, or rag joints, and sometimes a splined
joint or prismatic joint.
As an alternative to chain and belt drives, drive shafts offer relatively maintenance-free operation, long
life and cleanliness. A disadvantage of shaft drive on a two wheeler is that helical gearing, spiral bevel gearing
or similar is needed to turn the power 90° from the shaft to the rear wheel, losing some power in the process. On
the other hand, it is easier to protect the shaft linkages and drive gears from dust, sand, and mud.
Two wheeler engines positioned such that the crankshaft is longitudinal and parallel to the frame are
often used for shaft-driven two wheelers. This requires only one 90° turn in power transmission, rather than two.
2. Design And Fabrication Of Shaft Drive For Two Wheelers
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 1 | Jan. 2017 | 2 |
Fig.2.1
Fig 2.2
2.2.1.1 Shaft Design
The design ofthe shaft involves the following considerations
Because of the simultaneous occurrence of torsional shear and normal stresses due to bending, the stress
analysis of a shaft virtually always involves the use of a combined stress approach.
The recommended approach for shaft design and analysis is the distortion energy theory of failure.
Vertical shear stresses and direct normal stresses due to axial loads may also occur.
On very short shafts or on portions of shafts where no bending or torsion occurs, such stresses may be
dominant.
Cost and qualities needed. The designers use these factors to select a material and specify values for the
shaft diameter, bending stress, axial stress, torsional stress, torque transmission.
2.2.1.2 Design Calculation
Taking specification from hero splendour plus engine Maximum power from the engine = 6.15 KW at 8000 rpm
Maximum torque from the engine = 8.05 N-m at 5000 rpm
P =
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
60
6.15 x 103
=
2𝜋 x 8000 x 𝑇
60
T =7.341 N-m = 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8.05 N-m
𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 7.341 N-m
Assuming 𝐶45steel,𝜎𝑦 =380 N/𝑚𝑚2
, n = 2
By using Soderberg equation,
1
𝑛
=
𝜎 𝑚
𝜎 𝑦
+ 𝑘𝑓
𝜎 𝑎
𝜎−1
To determine the Ʈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
,
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜋
32
x 𝑑4
=
Ʈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑
2
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜋
32
x 𝑑4
=
Ʈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑
2
8.05 x 103
𝜋
32
x 𝑑4
=
Ʈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑
2
8.05 x 103
𝜋
32
x 𝑑4
x
𝑑
2
= Ʈmax
8.05 x 103x 16
𝜋 x 𝑑3 = Ʈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
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Ʈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
=
40998.39
𝑑3
To determine theƮ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
,
𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜋
32
x 𝑑4
=
Ʈ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑
2
𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜋
32
x 𝑑4
=
Ʈ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑
2
7.341 x 103
𝜋
32
x 𝑑4
=
Ʈ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑
2
7.341 x 103
𝜋
32
x 𝑑4
x
𝑑
2
= Ʈ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
7.341 x 103x 16
𝜋 x 𝑑3 = Ʈ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Ʈ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
=
37387 .4
𝑑3
To determine Ʈ 𝑚
,
Ʈ 𝑚
=
Ʈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 +Ʈ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2
Ʈ 𝑚
=
40998 .39
𝑑3 +
37387 .4
𝑑3
2
Ʈ 𝑚
=
39192.86
𝑑3
To determine Ʈ 𝑎
,
Ʈ 𝑎
=
Ʈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 −Ʈ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2
Ʈ 𝑎
=
40998 .39
𝑑3 −
37387 .4
𝑑3
2
Ʈ 𝑎
=
902.725
𝑑3
Taking 𝑘𝑓= 1.425,
1
n
=
Ʈm
Ʈy
+ kf
Ʈa
Ʈ−1
1
2
=
39192 .86
𝑑3
190
+ 1.425
902.725
𝑑3
152
1
2
=
206.278
𝑑3 +
8.463
𝑑3
d = 12.42 mm
on standardizing , diameter of the shaft is d = 15 mm = 1.5 cm
2.2.2 Gears
A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part to
transmit torque. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. Gears almost
always produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be
considered a simple machine. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape. Two or more
meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission. A gear can mesh with a linear
toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed belt pulley system. An advantage
of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.
When two gears mesh, if one gear is bigger than the other, a mechanical advantage is produced, with
the rotational speeds, and the torques, of the two gears differing in proportion to their diameters.
Types
Spur
Helical
Double helical
Bevel
Hypoid
Crown
Worm
Rack and pinion
Epicyclic
Cage gear
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Magnetic gear
2.2.2.1 Bevel Gear
A bevel gear is shaped like a right circular cone with most of its tip cut off. When two bevel gears
mesh, their imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. Their shaft axes also intersect at this point, forming
an arbitrary non-straight angle between the shafts. The angle between the shafts can be anything except zero or
180 degrees. Bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth and shaft axes at 90 degrees are called mitre gears.
2.2.2.1 .1 Spiral Bevel Gear
Spiral bevel gears can be manufactured as Gleason types (circular arc with non-constant tooth depth),
Oerlikon and Curvex types (circular arc with constant tooth depth), KlingelnbergCyclo-Palloid (Epicycloide
with constant tooth depth) or KlingelnbergPalloid. Spiral bevel gears have the same advantages and
disadvantages relative to their straight-cut cousins as helical gears do to spur gears. Straight bevel gears are
generally used only at speeds below 5 m/s (1000 ft/min), or, for small gears, 1000 r.p.m.
The cylindrical gear tooth profile corresponds to an involute, but the bevel gear tooth profile to an
octoid. All traditional bevel gear generators (like Gleason,Klingelnberg, Heidenreich &Harbeck and
WMWModul) manufacture bevel gears with an octoidal tooth profile.
2.2.2.1.2 Crown Wheel
Crown gears are a particular form of bevel gear whose teeth project at right angles to the plane of the
wheel; in their orientation the teeth resemble the points on a crown. A crown gear can only mesh accurately with
another bevel gear, although crown gears are sometimes seen meshing with spur gears. A crown gear is also
sometimes meshed with an escapement such as found in mechanical clocks.
Fig.2.3
Fig.2.4
2.2.2.2.1 Gear Design
The design of the gear involves the following considerations:
The accuracy of the output of a gear depends on the accuracy of its design and manufacturing. The
correct manufacturing of a gear requires a number of prerequisite calculations and design considerations.
Strength of the gear in order to avoid failure at starting torques or under dynamic loading during running
conditions.
Gear teeth must have good wear characteristics.
Selection of material combination.
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Proper alignment and compactness of drive
Provision of adequate and proper lubrication arrangement.
Cost and qualities needed. The designers use these factors to select a material and specify values for the
diameter of the gear, pitch, module, clearance of the gear and the gear tooth profile.
2.2.2.2.2 Design Calculations
Crown Wheel Set
Taking 𝐶45steel, standard stresses are taken from data book
𝜎𝑐 =9500 kgf/𝑐𝑚2
𝜎𝑏 =3200 kgf/𝑐𝑚2
Cone distance,
R = 𝜓 𝑦 𝑖2 + 1 (
0.72
𝜓 𝑦 −0.5 𝑋 [𝜎 𝑐]
)2 𝑋
𝐸 [𝑀𝑡]
𝑖
3
R = 3 0.6252 + 1 (
0.72
3−0.5 𝑋 9500
)2 𝑋
(2.15 𝑋106 𝑋 73.41 𝑋 1.5)
0.625
3
R = 4.62 cm
Calculation of average module,
𝑚 𝑎𝑣 =1.28
[𝑀𝑡]
𝑦 𝑣[𝜎 𝑏 ]𝜓 𝑚 𝑧1
3
Taking 𝑧1= 16, 𝜓 𝑚 = 10,
𝛿1 + 𝛿2= 90,
tan 𝛿1 = i = 0.625
𝛿2 =32
𝛿1 = 58
𝑧 𝑣=
𝑧1
cos 𝛿1
=
16
cos 58
𝑧 𝑣= 30.19
At 𝑧 𝑣= 30.19,𝑦𝑣= 0.402
𝑚 𝑎𝑣 = 1.28
[𝑀𝑡]
𝑦 𝑣[𝜎 𝑏 ]𝜓 𝑚 𝑧1
3
𝑚 𝑎𝑣 = 1.28
73.41 𝑋 1.5
0.402 𝑋 3200 𝑋 10 𝑋 16
3
𝑚 𝑎𝑣 = 0.41 cm
Transverse module,
𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑚 (
𝜓 𝑦
𝜓 𝑦 −0.5
)
𝑚𝑡 = 0.41(
3
3−0.5
)
𝑚𝑡 = 0.49 cm
Corrected no of teeth of pinion and gear,
R = 𝑧1(0.5)𝑚𝑡 𝑖2 + 1
4.62 = 𝑧1 (0.5) x 0.49 0.6252 + 1
𝑧1 = 16
𝑧2 = i𝑧1 = 0.625 x 16 = 10
Corrected centre distance,
R = 𝑧1 (0.5)𝑚𝑡 𝑖2 + 1
R = 3.92 cm
Face width,
B = 0.3 R = 0.3 x 3.92 =1.386 cm
B = 10 𝑚𝑡 =10 x0.49 =4.9 cm
Pitch diameter,
𝑑1 = 𝑚𝑡 𝑧1 = 8.5 cm
𝑑2 = 𝑚𝑡 𝑧2 =4.5 cm
Root diameter,
𝑑01 = 0.49(16+2 cos 58) = 8.36cm
𝑑02 = 0.49(10+2 cos 32) = 5.73cm
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Bevel Gear Set 2
Taking 𝐶45steel, standard stresses are taken from data book
𝜎𝑐 =9500 kgf/𝑐𝑚2
𝜎𝑏 =3200 kgf/𝑐𝑚2
Cone distance,
R = 𝜓 𝑦 𝑖2 + 1 (
0.72
𝜓 𝑦 −0.5 𝑋 [𝜎 𝑐]
)2 𝑋
𝐸 [𝑀𝑡]
𝑖
3
R = 3 0.6922 + 1 (
0.72
3−0.5 𝑋 9500
)2 𝑋
(2.15 𝑋106 𝑋 73.41 𝑋 1.5)
0.692
3
R = 3.92 cm
Calculation of average module,
𝑚 𝑎𝑣 =1.28
[𝑀𝑡]
𝑦 𝑣[𝜎 𝑏 ]𝜓 𝑚 𝑧1
3
Taking 𝑧1= 13, 𝜓 𝑚 = 10,
𝛿1 + 𝛿2= 90,
tan 𝛿1 = i = 0.692
𝛿2 =34.68
𝛿1 = 55. .31
𝑧 𝑣=
𝑧1
cos 𝛿1
=
13
cos 55.31
𝑧 𝑣= 22.84
At 𝑧 𝑣= 22.84,𝑦𝑣= 0.402
𝑚 𝑎𝑣 = 1.28
[𝑀𝑡]
𝑦 𝑣[𝜎 𝑏 ]𝜓 𝑚 𝑧1
3
𝑚𝑎𝑣 = 1.28
73.41 𝑋 1.5
0.402 𝑋 3200 𝑋 10 𝑋 13
3
𝑚𝑎𝑣 = 0.413 cm
Transverse module,
𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑚 (
𝜓 𝑦
𝜓 𝑦 −0.5
)
𝑚𝑡 = 0.413(
3
3−0.5
)
𝑚𝑡 = 0.496 cm
Corrected no of teeth of pinion and gear,
R = 𝑧1 (0.5)𝑚𝑡 𝑖2 + 1
3.92 = 𝑧1 (0.5) x 0.496 0.6922
+ 1
𝑧1 = 13
𝑧2 = i𝑧1 = 0.692 x 13 = 9
Corrected centre distance,
R = 𝑧1 (0.5)𝑚𝑡 𝑖2 + 1
R = 3.92 cm
Face width,
B = 0.3 R = 0.3 x 3.92 =1.176 cm
B = 10 𝑚𝑡 =10 x0.496 =4.96 cm
Pitch diameter,
𝑑1 = 𝑚𝑡 𝑧1 = 5.7 cm
𝑑2 = 𝑚𝑡 𝑧2 =5 cm
Root diameter,
𝑑01 = 0.496(13+2 cos 55.31) = 7.01cm
𝑑02 = 0.496(9+2 cos 34.68) = 5.28cm
2.2.3 Universal Joint
A Universal joint is a connection between two shafts that permits a driving shaft to drive a driven shaft
at an angle.Universal joints are needed because the rear end of the propeller shaft is constantly rising and falling
due to:
(a) The flexing of the road springs.
(b) The also allow for the rear axle assemble to twist due to the drive and brake torque reaction.
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A universal joint is shown in fig. This is also called Hooke’s joint. These joints are provided at the ends
of the propeller shaft to connect it to the gear box output shaft and the differential pinion’s shafts as shown in
fig. below. The differential is located at a lower level than the gear box. So these are connected at an angle and
the universal joints can serve this purpose. The universal joint not only makes a flexible connection between two
rigid shafts at an angle but they permit to continue the transmission of power when this angle is continuously
changing. The change in the angle is due to the reason that the differential goes up and down due to uneven road
surface.
The universal joint is essentially a double hinged joint consisting of two Y-shaped yokes. One yoke is
provided on the driving shaft and second on the driven shaft. A crossed shaped member also known as the
spider connects the two yokes. The four arms of the cross are assembled into the bearings in the ends of the two
shaft yokes. The arms of the spider are also known as trunnions. The driving shaft makes the spider to rotate and
the other two trunnions of the spider make the driven shaft to rotate. When the two shafts are rotating at an
angle, the bearing of the yokes permit them to swing around on the trunnions with each revolution. The
bearings of the universal joints should be properly lubricated.
2.2.4 Bearings
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and reduces
friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement of
the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of
normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Many bearings also facilitate the desired motion as much as
possible, such as by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the
motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.
The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear" ;a bearing being a machine element that allows
one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a part,
with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness and location of the surface. Other bearings are
separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most
demanding applications are very precise devices; their manufacture requires some of the highest standards of
current technology.
Fig. 2.5
Fig.2.6
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2.2.4.1 Design Calculation
Diameter of the shaft d=1.5 cm = 1.5 x 10−2
m=0.015 m
Radial load = 1073.5 N
Thrust load =429.32 N
Taking 𝐿ℎ =1000 hrs
𝐹𝑎
𝐹𝑟
=
429.32
1073.3
= 0.4
Calculating the equivalent static load
P = (X 𝐹𝑟 +Y 𝐹𝑎) S
𝐹𝑎
𝐹𝑟
=
429.32
1073.3
= 0.4 =2
𝐹𝑎
𝐹𝑟
>2
0.43>0.4
X=0.65 Y=2.3
Assuming s=1
P = (X 𝐹𝑟 +Y 𝐹𝑎) S
P = (0.65 x 1073.3) +(2.3 x 429.32)
P =1685.1 N
Calculating dynamic capacity of the bearing{c}
C = [
𝐿
𝐿10
]
1
𝑘 p
L= hours x n x 60 x 10−6
L= 1000 x 8000 x 60 x 10−6
L = 480 millions revolution
C = [
480
1
]2
x 842.55
C =6596.9 N
Selecting and designating the bearing
Calculated C = 6596.9 N
Standard C = 6550 N
Skf 19 d = 95 mm; D=170 mm; B=43 mm; r = 3.5 mm;
Selction of fit
For d =95 mm
Normal and heavy loads -> ball bearings ->diameter->65-100
->tolerance->m6 N7
2.2.5 Axle
An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the
wheels, rotating with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with the wheels rotating around the axle. In the former case,
bearings or bushings are provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. In the latter case, a
bearing or bushing sits inside a central hole in the wheel to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle.
Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type axle is referred to as a spindle.
Fig.2.7
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Fig.2.8
2.2.6 Wheel
A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the
main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with
axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load,
or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering
wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.
Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces friction by facilitating
motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to
the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity, or by the application of another external force or torque.
Construction:
Rim: The rim is the outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire. It makes up the outer circular design of the
wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is mounted on vehicles such as automobiles. For example, on a
bicycle wheel the rim is a large hoop attached to the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire and
tube.
Hub: The hub is the center of the wheel, and typically houses a bearing, and is where the spokes meet.
A hub less wheel (also known as a rim-rider or centerless wheel) is a type of wheel with no center hub. More
specifically, the hub is actually almost as big as the wheel itself. The axle is hollow, following the wheel at very
close tolerances.
Spokes: A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where
the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions
of a log which had been split lengthwise into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were
made by carving a spoke (from a log) into their finished shape. A spokeshave is a tool originally developed for
this purpose. Eventually, the term spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product of the
wheelwright's work, than to the materials used.
Fig.2.9
III. Specification of Components
3.1 Shaft
Diameter of the shaft = 1.5 cm
Length of the shaft = 750 mm
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3.2 bevel gears
gear 1
Diameter of the gear = 5.7 cm
width of the gear = 1.176 cm
Module of the gear = 0.496 cm
Number of teeth = 13
Gear 2
Diameter of the gear = 5 cm
width of the gear = 1.176 cm
Module of the gear = 0.496 cm
Number of teeth = 9
3.3 Crown Wheel
Gear 1
Diameter of the gear = 8.5 cm
width of the gear = 1.386 cm
Module of the gear = 0.49 cm
Number of teeth =16
Gear 2
Diameter of the gear = 4.5 cm
width of the gear = 1.386 cm
Module of the gear =0.49 cm
Number of teeth = 10
IV. CONSTRUCTION
4.1 Block Diagram
The above figure represents the block diagram of the power transmission from engine to the rear wheel using
shaft drive mechanism.
4.2 Assembly
The Engine gear box shaft is connected to a bevel gear which is in turn meshed with a bevel gear attached
to main shaft(propeller shaft) and hence provides for perpendicular transmission.
The other side of the propeller shaft is connected with bevel gears. This in turn meshes with the bevel gear
attached to the rear wheel shaft.
Alignment bearing supports the shaft at the center. The Bearing constrains relative motion to only the
desired motion and provides for frictionless motion.
The bearings case is welded to the frame of twowheeler.
A universal coupling is fitted at the left end and right of the shaft to accommodate the bends in the shaft due
to the suspension action the shocks produced due to uneven path.
Two bearings are also fitted at the ends of the rear wheel shaft to allowsits smooth rotation without friction.
V. WORKING
5.1 Working Procedure
While using chain drive in two wheeler, there possess some noise and greasy and wear over the chain
that leads to high maintenance cost. So this can be prevented by this type of arrangement as output shaft of the
gear box is connected to a propeller shaft through a set of bevel gears. The other side of the shaft is connected
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with another set of bevel gears. These bevel gears are used to rotate the back wheel in parallel to engine shaft.
The power from the engine is transmitted to the gear box whenever required. The transmitted power from the
engine is made to flow over the output shaft of the gear box which is connected to bevel gear which is meshed
with another bevel gear that transmits power from one another. From the bevel gear which is connected to
propeller shaft transmits power to the other end of bevel gear that is meshed up with another bevel gear which is
connected with the axle, so the power transmitted from gear to axle. The wheel is connected to the axle which
rotates the wheel in forward direction. Thus, the power is transmitted from engine to the rear wheel with the
help of the bevel gears and shaft.
VI. Advantages
The advantages of using this shaft drive instead of chain drive are as follows
They have good corrosion resistance and high strength.
Higher efficiency as compared to the chain drive.
Greater torque capacity than the chain drive.
Longer fatigue life than chain drive.
Shaft drives operate at a very consistent rate of efficiency and performance, without adjustments or
maintenance.
Standard chain drives are noisy, require more frequent maintenance to keep the chain from corroding,
wearing, and from frictional wear of the sprockets.
Provides greater ground clearance
VII. Computer Aided Designed Model
Model Design
The below pictures shows the modelled design of the shaft drive transmission system in two wheeler
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VIII. Comparison of Shaft Drive and Chain Drive
IX. Conclusion
Propeller shaft mechanism is an alternative way for a two wheeler power transmission replacing the
conventionally used chain drive.
The use of shaft drive overcomes the various drawbacks presented by the chain drive.
There can be further modifications made in the proposed design by using composite material for shaft.
Also the setup can be further made compact by reducing the number of bevel gears to two by changing the
alignment of the engine.
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The results obtained from this work is an useful approximationto help in the earlier stages of the
development, saving development time and helping in the decision making processto optimize a design.
References
[1]. Journal / Conference Papers
[2]. Anup A. Bijagare, P.G. Mehar and V.N. Mujbaile “Design Optimization & Analysis of Drive Shaft”,
Vol. 2 (6), 2012, 210-215
[3]. Reference / Hand Books
[4]. Machine design – Design data book
[5]. Strength of material by R.S Kurmi
[6]. Web
[7]. "Bevel Gear Geometry". http://www.myoops.org/.